-Worms are soft and long invertebrate animals that move by

dragging their body in the ground, because they have no feet. They
can be aquatic or terrestrial.
-Mollusks have a soft body, without legs and can also be aquatic or
terrestrial. Some, like the snail and the clam and mussels, protect
their soft body with shells, but there are other mollusks that dont
have a shell to protect themselves like slugs or octopuses.
-The echinoderms are exclusively aquatic animals. Their bodies
have calcareous plates that form a shell. Some examples are sea
urchins and starfish.
-The arthropods are the most abundant animals on the earth. Of
every 100 animals that exist, 80 are arthropods. These
invertebrate animals have their body covered by an external
skeleton.
The most common way to classify
the arthropods is by the number of
legs they have. This way we can
classify them in four big groups.
a) Arthropods with 6 legs are called
insects
b) Arthropods with 8 legs, include
arachnids like spiders and scorpions. A centipede

c) Arthropods with 10 legs include the crustaceans, like crabs and

lobster.
d) Arthropods with more than 10 legs are called myriapods.

 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS -Almost all fish are covered in scales.
-The gills are the fishs respiratory
Scientists classify animals into different groups that share
organ. The respiration process is
important characteristics. The two
very interesting; water enters
largest groups of animals are:
through the mouth and goes to
Vertebrates: they are animals that the gills; the gills then get the
have spines, or backbones. oxygen and distribute it to the rest
of the body through the blood
Invertebrates: they are animals
vessels, then the water is expelled
that do not have backbones. Most Bubble eye goldfish
through an opening which can be
of the animals in the world are
found in the majority of fish behind their head, which is called the
invertebrates. Basic animal classification gill flap.
VERTEBRATES -Fish reproduce by laying eggs, therefore they are oviparous
All vertebrate animals have an internal skeleton made up of Almost all fish are carnivores, eating other fish smaller than
bones. Bones are very strong, and give bodies their shape, they themselves.
hold it up.
INVERTEBRATES
The spine the backbone is
made of a series of articulated All the invertebrates are oviparous, and we classify them in 6 big
pieces of bone, called the groups:
vertebrae, which allow the body
-The sponges are aquatic animals, that are sac shaped and their
to move.
body is full of pores.
Vertebrate animals bodies are
-The jellyfish are invertebrate animals that live in the ocean. Their
divided into the head, the torso Bone structure of the 5 types bodies are gelatinous and have tentacles. Their tentacles have
and the limbs. of vertebrates
small venomous stingers that produce very unpleasant bites.
Vertebrates can move in many different ways: walking, jumping,
-Corals are tiny marine animals that produce limestone residue,
crawling, climbing... There are also many vertebrate animals that
which give rise to beautiful shapes.
move by flying, like birds and bats.

-Most have four legs and a membrane between their toes that
allows them to move much better in the water.
-Amphibians are oviparous, but they dont incubate their eggs after
laying them; they abandon them and dont care for their young.
-When they hatch, theyre small
larvae and live in water. Slowly,
their bodies go through a process
called metamorphosis. During
this process, the body of the
amphibian changes. Their front
and rear legs grow and their
heads and their bodies develop,
so they finally look like their parents. From tadpole to frog.
Metamorphosis!
-In the early stages of their lives amphibians breathe through gills,
but when they grow up and become adults they breathe with their
lungs and through their skin.
In the early stages of their life, some amphibians are herbivores,
but when they grow up most become carnivores, so they need to
hunt. Some have a long, sticky tongue they shoot out to capture
prey.
Fish
In almost all the places where you can find water, be it either salt
water or fresh water, you can also find fish. There are fish of all
sorts of sizes, colors and shapes, and yet they all have common
characteristics which we should know:
-They are cold blooded; their body temperature is not constant,
meaning it depends on the water temperature.
-All fish have extremities in the form of fins
Mammals
All mammals have a number of common characteristics:
-They are viviparous, they are born from their mothers womb. In
their early stages of life, they feed on milk, which they get from
their mothers' breasts.
-They have teeth inside their
mouths, and lips around them so
they can eat and suck milk.
-Most mammals bodies are
covered with hair or fur, and all
mammals breathe with their
lungs, even if they live in the sea.
Lions breastfeeding
-The body temperature of mammals doesnt depend on whether
its cold or hot outside (they are warm blooded) because they can
maintain their own internal temperature.
-Almost all mammals are terrestrial, like camels, and jaguars.
Some live in the sea (marine mammals) like dolphins and seals.
-Mammals have four limbs, which vary depending on where they
live. Land mammals have legs, marine mammals have fins so they
can swim and flying mammals (bats) have wings so they can fly.
Depending on what they eat, mammals can be classified into:
-Herbivores only eat plants and their teeth are especially designed
for grinding. Horses, sheep and llamas are herbivorous mammals.
-Carnivores eat the flesh of other animals. Their teeth are large
and sharp for hunting and tearing at their food.
-Omnivorous mammals feed on both meat and plants. Bears,
monkeys and humans are omnivores
 Reptiles weigh very little, and because of this its much easier for them to
Reptiles are vertebrate animals which are characterized by their fly.
special way of moving: many move by dragging their tummy, or -The skin of birds is covered with feathers: these protect them from
abdomen. the cold and heat.
Many are terrestrial, but there are also some that live in water. -Birds have four limbs, the back ones are legs and the front ones
All reptiles have a number of characteristics we should know about are wings.
so we can recognize them. -Birds are terrestrial and most of them can
-Reptiles are cold-blooded fly.
animals that breathe with their Birds can be classified into several groups,
lungs. according to what they eat:
-They are oviparous, that is, they -Herbivores feed on plants and grasses.
reproduce by eggs. Their beaks are short and strong, and can
-Their skin is covered with strong, crush seeds and grains.
tough scales, and some, like A Komodo dragon, the largest -Carnivorous birds hunt and eat other
tortoises, even have a shell. living lizard animals, using their strong, curved beaks.
Most reptiles are carnivorous but some, like the iguana, are Piscivores that only feed on fish and have
Penguins are birds but
herbivorous. pointed beaks that are long and sharp to
do not fly
help them catch the fish.
Birds
-Omnivorous birds eat almost anything.
All birds have some things in common:
-They are oviparous, which means that they reproduce by laying Amphibians
eggs. With the heat of their bodies, they incubate the eggs until the When amphibians are born, they usually live in water, but when
little chicks hatch. they grow up and become adults they spend most of their time on
land. All amphibians have some common characteristics that you
-They dont have teeth, they have beaks or bills, and these can be should know about so you can recognize and differentiate them.
very different, depending on what that species of bird feeds on.
-Amphibians have thin, bare skin, with no hairs. They have scales
-They breathe with their lungs, that are connected to bags full of air to protect them.
called air sacs that help birds to fly. Their bones are hollow, so they