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Resumen
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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2011, 28: 242-259
Abstract
In this investigation, a juice drink made of grape Vitis vinifera var. Malvasa
was formulated and characterized. Two drinks denominated like E1 and E2 were
formulated, based on two commercial formulations, A and B, and another one
proposed by Gil and Lobos (2005), denominated C. A sensorial analysis was
conducted to all drinks: A, B, C, E1 and E2, the sensorial properties evaluated
were: flavor, aroma and color, in three scales: pleasant, moderately pleasant and
disagreeable. The selected formulation according to the tasting panel,
physicochemical parameters like soluble solids, titreable acidity, pH, volatile
acidity, ethanol, free and total metabisulphite and polluting minerals like Iron
(Fe) and Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu). The microbiological quality of the drink was
determined by means of plates count of aerobic microorganisms, and moulds and
yeast. According to the sensorial evaluation, the E2 formulation obtained the
greater preference (greater than 80%) of the panel on all of evaluated
characteristics. The formulation was: 70% of water, 30% of grape juice, ascorbic
acid (1.875 g), citric acid (37.5g), extract of grape (0.147L), refined sugar (1.759kg)
and pectin (0.3g). The physicochemical, microbiological parameters and mineral
polluting agents analyzed in the drink, fulfilled established in the norms and the
consulted investigations.
Key words: grape juice drink, formulation, physicochemical analysis,
microbiological analysis.
Introduccin Introduction
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Berradre et al.
VendimiaManual
Seleccindelasuvas Enfriamientoa0C
Duracin:2das
Despalillado
SegundoFiltradocon
Lavadodelafrutacon tierraDiatomea
metabisulfitodesodio
Mezcladodejugo,agua
Pesado y aditivos
Agua:70%,Jugo:30%,
Prensadoyadicinde Ac.Ascrbico,Ac.
metabisulfitodesodio Ctrico,Azcar,Extracto
deUvayPectina
Desfangado
aT=01CDuracin:2448horas TercerFiltradocon
TierraDiatomea
Centrifugacin
Pasteurizacinen
Velocidad:2000rpm
botelladevidrio
Tiempo:3min
Temperatura:85C
Temperatura:4C
Tiempo:5min.
Clarificacin Etiquetado
Tiempo:3das
Clarificantes:Bentonita,Gelatinay
Casena Almacenamiento
PrimerFiltradoconTierra
Diatomea
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Cuadro 1. Composicin de las bebidas.
Formulaciones JU AD AA AC SP AT A E EAF EV BP MP EU P
(L) (L) (g) (g) (g) (g) (kg) (g) (mL) (mL) (g) (g) (mL) (g)
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C 280 700 75 1500 250 2500 70 500 3 10 400 150 - -
E1 0,05 0,125 0,0134 0,268 - 0,446 0,0125 - - - - - 0,2 -
E2 7,5 17,5 1,875 37,5 - - 1,759 - - - - - 147 0,3
JU=Jugo de uva (L); AD=Agua desmineralizada (L); AA=Acido Ascrbico (g); AC=Acido Ctrico (g); SP=Sorbato de Potasio (g); AT=Acido
Tartrico (g); A=Azcra (kg); E=Enocianina (g); EAF= Extracto de Aroma de fresa (mL); EV=Extracto de Veluta (mL); BP= Benzoato de
Potasio (g); MP=Metabisulfito de Potasio (g); EU=Extracto de uva (mL); P=Pectina (g).
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2011, 28: 242-259
Berradre et al.
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Berradre et al.
los anlisis fisicoqumicos por triplica- by Urribarri and Soto, (2003), using
do. La determinacin de los parmetros chromatography of gases and
pH, acidez total, acidez voltil, slidos employing a gas chromatograph
solubles totales (Brix) y dixido de azu- (Perkin Elmer, model XL System
fre (total y libre) se realizaron de acuer- (Norwalk, Connecticut, USA)), with a
do a lo sealado por Amerine y Ought capillary column Quadrex (New
(1976), los cuales son parmetros re- Haven, CT, USA) of 15m of longitude,
comendados por la norma Codex Stan 530m internal diameter, 1m of film
82-1981. El grado alcohlico se deter- thickness and stationary phase OV-225
min de acuerdo a la metodologa se- (007-225). The operating conditions for
alada por Urribarri y Soto, (2003), measuring the ethanol were: pressures
mediante cromatografa de gases, em- of dragging gas, (He) =7,5 psi; injection
pleando un cromatgrafo de gases temperature= 70C; column
(marca Perkin Elmer, modelo XL temperature=110C; detector
System (Norwalk, Connecticut, USA)), temperature= 250C; running time
provisto de una columna capilar mar- 3min.
ca Quadrex (New Haven, CT, USA) de Minerals content: to the
15m de longitud, 530m de dimetro elaborated product determinations of
interno, 1 m de espesor de pelcula y minerals Cu, Fe and Zn were done,
fase estacionaria OV-225 (007-225). considered contaminant in this type of
Las condiciones de operacin para la products according to COVENIM 1702-
medicin de etanol fueron: Presin del 81 norm. The content of Fe and Cu
gas de arrastre, (He) = 7,5psi; Tempe- was done through spectrometry of elec-
ratura de inyeccin = 70C; Tempera- tro thermal atomic absorption (FAES)
tura de la columna = 110C; Tempera- in a Perkin Elmer 3030-B equipment,
tura del detector= 250C; tiempo de la and the Zn content by spectrometry of
corrida 3 min. atomic absorption FAAS
Contenido de Minerales. Al pro- (Spectrometer of AA Perkin Elmer
ducto elaborado se le realizaron deter- 3110=, the treatment of the sample eas
minaciones de los minerales Cu, Fe y done modifying the methodology
Zn, considerados contaminantes en este employed by Olalla et al., (2004), a
tipo de productos de acuerdo a la Nor- portion of 2 mL of the grape beverage
ma COVENIN 1702-81. El contenido was treated with 5mL of concentrated
de Fe y Cu se realiz por HNO3 and heated at 120C for 90 min
espectrometra de absorcin atmica in parr bombs of 33mL. Then,
electrotrmica (FAES) en un equipo mineralized samples were let dry at
Perkin Elmer 3030-B y el contenido de environmental temperature for 20
Zn por espectrometra da absorcin hours, subsequently; the residual
atmica FAAS (Espectrmetro de AA obtained was dissolved until obtaining
Perkin Elmer 3110), el tratamiento de a final volume of 10 mL with
la muestra se realiz mediante una demineralised water, which
modificacin a la metodologa emplea- represented the main solution.
da por Olalla et al., (2004), una por- Validation of the determination
cin de 2 mL de la muestra de bebida method of minerals: it was done with
250
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2011, 28: 242-259
de uva se trat con 5 mL de HNO3 con- a recovery study, to which were added
centrado y se calent a 120C por 90 known concentrations of each mineral,
min en bombas parr de 33 mL. Luego and were treated under the same
las muestras mineralizadas se dejaron conditions of the analyzed samples.
en reposo a temperatura ambiente
durante 20 horas y posteriormente, el Results and discussion
residuo que se obtuvo se diluy hasta
un volumen final de 10 mL con agua Sensorial test: according to the
desmineralizada, lo que represent la sensorial test, the formulation of E2
solucin madre. obtained the highest preference (supe-
Validacin del Mtodo de Deter- rior to 80%) of the panel for the three
minacin de Minerales. Se realiz me- characteristics evaluated.
diante un estudio de recuperacin, Formulation: the composition of
para lo cual se adicionaron concentra- the selected beverage E2 with grapes
ciones conocidas de cada mineral y fue- of the Malvasa variety, prepared at a
ron tratadas bajo las mismas condi- laboratory scale for a total volume of
ciones que las muestras analizadas. 25L, presented the following
formulation (table 1): 70% of water,
Resultados y discusin 30% of grape juice, sacorbic acid (1.875
g), citric acid (37.5 g), grape extract
Prueba Sensorial: De acuerdo a (0.147L), refined sugar (1.759 kg) and
la evaluacin sensorial, la formulacin pectin (0.3 g).
E2 obtuvo la mayor preferencia (supe- The formulation of E2 differs to
rior al 80%) del panel para las tres A, B and C, where alimentary additive
caractersticas evaluadas. are used, which are not allowed by
Formulacin. La composicin de CODEX STAN 82-1981 norms and
la bebida seleccionada E2 a base de CODEX STAN 247-2.005 norms, such
uvas variedad Malvasa, preparada a as: potassium sorbate and sodium
escala de laboratorio para un volumen benzoate, which act as growth
total de 25L, present la siguiente for- suppressors of fungi ad bacteria, but
mulacin (cuadro 1): 70% de agua, 30% in elevated doses are allergenic, the
de jugo de uva, cido ascrbico (1,875 use of tartaric acid is recommended by
g), cido ctrico (37,5 g), extracto de these norms. Citric acids
uva (0,147 L), azcar refinada (1,759 (recommended in formulas A, B and
kg) y pectina (0,3 g). C) and ascorbic (recommended un for-
La Formulacin E2 difiere de la mulas A and C) kept in the
A, B y C, en las cuales se usan aditi- formulation proposed in this study
vos alimentarios que no estn permi- since are alimentary additive
tidos por las normas CODEX STAN recommended in the norm CODEX
82-1981 y la Norma CODEX STAN STAN 82-1981, ascorbic acid is
247-2.005, tales como, sorbato de employed as antioxidant, while citric
potasio y benzoato de sodio, que actan acids strengths the antioxidant action
como supresores del crecimiento de of the ascorbic acid.
hongos y bacterias pero en dosis eleva- Sodium and potassium
251
Berradre et al.
das son alrgenos, el uso de cido tar- metabisulphite are used specially in
trico es recomendado por estas nor- beverages and grape juices by their
mas. Los cidos ctrico (recomendados antioxidant and antiseptic properties,
en las formulaciones A, B y C) y since they inhibit the growth of yeasts
ascrbico (recomendado en las and bacteria, and are approved by the
formulaciones A y C) se mantuvieron CODEX STAN 82-1981 norms, and the
dentro de la formulacin propuesta en CODEX STAN 247-2005 norms, only
este trabajo ya que son aditivos if they do not exceed 10 mg.L-1 (as re-
alimentarios recomendados en la nor- sidual SO2).
ma CODEX STAN 82-1981, el cido The extracts of strawberry aro-
ascrbico es empleado como ma, veluta and oenocyanin used in the
antioxidante, mientras que el cido C formulation, were not employed in
ctrico refuerza la accin antioxidante this investigation, however, grape
del cido ascrbico. extract was used with the purpose of
El metabisulfito sdico y el giving it a more attractive color to the
potsico son utilizados sobre todo en formula, since the objective is mainly
bebidas y jugos de uvas por sus pro- to be a beverage for kids, the pectin
piedades antioxidantes y antispticas addition was done to give the beverage
debido a que inhiben el crecimiento de more viscosity. The use of sucrose,
levaduras y bacterias y estn aproba- fructose or glucose is allowed only if
dos por las normas CODEX STAN 82- the content of solid soluble content is
1981 y la Norma CODEX STAN 247- not lower than 15Brix for grape juice,
2005, siempre y cuando el producto no following the CODEX STAN 82-1981
exceda de 10 mg.L-1 (como SO2 resi- norm, however, since the product is a
dual). beverage it must contain no less than
Los extractos de aroma de fresa, 2.8 to 3.2Brix of soluble solids
veluta y enocianina usados en la for- (COVENIN 1702-81).
mulacin C, no fueron empleados en Physicochemical quality of the
esta investigacin, sin embargo, se product: in table 3 are presented the
utiliz el extracto de uva con el prop- physicochemical parameters of the
sito de darle un color ms atractivo a beverage of grape juice. The content of
la formulacin ya que el fin es dirigir- soluble solids of the beverage was lower
la principalmente al pblico infantil, than the established by the CODEX
la adicin de pectina se realiz para STAN 82-1981 norm for grape juice,
darle mayor viscosidad a la bebida. El which establishes a minimal content
uso de sacarosa, fructosa o glucosa est of 15Brix. However, this result is
permitido siempre y cuando el conte- related to the highest volume of water
nido de slidos solubles no sea menor employed for the elaboration of the
de 15Brix para jugo de uva, de acuer- beverage, which carries to a higher
do a la norma CODEX STAN 82-1981, dilution of sugar present in grape and
sin embargo, como este producto es a lower content of soluble solids. The
una bebida deber contener no menos results are similar to the found by
de 2,8 a 3,2Brix de slidos solubles Rizzon et al., (2006) with an average
(COVENIN 1702-81). value of 13.1Brix. The content of
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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2011, 28: 242-259
Parmetro
BRIX 13,370,15
pH 3,310,02
Acidez total (g.100 mL-1 de cido tartrico) 0,390,01
Etanol (mg.100 mL-1 ) 0,000,00
Acidez volatil (g.L-1 de cido actico) 0,040,02
Metabisufito de sodio libre (mg.L-1) 9,710,14
Metabisufito de sodio total (mg.L-1) 7,140,41
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Norma Codex Stan 82-1981. Norma del Codex Rizzon, L. y M. Link. 2006. Composition of
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36(2):689-692.
Norma venezolana COVENIN 902-78.
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microorganismos aerobios en placas Guillamn. 2002. Isolation and
petri. 5 pp. identification of yeasts associated with
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Norma venezolana COVENIN 924-83. Frutas analysis of ribosomal genes and
y productos derivados. mitochondrial DNA. Microbiological
Determinacin de slidos solubles por Research. 154(4): 267-274.
refractometra. 15 pp.
Schiavo, D., J. Neira y J. Nbrega. 2008.
Norma venezolana COVENIN 1104-1996. Direct determination of Cd, Cu and
Determinacin del Nmero ms Pb in wines and grape juices by
probable de Coliformes, Coliformes thermospray flame furnace atomic
fecales y de Escherichia coli. 12pp. absorption spectrometry. Talanta 76:
11131118.
Norma venezolana COVENIN 1126-89.
Identificacin y preparacin de Soyer,Y., N. Koca y F. Karadeniz. 2003.
muestras para el anlisis Organic acid profile of Turkish white
microbiolgico. 7 pp. grapes and grape juices. J. Food
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Norma venezolana COVENIN 1315-79.
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259