Earthquake Engineering, Tenth Werkd Canference © 1954 Bakama, Retorda, ISBN 90 6410060 Concepts and techniques for seismic base-isolation of structures Anand S.Arya University of Roorkee, India ABSTRACT: This paper briefly revievs the concepts, techniques applicability and benefits of using base-isolation in structures in severe seissic aones, It ie a passive say for Achieving seismic respanse control by introducing various types of isolators between the Foundation and the superstructure, The system has to perform chree functions; horizontal flexibility, esergy dissipation and rigididity against normal lateral Loads. The rubber-lead bearing appears to be the best isolacer go far, performing all three functions efficiently. Perfornance of isolated buildings during eervhquakes in Japen shows clesrly the achievenent of desired reduction in geisaie response of buildings. Conditions favouring the choice of base-isoletion aleernative compared eo conventional elastic of elasto-plastic design are indicated. The dase-isolation of masonty dus!dings through a planned slicing seine is also described. 1 CONVENTIONAL ASEISUIC DESIGN APPROACH "ey receive ali the ground novenents at Their base. The seianic response of any As is well known from actual ground structurel’ systen for given base notion acceleration records during earthgiakes, depenés on the mass, stiffness and damping obtained near and euay from the sources, distribution in the systen. This response the ground motion consists of positive and for linear elastic aystens to 9 given fegative ‘peaks of varying amplitude and earthquake tine history is most Eine intervals between then in any three conveniently represented by acceleration Butually perpendicular directions chosen sponse. spectra,the main features of which for recording. In the whole record the are the foiloving (Fig. 2) duration of which could be fev seconds to D)For zero period of absolute acceleration fev minutes depending on the earthquake response is equal to the peak ground magnitude and the eype of source, the acceleretion. otion 1s particularly intense over a'short il) For lov periods (that is the stiff Tine duration (Fig, 1) which 12 the main syaten), the response gets amplified, it cause of donage of structures and their 1s highly pealy and. becones ‘several tines contents, structural as vell ag non-structural. The structures are normally built ftraly a TACCELERATON SPECTRA attached to the ground. Therefore naturally 100 § 400] me] 24 f 200) oes ae acct Lemariong ©" ‘ME secon FIG.1.ACCELEROGRAM OF KOYNA EARTH FIG.2_RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR ELASTIC ‘QUAKE (DEC. 11,1957) ALONG AXIS SYSTEMS (KOYNA EARTHQUAKE, OF DAM Dec. 1.1967 CUMPOMENT ALONG AXIS OF KOYNA DAM)the peak ground acceleration. The anplification “ig significantly affected by dasping in the eystes, being lover for Baher damping. STED For Jeng period (flexible systens) the acceleration Tesonse curve is, smooth and “lower than the — peak ground Scceleistion, tenting towards zero. Here the significance of denping 18 very much eiuced:” Unfortunately post engineering Structures and systen Iie in the Lov to ‘edion period range hence subjected to very ‘large inertial forces. ‘Gor approach for sefsnse design at present is to "confront” the brute forces Eo generated. by the earthquake shaking ‘That io, the inertial forces are taken into account’ by designing strong. structure The approach results. in Incrensing the Size of ‘structural menbers and connections and providing, adéstionsl. bracing nenbers Gnd shear valle, ete. ow, since in most Structures, full catering for these elestic Fesponse forces will require very large sidieional financial snputs over those for horeal conditions without earthquake Consideration, a, etravesy of design is enployed, voich is different then that used for “uaval loads. It nay. be celled Nfasi-safe’ design approach. For economical reasons, @ ‘nomcollapse’ design 1a ined at rather thane ‘ao-danage’ design, that is, the structure is designed for "lower-than-expected" selenite forces 50 fas to renain in the elastic range and, for the expected maxisun seienie motions, it is allowed to go into plastic stage vith sufficiently large deformations or, danage to non-structurel and structural elements but ensuring that collapse is avoided. Energy absorption through plastic deforsetions or ainor danages 8 knoin very well as capable of reducing the dynamic response effectively. This puts a great Fesponsibtlity on the designer who should ensure that the structure should possess enough ductility and energy absorption eapacity without strength deterioration throughout the seismic. tine-history of future probable earthquake motions, since buildings designed for code-bssed seisaic forces without the requisite detailing for ductility, are Likely to collapse in severe ground notions as hapgened in the case of Rine-storeyed prefabriceted framed RC. buildings in Spitek (Arsenia) earthquake of Dec. 7, 1968. Well designed end properly detailed ‘steel and reinforced concrete Structures do exhibit such non-collepse characteristics. 2 RESPONSE CONTROL APPROACH The above-stated approach does ensure safety of lives and properties that would have suffered due to collapse of structures 660 for much ill ber he cost of henge: fonceveactural “slommnte” how ‘Tagtstl Siti renata, the damaged /detormea sensi Shot ‘ill be'‘the etononte Toseey aes Stovmege of transportation, comtaiceto feervnt hat scowls. losese itt Sie the dange of concen othe see miidinge the scenario te thie repent seeeiitterenc between’ ‘Geveleteee 2 ovoloping countries Like Japon 076 Tod Between ihe ron and the verel areas a ae Delhi and the area oround. te, bres 2° one “of “very, teequent earthgus Sccurrences and. one "with tafrefent Gccurrence. In developed” and the dete reas, the concerns. tre ineresafeg fat continuity of lifelines besides, the’ basic seve of saving. of Lives, and. keepiog the econesic Tessee to. the. siniaua. the aeed has arisen to conaider modifying the dea Strategy. from “confrontation so Teceonedation" of the ground motion through ‘Nose Saolstion'. In this. approachy ete structere is not attached to the. grosad Hiemiy tut through devices” chich wilt tranafer the movements of the ground oxly partially’ to. the, structure, mare Particularly cutting doin the intense pests Of the ground motion. ‘The aim therefore fo to" ceduce the structural” response te such levels that It should reagia. safe Mithost. damage, hence to ‘achieve a modatage’ or gate’ structure. Since tn this approach, the. intensity of shaking of the structire ‘could. bo. aude less. than that ‘of the ground, the contents ané non-structural “elements vill” also be Felleved of intense shaking, ence should Fonain undanayed. ‘Thus the ‘econosic losses also will either be prevented altogetter for reduced to a sin ioum Resides seismic. buse Isolation, other concepts for "seismic response contrat! have also been” introduced and developed Tike use of energy dissipating devices and Fesonant mass damper. This paper ains at Presenting these concepts in general and the developnents that fave taken place in the crea of seismic base isolation in particular. 3 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL CONCEPTS Tne concept of seismic response contrat of structural systeas con be understood with reference to the acceleration repoase Spectra given in Fig. 2 fron which a qunber of possibilities energe to reduce response as follows (2) First, if Flexibility could be introduced in the system for given mass and danping to elongete its period considerably, the response could” be brought doxn Substantially and to the desired level of “no-danage’ situation. This is a veryattractive proposition and hes given rise to various techniques to achieve the ain. Second, if damping could be increased without ‘changing the mass or stiffness, the peaks in’ che response will be Glinsnated| and “the ‘response reduced Considerably, particularly in the low period range! ‘Third, the effective vibrating mass could be altered at appropriate instants of tine history so as to significantly reduce the ‘amplification of the main’ structural systen. Fourth, atteape coud be made to alter the base sotion, hence the response, by fan active dynamic actuator syste which is actuated by the structural response, continually analysed and monitored through a dedicated computer system. Fifth, a combination of sone of the above ‘approaches ‘may be attempted with a view fe evolve "an effective, reliable and Economical, control nechanisr to achieve Tnovdanage' design for the structure Cneluding ies contents) in question Th order to have 2 connon understanding of the various syatens and the terme used for ther, the folloving classification hes been recently proposed based upon three points of view (13) Lr Clagsificstion based on Basic Principles of Dynamtes 4) A method to control and ad ust. restoring forces Characteristics. 44) Avmethod co contro? and adjust damping, 444) method co control and ed just iv) A'method co adjust input motion (a combination of above Bethods). 2. Classification based on Realization Procedure 4). Passive way 42) Active way 3. Classification based on Installed Location i) External types (Iike base ssolation) 41) Internal. types (Anternal celenents) According 0 the above classification, the seisric base isolation i an external type, vorks in passive way and provides auimethed of seismic response control by ‘adjusting Stiffness ané danping. 4 BASE ISOLATION FUNDAMENTALS AND DEVIES As stated above the fundanental of base Seolation ie to introduce Flexibility at the supports of a structure in the horizontal plane go as to ensure that the tine period of the structure is well above the predominent periods of the principle probable earthquake. Nov in this process, the relative displacement anplitede Sneresess, hence often. danping oF restraining elenents have also tobe introduced’ simultaneously to restrict the extent of relative movenent caused by the earthquake, Although this principle 13 noe new, its practical exploitation hes Gecurred enly recently in the last about IS years during vhich suitable hardware of isolating devices has been developed Sand actually applied to some constructions Of buildings, oeidges and atone power planes. “A short list of references is attached, There are three basic elenents in any practical bese isclation aystem. ‘These are 3s follows 1. Decoupling between the superstructure and’ the base with or without flexible Rounting so that the effective period of Vibration of the total systen ss lengthened sufficiently to reduce the force-response 2. A danper or energy dissipator so that the’ relative ‘displacenanta between the structure and its supports. cane controlled; and 3. A means of providing rigidity under low’ in-service load levels such as wind fare minor earthquakes so tha the structure behaves as if fixed at base during nornal service loses ‘These are herebelow considered in some detail 4.1 Plextbiniey The vibration-tsolation principle 1 Frequently used for reducing the transaiesion of nechine vibrations to the butldregs by mounting the. machine on flexible pads or springs. The isolators used therein are aostly meant for vertical vibration reduction, "for seienie protection, introduction of horizostal Flexibility is actually necessary, ond the vertical flexibility is rather undesirable. Therefore, the isolators must naintain vertical rigidity while allowing horizontal Flexibility. Steel roller or rubber bearings 5 used in the bridges for providing “longitudinal sovenents” fulfil these objectives, These rubber bearings are constructed in layers by sandviching Steel shina between each layer and bonding together by gluing. The steel shins constrain the lateral defornation of the robber under vertical load resulting sn vertical stiffness several hundred tines the lateral stiffness. ‘These bearings are Found very practical for use in buildings also. "Other possible devices for introducing flexibility include spherical halls, cylinders with spherical ends, cable Suspensions, pinned or soft storey columns, Sleeved piles and” sliding or rockingarrangesent 98 indicated schematically in Fig. ‘The acceleration response spectra of the narinun probable earthquake for major project. in India are. shown in. Fig.6. Sibstancial reductions in the acceleration are clearly seen when the period of Vibeation of the structure is Tengthened From 0. sec to. 2.0 sec. Such @ reduction in force response is primarily dependent on the characteristics of the earthquake Ground sotion and the original perio’ of the fixea-base structure. "The force reduction effects are most significant where the intense part. of earthquake record has predosinantly short fo medium range of periees say less than Stout 0.5 sec. and also the fixed base Structure is stiff type, so that the {Solation syatem takes the structure ro well beyond. the peak response. B ga FTO CDROCLERS ci racer conaeere . “previnoens °"svoner ub susrension vii PLES sueceves FIG.9_BASE ISOLATION DEVICES FIG.4— ACCELERATION ANO DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR DESIGN MCE sez Simuitaneous! > the additional Felative displacements across the fesse, fount. ‘This would also be clear’ free fe vtn hich an ‘dealzed displocerets tepsonse curve’ ia also. shorn ae displacements are “seen to. increase “sith Increasing period. The displacement. probes has to be ‘overcome by introducing ‘higher deeping alongwith the Flexible mont’ se restrainers/stoppers have to be. introduces to. restrain the displacement reeching undesirable values. 4.2 Energy Dissipation ‘The dissipation of kinetic energy during seismic ground motions put into the conventional fixed-base structures. tates place by internal damping, friction deaping ‘and atthe supports, Tadiation dsnping through the. base and side solls. The Ganping available in the undamaged snl! Geforstion state is rather low, Less thes 47 of critical in most cases. "This value does “Increase with large plastic deformations and” damage. But “no-damoge’ desiga approach euch an increase. will be undesirable and. not to be relied upon. Therefore, where required in base Isolated systens, additional danping has to be introduced Cxternally One of the effective means of providing 9 substantial Ievel of damping is. through hysteretic energy dissipation. The tern hysteretic refers to the cyclic nature of building vibrations in which energy is dissipated as the building aoves fron side to side, Figure 5 show an. Sdeslized force-displacenent loop where the enclosed area isa measure of the energy dissipated during one cycle of motion. Mechanical devices which use the plastic deformation of efther mild’ steel or lead to achieve this behaviour have initially been developed in New Zealané by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Several mechanical energy dissipution devices are shown in Fig. 6 These’ include round steel br cantilevers (Figs6a,beye", flexural beam (Fig. 6,¢")y FIG, 5_HYSTERETIC ENERGY DISSIPATIONspiral bar (Pig. 6d) and plate cantilevers (Hig. Gf). “Another form of energy dissipation is through sliding .friction (Fig. 6a). Mild steel bars In torsion end cantilevers in flexure have been tested, fefined and are now included in several bridge seructures. Despers using fluid viscosity and the energy dissipation through shearing of lead cylinder are. shown in’ Fag.?- The lead extruction and lead shear devices have also Geveloped to a high level of sophistication, Lead ise crystalline material which changes its crystalline Structure under deformation, but almost instantly regains its original crystal structure when the defornation ceases (See Fig. 75). For this reason, lead exhibits excellent hysteretic dampini over any repeated cycles of notion. ‘The most highly developed end practical asssipator is the lead-rubber device in which’ a cylinder of lead is enclosed in fan elastoneric bearing as shown in Fig. Ye). Te combines in one physical unit the Flexible element and the energy dissipacor In this application the led is forced to deform plastically “in shear by the steel shin plates, Excellent energy dissipstion is possible with this device as shown in Fig, 7(c') and 7(c'"). Recent work at the Universsey of Californie st Berkeley and also the University of Auckland in New Zealand has improved the perfornance of this device to the point where it can be lised in practical applications with the sane confidence ag with other building materials auch as steel or concre 4.3 Rigidity under lov Ieteral Loads Wile leteral flexibility is highly desirable for high seismic loads, it is clearly unacceptable to have 9 structural system which vill vibrate perceptibly nder Frequently occurring loads such a8 minor eerthquakes “or wind: loads. Therefore, st is necessary that the flexible mount should have igh enough initial stiffness and elastic resistance to balance che specified Jow lateral loads such as the ind loads and the lov earthquake forces specified for ‘clastic design in the applicable standard code of practice in the country such as I8:875 and 1S:1893. respectively Sn India. "The iead-rubber bearing and other mechanical energy dissipators provide the desired rigidity against lov loads by virtue of the initial elastic stiffness (Fig. 7e'). Some other base isolation systens uch ag rollers will require @ separate restraining device for this purpose Like a buffer or epring-dash pot Systen, or sliding friction type device. dn ofl, danper {s shoun in Fig. Ta vhich could be used in parallel with rollers, Suspension systen etc. oF 5 SOME ExaMeLEs BASB-ISOLATION APPLICATIONS Buse-teolation principle hes nov already been applied to nuserous buildings in France, Nev Zealand, Japan and USA, many betdges in New Zealand and Japan, and a few other structures Like chimney stacks and nuclear pover plants. In Japan slone, Kdtagave (13) Iiets 23 buildings peraiteed by the Mnietey of Construction using base Afolation upto 1988. These include 22 RC land one steel building, two upto 10 stories in height ond building are a varying from 60 ‘eqn to 8340 sqm. The isolating and energy discipating devices used in hese Structures include the following types: layered rubber bearings Danpers + round steel bars; lead cylinder in rubber bearings: sliding friction; viscous dashpot, and high-denping rubber By far the nost used device is the rubber-lead bearing (3LB) hich performs all the functions of anitéal high encugh Stiffness, period elongation of the Superceructure and energy absorption through shearing of lead cylinder. The actual earthquake ‘behaviour of batidings on isolators. with seisnoneters installed in the butldings has been observed in Japan. Two case studies are described in beet nerebelow 1. The Okinura Teukuba Institute building conderucted in 1986 consists of reinforced concrete four storeyed framed building Festing on twelve laminated rubber bearings and provided with eleven sets of spiral ‘Steal dangers. The instrumentation consists of nine accelerometers, eight displacesent neters, two velocity meters and an anenonster. Free vibrations tests conducted Mth increasing anplitudes indicated that “hen without danapers the free vibration period ves alnost constant at about 1.9 Sec, the damping valve Lying between 2 to Sh of critical. “but with danpers the period elongated vith amplitude from 1.4 sec to 1.7 sec and Ganping ratio increased due to hysteretic Dehaviour of the steel danper fron about St to IIR of critical. ‘The building wae sheken by two real south-western Ibaraki earthquake, first fon April 10, 1967 vith 5.1 magnitude and ‘Second on Jone 20, 1987 with M'= 5.1. The folloving peak accelerations wre recorded (gals) + 6509Earthquake Bese Floor 1 Floor2 Roof Apes 10 foriz.x 38.6 136. ML Verte 18.40 22,20 1.8 20:1 June’ 20 heriz.x 203.0 17.0 12,0 20.0 From the observed accelerations, the isolation effect. i clearly seen, the superstructure above the isolators is, fending to nove as one rigid unit with very Little inter-storey deformations and the acceleration level is limited to the lateral load capacity of the isolators 2. The Tahoke University Ful Scale Test Buildings are two identical three storeyed : buildings, constructed in 1985 at Sendo City in Miyagi Prefecture. One building is conventional, fixed at base, and the other Seolated ‘one using six Laminated ‘i, rubber bearings end tvelve ofl. despre, Free. vibration aeasurenent. gave thy Findaental periods of orctoclated (1.5 building as 0.228 ace. and’ that of tesla) Gi) botlding as 1.37 sec. The occeleraicn Teeorded, in a. numer ‘cf ‘sertheutstee Ground’ level and the f00% of ‘the batiouse Ste suaarised in Table 1 from which tt In‘ clearly seen that the peat sccelarise Tesponse vin the T-butiding, got, tinite Beween, Oc ‘to. Ol ganas ene ae Neiisbustding versed fro8 043" to T's The’ meon aplification ratio. root” $ fraunl peak acceleration’ ‘maa 0.91 tor 2 Gnd 3.0 for Reli-bulldings This. clearly Shows the ‘large’ redvction in acceleration Tesponse, that ia, the seianic: forces tt he" ieolated ei ling as compared with te Conventional Fixed hase buildings Nous Sethe St Nota FIG. 6 ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS USING StEEL PLaSTiCNY e648F167 ENERGY OISSIPAHON DEVICES USING ¥ISCOUS FLUID OR LEAD Table 1 Observed behaviour of fixed base 6 BASE ISOLATION OF SMALL MASONRY and isolated identical buildings Dee jrantiey Observed xed Tealated fo, Nanetty Base. The base isclation schemes described heresbove cost @ great deal sore than the i peendneckl fetal seceadlO}27aIg ay Conveneional, fived base busldsnge due to Zinagnsfication of max.resp.2.01 0.91 (2y"the “Cost of dsclator and.‘danpera and ‘sce-(ean of 18 racords (b) ‘the “cose” of sdditional reinforced in Dir.) : concrete beans or flat slab aysten for 3.Peak acciresp. in Puku~ supporting the superstructure above the ‘shina offing EQ of Feb. Esolators» besides ‘the foundation systen below the Ssolators. Against — chis 1.30 0.13 additional cost, there will be @ saving oro 0:14 En the design of the superstructure which 4.Peak acc.resp.in Fukushina could nov. be designed for ssaller offing £9 of April eerthquake inertial forces. However, for (gevatve) Snell sesonry dvellings, the cost of ‘Dir. 0.80 0.10 bese-seclator application will. rather be voir 0:45 0:13 prohititive, Observations in India in 1939Dhubri earthquake and 1934_——Bihar earthquake, and in Chine during 1975 Tangshan earthquake” shoved that wherever sliding of the superstructure vas possible either by mechod of construction (e.g. not fixing the wooden colunes at base) or by 2 horizontal crack occurring through the Besoncy joint, the danage to the building Was much’lesa, Hence # siapler methodology vas developed and tested analytically as Mell as experimentally an Indie (1). The basic concept is to permit sliding of superstructure sssonry at plinth level as shovn in Fig. 8. The plinth masonry is plastered smooth and oiled to prevent Bonding with upper structure. 4 continuous reinforced concrete bend under all valle is provided above it to ensure integral ovenent. of the superstructure which 1s Nell bonded to the band through rich morter of 1:3 cenentrsané mix. Alternative to oil, black polythelene sheet could be used. 4 coefficient of friction of 0.18 to 0.2 is aimed at which would restrain the building fron noverent under vind and” einer earthquakes but permit. sliding under severe Shocks. The ‘reduction of response accelerations under Koyna 1967 and El Gentro 1940 earthquake inputs was seen to be as auch as by two-thirds and the maxinun sliding dtsplecenents were upto 20 aa only A plinth projecton of 50 nm on both sides of the superstructure vall should suffice fo keep the upper walls on the plinth. In China eriel has been made (40) using a thin layer of specially screened sani On the sliding surface and constructing the superstructure on this layer. Sone prototype buildings have been constructed On this basis in Beijing (40) Fig. 4 SLIDING s¥STeM FOR basoney OWeLLINes 7 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION Aopcopriate details are needed in all Geolated’butléings to provide virbreskable Flexible comections of the service pipes (for ‘vater, drainoge, severege and. gas ste.) Coning Anta the building from outside So as to acconcdate the relative novenents Gf the Dutlding and sts base. 8848 8 REDUCTION OF RESPONSE CONTROL DAMAGE POTENTIAL ay The possible consequences of failures of seractura arcana) "Gutidign Bldgs jover plants and dams ete.) vith tegen fo'toss of lives and econonie Tosses Stet are much better understood chan those caused due to the failure of nonetructeeet components, equipsente and. contents. h possible qualitative summary of these Shen inllhet 2 “The pesncipes. of Felsaic-base" isciotion "and ener dissipation can not only be applied’ % hole’ bulldinge but also to Individest Conponents a well- For example, ‘comptter installations, spent fuel. storage, cane or battery stacks of atomic pow plants, Control cabinets and switch yard equ peents St power, stations, individual. objects af art in muscums, Cte, can be” supported Individually on isolator systess, Frictional devices can be. incorpersted Vetween” partition walls aad frases. to dissipate energy during the relative ‘Another advantage of base-isolation system willbe to standardise the plant ‘and equipment design for various sites of different seismicity levels. Thetis, Keeping the superstructure and 25 components the some, the problem vill be to design suitable isolator-diasipator syatens lor given selssie Intensities. 9 conctusion {mn conslusion the following initial guide Lines are suggested for using. the alter: native of seimmic isulatton in place of Conventional design snd achieving the objectives of desired safety and continuity Gf Tunes foal operat ions: over long. periods of time, Pirst,, ihe following conditions Appear Tavouratle Tar choosing, the base Tsolat ion al ternat ive (a) here the suhswil is moderately seife to hard; and (the structure is stuff, say two to ten storeys for moment” resistant Frames, upto 15 storeys for shear walls or braced Tramed_ buildings, fand taller for box like rigid bul ing systens; or the structure is of crate-Like plan in masonry with any number of storeys (0) where horizontal relutive mations at the isolators of upto about 150m on esther side can be permitted. where the building contains valuable breakable arcicles, "such as museun artefacts, and the effective earthquake force acting on building contents mst be reduced. ay ©FIG,9-TYPICAL DETAILS FOR CLEARANCE (2) Second, vith base ‘isolation system, feldelines will be useful = (e) A fell grillege of beans or complete Giaphcage plate vill be most effective for dsetributing the vertical end eteral loads to the bearing units, A’ Glesrance greater than the naxsnvn computer bearing displacenents for por table meviaun earthquakes mist necess— arily be provided around the busleing (See Fig. 5) Appropriate details must be vorked ot to accosodate the aavinum relative éis- placenents across the isolators in Service pipes, cladding valls, stair~ cases and elevators etc. The isolating bearings should have access for inspection and maintenance Gnd possibility of replacing danageable Components, sf any while desigaing the building the. fetloving @ ( @ Finally, che folloving advantages of seinie isolation with energy abscrption Schenes can de suanarised = (a) The structural deformations going into the inclastic/plastic range and the consequent damage is likely to be com pletely elininated; the structure will heed designing for mich snaller accele- Fations, hence should be more econani— eal; the” relstive storey displacenents (drift) vill be reduced hence the ‘non Structural’ damage to cledding, parti fon walls etc. will be minisised oF eliminated altogether; and the response accelerations at higher Eloors will be much reduced, hence the damage "to equipsent, service Lines WII be sininised. o © REFERENCES Arya A.S., "Sliding concept for mitigation of earthquake disaster to nasonry builé- ngs", Sen World Conference on Earenquake Engineering, San Francisco, July 1984, Session Wes, as ‘Base isolacion of buildings-architectural aspects” Dynanic Isolation Systems, Ine, 2855 Telegraph Ave, Suite 410, Berkeley, Ch, Usk, 1986. a Beck, JL! and Skinner, R.1., “The setsnic response of a reinforced concrete bridge Pier designed to svep", International ear Journal of Rarthquake Engineering and Structural Dynanies, Vol.2, 1974, pp. 345-358. 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