International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219

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International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhff

Void fraction and pressure drop during external upward two-phase

cross ow in tube bundles part II: Predictive methods
Fabio Toshio Kanizawa a,, Gherhardt Ribatski b
a
Laboratory of Thermal Sciences, School of Engineering, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Passo da Ptria, 156, 302D,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEP 24210-240, Niteri, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
b
Heat Transfer Research Group, So Carlos School of Engineering, University of So Paulo, Av. Trabalhador So Carlense, 400, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, CEP 13566-590, So Carlos, So Paulo, Brazil.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present paper is the Part II of a broad study concerning void fraction and pressure drop for air-water
Available online 23 August 2016 upward external ow across tube bundles. In the Part I, the experimental facility and the data regression
procedures were described and the experimental results are presented and discussed. Initially, Part II
Keywords:
Void fraction presents a literature review concerning void fraction and pressure drop predictive methods available in
Capacitive sensor the open literature for two-phase upward ow across tube bundles. Next, the methods from literature
Pressure drop are compared among them and with the database presented in paper Part I. Signicant discrepancies are
Tube bundle observed among the predictive methods, and deviations as high as two orders of magnitude are veried
among the predicted values of pressure drop. Then, a new void fraction predictive method is proposed
based on the experimental results and on the minimum kinetic energy principle. This method provides
satisfactory predictions of the results described in paper Part I and also of independent data from the
literature. A new predictive method for frictional pressure drop during two-phase ow based on two-
phase multiplier is also proposed. This method predicted 94% of the experimental data obtained in the
present study within an error margin of 30%, and also provides accurate predictions of independent
results for triangular tube bundles gathered in the open literature.
2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The rst part of this study, Kanizawa and Ribatski (2016c),
presents the experimental results obtained for triangular tube bun-
dle with tubes of O.D. of 19 mm and transversal pitch per diameter
ratio of 1.26. The experiments were performed for air and water
mixtures close to atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature,
comprising conditions of mass velocity up to 1515 kg/ms and gas
mass fractions up to 0.36. In the Part II, a state-of-the-art review
concerning predictive methods for void fraction and pressure drop
is presented. Comparisons are performed among the methods and
the void fraction and pressure drop databases presented in Part I.
In general, the methods for prediction of the frictional pressure
drop show reasonable disagreement among them and also from
the experimental results. In this context, it is important to high-
light that frictional pressure drop results are estimated from mea-
surements of the total pressure drop that includes also the accel-
eration and the gravitational parcels. For vertical two-phase ows
across tube bundles, the gravitational pressure drop is a signi-
cant portion of the total pressure drop and its value is not mea-
sured but, generally, is calculated based on the void fraction esti-
mative. So, the total pressure drop should be estimated based on
the combination of the method for prediction of the frictional pres-
sure drop and the corresponding method for void fraction used
in the data regression analyses. Therefore, in order of attending
this basic requirement and provide accurate predictions of the to-
tal pressure drop, new predictive methods for frictional pressure
drop and void fraction are proposed based on the database de-
scribed in paper Part I. By implementing these two methods to-
gether, satisfactory predictions are obtained of the experimental
database gathered in the present study and independent data from
literature.
2. Predictive methods from literature for pressure drop and
void fraction

Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 16 3373-9415. This item presents a literature review on predictive meth-
E-mail addresses: fabio.kanizawa@mec.uff.br (F.T. Kanizawa), ribatski@sc.usp.br ods for void fraction and pressure drop. As pointed out in the
(G. Ribatski). Part I of this study, the number of studies concerning external

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatuidow.2016.08.003
0142-727X/ 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219 211

Dowlati et al. (1990, 1992b) and Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) performed

Nomenclature measurements of the chordal void fraction, through the gamma
attenuation technique , while the remaining studies performed
c0 distribution parameter, non-dimensional measurements of the volumetric void fraction, based on the quick
d tube external diameter, m closing valve technique QCV.
g gravitational acceleration, m/s As general behaviors, the void fraction increases with increas-
G mass ux, kg/ms ing gas mass fraction (or vapor quality) x, and mass velocity G (or
j supercial velocity, m/s mass ux). These behaviors are captured by the predictive meth-
K momentum coecient, non-dimensional ods listed in Table 1, except by the homogenous model, according
L tube length, m to which the void fraction is independent of the mass velocity. It
S slip velocity ratio, non-dimensional must be highlighted that some predictive methods, such as Kondo
s1 transversal pitch, m and Nakajima (1980) and Dowlati et al., (1990), present void frac-
s2 longitudinal pitch, m tion values different from unity for gas single-phase ow, thus it
ug in situ gas velocity ( jg / ), m/s can be speculated that the applicability of these methods are re-
ul in situ liquid velocity (jl /(1- )), m/s stricted to reduced gas fractions.
ugj drift parameter, m/s Table 2 summarizes the void fraction predictive methods avail-
x gas mass fraction, non-dimensional able in the open literature. The homogeneous model can be di-
rectly derived from the continuity equations written for both
Greek letters
phases, and assumes the velocity slip ratio S equal to the unity.
void fraction, non-dimensional
Kondo and Nakajima (1980) performed an experimental study for
dynamic viscosity, kg/m.s
two-phase ow in kettle reboilers, therefore operating at very low
density, kg/m
velocity as shown in Table 1. So, in their predictive method the
 two-phase multiplier, non-dimensional
void fraction is basically a function of the gas supercial free
surface tension, N/m
stream velocity jg,fs and bundle geometry.
transversal pitch per diameter ratio, non-
Schrage et al., (1988) proposed a predictive method by dening
dimensional
a multiplier factor to the void fraction estimated according to the
Subscripts homogenous model HM . In their model, the HM should be multi-
g gas phase plied by 0.1 if the multiplier value is lower than 0.1. The multiplier
l liquid phase factor is given as function of the Froude number of the mixture
l0 mixture owing as liquid owing as liquid Frl 0 and the vapor quality x.
g0 mixture owing as gas Dowlati et al., (1990) proposed an empirical method based on
fs free stream condition non-dimensional gas velocity jg , as dened by Wallis (1969). Sub-
sp single-phase ow sequently, Dowlati et al., (1992b), based on their database, adjusted
HM homogeneous model the two-phase distribution c0 and drift-ux ugj parameters of the
drift ux model proposed by Zuber and Findlay (1965). As given
Non-dimensional parameters in Table 2, they proposed constant values for each parameter inde-
Capillary number Cap = l ug / pendent of the two-phase ow patterns. Based on their database,
Froude number F rl0 = G2 /(l2 dg)
 Delenne et al., (1997) apud Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) adjusted a con-
Non-dimensional gas velocity jg = jg / gd[(l /g ) 1] stant value for the two-phase distribution parameter of the drift
Lockhart and Martinelli parameter Xtt = ((1 x )/x )0.9 ux model. In their method, the drift velocity ugj is given by the
(g /l )0.5 (l /g )0.1 relationship proposed by Zuber and Findlay (1965) for intube slug
Reynolds number of liquid phase Rel = l jl d/l ow.
Richardson number Ri = (l g )2 g /G2 Xu et al., (1998), based on the approach presented by
Weber number W e = G2 d/((l g ) ) Butterworth (1975) and on their database, proposed a predictive
method according to which the void fraction is given as a function
of the Froude number of the two-phase mixture owing as liquid
two-phase ows is considerably small compared with studies for Frl 0 and the Lockhart and Martinelli (1949) parameter Xtt .
internal ows, and, as consequence, the number of predictive Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) proposed a correlation for the velocity
methods for these ow parameters is also reduced. slip ratio S based on their experimental results and experimental
results presented by Dowlati et al., (1992b). In their method, the
2.1. Void fraction slip ratio is given as function of the Richardson Ri and Capillary
Cap numbers. Due to the fact that Cap is a function of the in situ
Table 1 summarizes the databases used in the development of gas velocity ug , which in turn, is a function of the void fraction,
void fraction predictive methods available in the open literature this method requires an iterative procedure for the estimative of
according to the authors knowledge. According to this table, only the void fraction.

Table 1
Experimental conditions of databases used in the development of the void fraction predictive methods.

Author Mixture Cong. d [mm] [-] G [kg/ms] up to x [-] up to Method

Homogeneous model
Kondo and Nakajima (1980) Air-water Triangular 25 1.08, 1.28, 1.40 3.2 0.16 QCV
Schrage et al. (1988) Air-water Square 7.94 1.08 1.40 680 0.64 QCV
Dowlati et al. (1990,1992b) Air-water Triangular and square 12.7, 19 1.3, 1.75 818 0.33
Xu et al. (1998) Air-water Square 9.79 1.25 658 0.68 QCV
Feenstra et al. (20 0 0) Air-water, R11, R113 Triangular 6.17 19 1.3 1.75 818 0.33
212 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219

Table 2
Summary of void fraction predictive methods.

Homogeneous model = (1 + S gl ( 1x
x
))1 , S = uugl = 1
g s
Kondo and Nakajima (1980) = L ( L1 )5/6 s1 s2 s1s2d2 /4 ( jg,s1f sg )1/3

= HM max(1 + 0.123F rl0

0.096
ln x, 0.1 )
Schrage et al., (1988)
F rl0 = G2 /(l2 gd )
1/2
= 1 (1 + 35 jg + c jg2 )
1 for jg < 0.2
Dowlati et al., (1990) c={
30 for jg 0.2

jg = jg / gd[(l /g ) 1]

= jg / ( c0 j + ug j )
Dowlati et al., (1992b)
c0 = 1.1035, ug j = 0.33 m/s

= jg / ( c0 j + ug j )
Dellene et al., (1997), apud Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) 1/4
c0 = 1.1035, ug j = 1.53( g(l g )/l2 )

Xu et al., (1998) = (1 + 1.07F rl0 )

0.069 0.645 1
Xtt

= (1 + S gl ( 1x
1
))
x
Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) S = 1 + 25.7 Ri Cap/
Ri = (l g ) g /G2 , Cap = l ug /
2

Table 3 The predictive methods should not only present reasonable sta-
Results of the statistical analysis of the comparison between experimental
tistical agreement with the experimental results, but must also
and predicted void fraction values.
capture the experimental trends. In this context, Fig. 1 depicts the
Method [%] 10 [%] 20 [%] 30 [%] comparison between experimental and predicted void fraction re-
Homogeneous model 154 8 16 20
sults. According to this Figure, for reduced jl the methods pro-
Kondo and Nakajima (1980) 210 0 0 1 posed by Dowlati et al., (1990), Xu et al., (1998) and Feenstra et al.,
Schrage et al., (1988) 55 1 2 6 (20 0 0) satisfactorily predicts the experimental values and trends.
Dowlati et al., (1990) 43 29 51 70 However, with the increment of jl , the rate of void fraction in-
Dowlati et al., (1992a) 51 7 18 35
crement with jg is sharper than observed for reduced jl (higher
Delenne (1997) 81 8 19 24
Xu et al., (1998) 32 29 54 69 slope), and for these conditions none of the methods satisfactorily
Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) 37 16 34 51 predicts the experimental trends. Based on this discussion, it can
be concluded that even though some methods showed statistically
reasonable predictions of the experimental data obtained in the
present study, they do not capture the experimental trends. From
It must be mentioned that predictive methods for vertical this Figure, great discrepancies can be observed among the estima-
downward ows were also proposed, e.g. Xu et al., (1998). How- tive provided by different predictive methods, e.g. the method of
ever, since the two-phase ow mechanisms for downward ows Dowlati et al., (1992b) predicts void fraction two times higher than
are distinct from those observed for the experimental conditions the method of Schrage et al., (1988) under the same experimen-
of the present study, these predictive methods are not described tal condition characterized by jl = 0.495 m/s and jg = 0.1 m/s. Such
here and the original papers are recommended as supplementary differences seem to be related to the fact that the authors consid-
material. ered databases obtained for different tube bundle geometries for
The experimental results presented in the rst part of this study the development of their methods, as described in Table 1.
were compared with predictive methods available in the literature,
and Table 3 presents the statistical parameters resulting from this 2.2. Pressure drop
analysis. According to this table, the predictive methods proposed
by Dowlati et al., (1990) and Xu et al., (1998) presented the best Table 4 describes the experimental conditions of the databases
predictions of the experimental results, with approximately 70% considered by the authors in the regression analysis during the
of the results predicted within a margin error of 30%. However, development of the methods for prediction of the frictional pres-
these methods presented mean absolute deviations higher than sure drop parcel available in the open literature. According to
30%. The method proposed by Kondo and Nakajima (1980) pro- this table, only the methods of Diehl (1957) and Ishihara et
vided the highest deviation, and this result can be attributed to the al., (1980) were developed based on experimental results ob-
fact that the database used for the development of their predictive tained for saturated vapor-liquid mixtures, where the term satu-
method comprises only results for reduced ow velocities. Simi- rated refers to the condition of vapor-liquid ow of a single sub-
larly, the homogeneous model also presents high deviation from stance instead of liquid and non-condensable gas. Ishihara et al.,
the experimental results, which can be attributed to the fact that (1980) considered data for two-phase saturated uids in the de-
the homogenous model does not take into account ow velocity velopment of their method by including the experimental results
and geometrical parameters. of Diehl (1957) in their database. On the other hand, the ma-
The similarity of experimental conditions and/or geometric con- jority of the correlations were developed based on experimen-
guration of test sections seem to justify the better predictions by tal results for non-condensable gases and liquids. Although the
Xu et al., (1998), Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) and Dowlati et al., (1990). method of Diehl (1957) was developed based on results for ver-
Surprisingly the method of Dowlati et al., (1992b), based on drift tical downward ows this method was included in the present
ux model did not predict satisfactorily the experimental results, analysis because it provided reasonable predictions of the experi-
even though it was developed based on data for similar experi- mental data obtained in the present study. The methods for pre-
mental conditions and geometric conguration. diction of the frictional pressure drop parcel during two-phase
 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219 213

Fig. 1. Comparison between experimental and predicted void fraction results.

Table 4
Experimental conditions of databases used in the development of pressure drop predictive methods.

Author Mixture Cong. d [mm] [-] G [kg/ms] up to x [-] up to

Homogeneous model
Diehl (1957) Air-water, Air-sugar solution (2962%), Regular and rotated 19.1, 12.7 1.25, 1.33 959 1
Pentane, Methane-Pentane square
Grant and Chisholm (1979) Air-water Triangular 19.1 1.25 782 0.82
Ishihara et al., (1980) Air-water, Air-sugar solution (2962), Regular and rotated 12.7, 19.1 1.25, 1.33, 1.47 980 1
Pentane, Methane-Pentane square, triangular
Schrage et al., (1988) Air-water Square 7.9 1.08 1.40 680 64
Dowlati et al., (1992a) Air-water Square, triangular 13.2 1.22 1.47 200 0.99
Xu et al., (1998) Air-water Square 9.8 1.25 658 0.68

external cross-ow available in the open literature are based on
two-phase multipliers. In these methods, the two-phase frictional
pressure drop parcel
pf is given as follows:
bundle, nominated by l and g respectively, or assuming the mixture
owing as liquid or gas, nominated by l0 and g0, respectively.
Table 5 briey describes the predictive methods for vertical
ow across tube bundles. Kondo (1984) proposed a pressure drop

p f = 2c
psp,c (1)
where
psp,c is the single-phase pressure drop evaluated based
on predictive methods available in the open literature, such as
Grimison (1937) apud Tilton (2008), IdelChik (1960), Zukauskas
and Ulinskas (1983), ESDU (2007) and Gaddis (2010), or based on
experimental results obtained by the authors of the methods for
single-phase conditions. The subscript c corresponds to the con-
dition assumed for evaluation of the single-phase pressure drop,
which depends on the reference adopted by the proposer of the
method based on the two-phase multiplier 2c . This condition can
correspond to only the liquid or gas phases owing across the tube
predictive method for low mass ux conditions based on experi-
mental results presented by Kondo and Nakajima (1980), for kettle
reboiler. The method of Kondo (1984) couples the effects of the
two-phase and the single-phase recirculating regions of the equip-
ment, therefore it is not appropriate for propelled ows and thus
it is not presented in Table 4.
Collier and Thome (1994) evaluated the application of the ho-
mogenous model for prediction of frictional pressure drop dur-
ing horizontal ow across horizontal tube bundles, obtaining rea-
sonable agreement between predictions and the experimental re-
sults. The authors obtained a two-phase multiplier based on the
214 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219

Table 5
Pressure drop predictive methods.

Author Two-phase multiplier

psp method

Homogeneous model  = x + (1 x )g /l
2
g0

a 9.648.10  + 8.014.10 
3 3 2 2
exp[ ]
7.483.101  6.009
2.701.102 3 + 2.487.101 2
g0 = { exp[
2 b
]
Diehl (1957) 6.324.101  7.148 Grimison (1937)
c 1 . 109 . 10 
3 4
+ 1 . 833 . 10 
2 3
exp[ ]
5.939.103 2 1.094 3.685
 = ln[(1 HM )/(Re0g0.5 g /l )]

2l0 =1 + ( 2 1 )[x0.815 (1 x )0.815 + x1.63 ],

Grant and Chisholm (1979)
 =
pg0 /
pl0
Ishihara et al., (1980) For Rel > 20 0 0, 2l = 1 + CXtt1 + Xtt2 , for Rel 20 0 0,
2g = 1 + C Xtt + Xtt2 ,C = 8.0, Xtt = ( (1 x )/x)0.9 (g /l )0.5 (l /g )0.1
2l = 1 + CXtt1 + C5 Xtt2 ,
Schrage et al., (1988)
C = (C1 F rCl02 /2 ) ln Xtt + C3 F rCl04
Dowlati et al., (1992a) 2l = 1 + CXtt1 + Xtt2 ,C = 20
 = 1 + CXtt1 +
2
l
Xu et al., (1998)
C = 24.45 j g 0.654
a
Staggered tube bundle, 2.10 < l < 3.10 kg/m.s.
4 3
b
Staggered tube bundle, 8.10 3 < l < 5.10 2 kg/m.s.
c
Square tube bundle.
homogenous model, assuming that the mixture friction factor is
equal to the friction factor of the mixture owing as gas. Since the
assumptions made for the development of the method presented
by Collier and Thome (1994) are not restrictive to the horizontal
ow, the method is presented here for comparison purposes.
In the method proposed by Diehl (1957), the two-phase mul-
tiplier is obtained graphically as function of . This dimension-
less number in turn is function of the homogeneous void frac-
tion HM , the Reynolds number evaluated considering the mixture
owing as gas, Reg 0 , and the gas-liquid densities ratio, as presented
in Table 5. Diehl (1957) proposed distinct curves according to
the bundle geometry and uid properties. The equations given in
Table 5 corresponding to the method of Diehl (1957) are polyno-
mial ttings performed by the present authors of the curves pre-
sented in Diehls original paper. The deviations between the origi-
nal curves and their ttings are always lower than 12%.
Grant and Chisholm (1979) proposed a two-phase multiplier
based on their experimental results for segmental baed heat ex-
changers, during vertical up and downward ows. The authors ob-
tained experimental results for horizontal and vertical cross-ow
regions, and proposed distinct constants and exponents for each
region and condition. Table 5 presents the method only for vertical
ows across tube bundles. Grant and Chisholm (1979) considered
that the frictional pressure drop during up and downward ow are
similar, therefore they added the pressure drop values of two con-
secutive passes in the shell side (up and downward ows) to elim-
inate the gravitational parcel of the pressure drop. Based on this
hypothesis, it can be concluded that they also considered that the
ow patterns for vertical upward and downward ows are simi-
lar. It can be speculated based on the literature that this assump-
tion is not correct, because distinct ow patterns are expected
for upward and downward ows, affecting the pressure drop and
the void fraction. Grant and Chisholm (1979) evaluated the single-
phase pressure drop
psp based on their experimental results for
single-phase ows. They adjusted their single-phase data for the
pressure drop, according to a Blasius type relationship for the fric-
tion factor.
Ishihara et al., (1980) presented a review comprising up to date
predictive methods for frictional pressure drop during vertical
Grimison (1937)
Zukauskas and Ulinskas (1983), ESDU (2007)
Zukauskas and Ulinskas (1983)
Xtt2 ,
ESDU (2007),
(x/(1 x ))0.336
ow across tube bundles. Therefore, based on an analysis of
the literature they developed a method based on Lockhart and
Martinelli (1949) parameter, assuming the approach presented by
Chisholm (1967) for internal ows. This method is based on the
determination of two-phase multiplier as function of the Lockhart
and Martinelli parameter Xtt and requires the adjustment of the
parameter C. In the literature, the Lockhart and Martinelli parame-
ter is dened assuming single-phase pressure drop in round ducts
for both phases as turbulent ow. As pointed out by Ulbrich and
Mewes (1994), the adoption of the Lockhart and Martinelli param-
eter for external ow across tube bundles may not be appropriate
to represent the external two-phase ow phenomena, because
the hydrodynamics of external two-phase ow and, consequently,
the friction factor, are distinct from internal ows. Based on the
experimental results presented by Diehl (1957) and Grant and
Chisholm (1979), Ishihara et al., (1988) obtained the parameter
C of the method of Chisholm (1967) equal to 8.0. Based on the
analysis presented by Ishihara et al., (1980), Schrage et al., (1988),
Dowlati et al., (1990) and Xu et al., (1998) proposed correlations
for the parameter C of the method of Chisholm (1967) adjusted to
their respective databases.
The pressure drop predictive method proposed by Schrage et al.,
(1988), derived from the method proposed by Chisholm (1967) and
adopted by Ishihara et al., (1980), is based on the adjustment of
the parameter C as function of non-dimensional parameters, and
denes an additional coecient for the square Xtt term, as shown
in Table 5. Table 6 presents the constants and exponents adjusted
by Schrage et al., (1988), based on the experimental conditions de-
scribed in Table 4. These constants are ow pattern dependent
according to the transitional criteria presented by Schrage et al.,
(1988) and also given in Table 5. Schrage et al., (1988) performed
experiments for R113 ow boiling across tube bundle, and com-
pared the experimental results for total pressure drop with the es-
timated values. The total pressure drop was estimated using their
method for the frictional pressure drop and the gravitational and
accelerational parcels of pressure drop calculated considering the
void fraction model proposed by them, given in Table 2. From this
comparison with independent data, they found a mean absolute
deviation of only 9.8%.
 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219 215

Table 6 Fig. 2 depicts the comparison between experimental results

Constants and exponents for Schrage et al., (1988) pressure drop predictive method.
presented in Kanizawa and Ribatski (2016c) and predicted val-
Flow pattern C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 ues for distinct jl condition for the frictional pressure drop parcel

pf . According to this gure, there is an asymptotic increment of
Bubbly 0.036 1.51 7.79 -0.057 0.774
Sluga 2.18 0.643 11.6 0.233 1.09
the frictional pressure drop parcel with velocity of both phases.
Spraya 0.253 1.50 12.4 0.207 0.205 For conditions that the single-phase pressure drop method was
not indicated by the original authors, the method of Zukauskas
If jg ( g / l )1/2 0.678((jl l )1/3 / )0.354 Spray
If jg ( g / l )1/2 < 0.678((jl l )1/3 / )0.354 and jg ( g / l )1/2 < 1.86((jl l )1/3 / )-1.93 Slug
and Ulinskas (1983) was adopted for the evaluation of
psp,c . As
If jg ( g / l )1/2 < 0.678((jl l )1/3 / )0.354 and jg ( g / l )1/2 1.86((jl l )1/3 / )-1.93 observed for the void fraction methods, the prediction provided
Bubbly by the pressure drop methods present signicant discrepancies
a
If Frl 0 0.0225, use Ishihara et al., (1980) proposal. among them, with differences as high as two orders of magnitude
for the same experimental condition. However, the homogeneous
model and the methods proposed by Diehl (1957) and Grant and
Chisholm (1979) present closer values and almost similar trends,
which are distinct from the predictions according to the methods
Dowlati et al., (1990) adjusted the parameter C for distinct
based on the approach proposed by Ishihara et al., (1980) based
ranges of mass velocity and transversal pitch per diameter ratio.
on the C-parameter of Chisholm (1967). The methods based on
Later on, based on their data Dowlati et al., (1992a) obtained a
the Xtt parameter present similar trends and values only for re-
general value of 20 for the C parameter. They also compared the
duced gas fractions. It is important to highlight that with the in-
predictions of the pressure drop using the new C parameter with
crement of x the methods of Ishihara et al., (1980) and Schrage
the experimental results for R113 presented by Hsu (1987). From
et al., (1988) presents discontinuities, which can lead to numerical
this analysis, they pointed out that better predictions of this inde-
convergence problems if the method is implemented in a compu-
pendent database are obtained with C equal to 15.
tational code.
Xu et al., (1998) proposed the C parameter as function of the
According to Fig. 2, for reduced jl conditions none of the meth-
non-dimensional gas supercial velocity jg and vapor quality, as
ods correctly predicts the experimental values and trends, while
shown in Table 5. From this approach, Xu et al., (1998) indicated
for intermediate and higher jl the methods proposed by Grant and
a mean absolute error of 12.5% relative to their database for ver-
Chisholm (1979) and Diehl (1957) present better prediction of the
tical upward ow. Xu et al., (1998) also proposed a correlation for
experimental results. It should be highlighted that even though
vertical downward ow, similar to the one presented in Table 5 for
Diehl (1957) has been developed based on experimental results for
upward ow but with distinct constant and exponents.

Fig. 2. Comparison between experimental and predicted pressure drop results.

216 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219

Table 7 ow characteristics are a strong function of the liquid velocity for

Results of the statistical analysis of pressure drop predictive methods.
bubbles ow pattern. Therefore, the following relationship is pro-
Method [%] 10 [%] 20 [%] 30 [%] posed under this condition for the momentum coecient ratio:
 1/3  Re c 2
Homogeneous model 54.1 3.7 8.6 16.0 Kl l
Diehl (1957) 61.0 6.3 13.4 21.4 = c1 W ec3 (3)
Grant and Chisholm (1979) 46.5 5.7 12.9 26.7 Kg 10, 0 0 0
Ishihara et al., (1980) 1211.9 3.9 7.8 10.7
Schrage et al., (1988) 72.0 4.2 8.0 11.1 where the constant c1 and exponents c2 and c3 are obtained
Dowlati et al., (1992a) 69.7 4.0 7.9 10.9 through regression analyses of the experimental results. In Eq. (3),
Xu et al., (1998) 75.7 3.2 6.2 9.5 Rel is the liquid Reynolds number based on the tube external di-
ameter, given as follows:

Re = l jl d/l (4)
downward ows, it shows better predictions than methods devel-
oped specically for upward ow. The Weber number was included with the objective of captur-
Table 7 presents the results of the statistical analysis of the pre- ing surface tension effects, and is dened as follows:
dictive methods. According to this table, the methods proposed by
Diehl (1957) and Grant and Chisholm (1979) presented the best W e = G2 d/((l g ) ) (5)
predictions of the experimental results. Nonetheless, these meth- In conditions of jl higher than 0.48 m/s (Rel > 9500), Kanizawa
ods predicted a reduced parcel of the results within a margin er- and Ribatski (2016b) indicated that the transition between bubbles
ror of 30%. Moreover, the mean absolute deviation is signicantly and non-continuous ow was delayed for higher jg values. There-
high for all methods. fore, it is considered that the relative inuence of surface tension
The high discrepancies between the experimental results and effects is reduced and the two-phase ow distribution is mainly
the predictive methods can be justied based on the experimen- given by liquid inertial effects, and the proportion of the gas
tal conditions of the databases used for their developments, and and liquid phases. Thus, the following relationship is proposed for
presented in Table 4. Rel > 9500:
 1/3
3. New predictive methods Kl
= c1 Rel c2 xc3 (6)
Kg
Since the predictive methods available in the open literature do
not satisfactorily predict the results obtained during the experi- The constants and exponents of Eqs. (3) and (6) were deter-
mental campaign, new void fraction and pressure drop predictive mined based on the experimental results for void fraction obtained
methods are proposed in the present study. The experimental re- with the capacitive sensoring system, therefore comprising only re-
sults obtained in the rst part of this study were used as refer- sults for bubbles ow pattern. In the case of Eq. (3) the regression
ence for the regression analysis, which was performed using the was performed considering the entire database, and for Eq. (6) only
t tool from Matlab 2015Ra (Mathworks, 2015), adopting the ro- results for Rel higher than 9500 were considered. Thus, the follow-
bust method with least absolute residual (LAR) option. ing correlations were determined for each condition:
 1/3  Re 2,24
Kl
3.1. Void fraction = 87.7 l
W e1,33 (7)
Kg 10, 0 0 0
Analogous to Stephan (1992), Kanizawa and Ribatski  1/3
(2016a) proposed a void fraction predictive method for in-tube Kl
= 0.26Rel 0.75 x0.92 (8)
ows based on the minimum kinetic energy. In their develop- Kg
ment, the authors assumed non-uniform velocity proles for both
phases, and considered that the ow kinetic energy is the sum of To obtain a single relationship for the momentum coecient
the mean kinetic energy of each phase, and obtained a relationship ratio, Eqs. (7) and (8) were combined as suggested by Churchill
for the void fraction based on the minimization of the mixture (20 0 0), as follows:
 1/3  2
kinetic energy. From the derivation presented by Kanizawa and
Kl 87.7

Rel
2,24 1
Ribatski (2016a) the following relationship is obtained: =
 1 Kg W e1,33 10, 0 0 0 1 + (Rel /6500 )
4
 1/3 
Kl g  1 / 3  1 x  2 / 3  2 1/2
= 1+ (2)
0.26
Kg l x + (9)
Rel 0.75 x0.92
where the term K corresponds to the momentum coecient, or
form factor, as dened by Munson et al. (2013), and is related to where a suppression factor was included to reduce contribution
non-uniformities of velocity prole along the ow cross section. of surface tension effects at high Rel . According to the proposed
In case of uniform velocities, even considering slip between the method, is calculated through Eqs. (2) and (9). This method pre-
phases, the terms K are equal to the unity. The momentum coef- dicted 83% of the experimental results within an error band of
cient ratio (Kl /Kg )1/3 depends on the velocity proles, which in 30%, with an absolute deviation of 20%, thus with a better per-
turns depends on phases distributions, uids properties and duct formance than the methods available in the literature.
geometry, and ultimately it depends on the ow pattern. Kanizawa Fig. 3 shows the comparison between experimental results and
and Ribatski (2016a) correlated the momentum coecient ratio as predicted values. According to this gure, at high jl , the gradi-
function of non-dimensional parameters, and adjusted constants ent of relative to jg increases, and this behavior is satisfactorily
and exponents to experimental results for horizontal and vertical captured by the method proposed in the present study, while the
upward ow in tubes. other methods under-predict the experimental results, as shown in
For reduced liquid velocities, the balance of supercial and in- Fig. 1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed void frac-
ertial forces dominates the ow, and, consequently, the two-phase tion predictive method is appropriate for the experimental results
 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219
Fig. 3. Comparison of experimental results and proposed predictive method for
void fraction. Symbols for experimental results and lines for predicted values.
gathered during the experimental campaign for the entire range of
conditions.
In order to check the capability of the proposed method to
predict independent results, the estimative were compared with
corresponding void fraction data presented by Dowlati et al.,
(1992b) for air-water ow across square and triangular tube bun-
dle. Fig. 4 depicts the comparison and according to this gure, the
proposed methodology predicts satisfactorily the experimental re-
sults for two-phase ows across triangular tube bundle indepen-
dently of the values of G and . For the square tube bundle, satis-
factory predictions were obtained only for reduced mass velocities.
For the highest mass velocity, the method over predict the experi-
mental results.
The proposed methodology was also compared with Feenstra
et al., (20 0 0) experimental results for R11 two-phase ow across
triangular tube bundle. Fig. 5 shows the comparison between
experimental and predicted results. According to this gure, the
new methodology predicts adequately the experimental results
for reduced G, but over predicts the results for high G. Curiously,
an analysis of the method of Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) indicates
much higher inuence of ow velocity on the void fraction than
observed in their experimental results. Moreover, their method
predicts only 2% of their void fraction results for R11 within the
same error margin. As shown in Fig. 5, it is important highlighting
that the effect of mass velocity on the void fraction is negligible
according to the data of Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) for R11. Therefore,
it can be speculated that the inuence of mass ux predicted
by Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) method, but not indicated by their
experimental results for R11, is because the authors also included
in the database used for the adjustment of their method a high
number of results for air-water mixtures.
3.2. Pressure drop
Analogous to the methods already available in the open liter-
ature, the proposed predictive method for pressure drop during
two-phase ows is based on two-phase multipliers. Due to the fact
that Zukauskas and Ulinskas (1983) presented the best predictions
of the experimental results for single-phase ows as presented in
Kanizawa and Ribatski (2016c), this method has been chosen as the
single-phase predictive method to be implemented together with
the two-phase method developed in the present study, assuming
completely developed ow. In the new method, the frictional pres-
sure drop for two-phase ows is given as follows:
p f = 2l
pl (10) picts the comparison between experimental and predicted results
217
As previously pointed out, for reduced jl , the contributions of
surface tension, liquid-gas density difference, and the proportion
of liquid and gas phases are parameters relevant to the in-situ
velocities as well as the phases distribution along the cross sec-
tion. Consequently, these parameters are also relevant for the fric-
tional pressure drop. Therefore, the following two-phase multiplier
is proposed:
2l = 1 + c1W ec2 c3 (11)
where the Weber number is given by Eq. (5), and the void fraction
is evaluated from Eqs. (2) and (9). The unity term was included
to satisfy the condition of liquid single-phase ow.
In conditions of high jl , the inertial effects of liquid become pre-
dominant over gravitational and surface tension effects, therefore
the following relationship is proposed:
2l = 1 + c1 Recl 2 c3 (12)
where the liquid Reynolds number is given by Eq. (4). The possibil-
ity of using the gas mass fraction x instead of the void fraction
was evaluated, however the resulting relationships provided worse
predictions of the experimental results. In fact, the void fraction
is more representative of the in-situ phases velocities and of the
cross-sectional distributions of the phases.
The constants and exponents of Eq. (11) were determined con-
sidering the entire database, while for Eq. (12) the constant and
exponents were determined based on experimental results for Rel
higher than 9500 (jl > 0.495 m/s). The following relationships were
obtained:
2l = 1 + 98.9W e0.76 1.75 (13)
2l = 1 + 7.76 105 Re1
.26 1.95
(14)
l
To obtain a single correlation for the two-phase multiplier,
Eqs. (13) and (14) were combined adopting the Churchill
(20 0 0) approach, and the resulting two-phase multiplier is given
as follows:
 2
1.75
 = 1+
2
98.9
l
W e0.76
 2 1/2
5 1.95 1
+ 7.76 10 (15)
Re1l .26 1 + (6500/Rel )2
where a suppression factor was included to reduce contribution at
reduced Rel of the second parcel.
The proposed methodology predicts the experimental database
with an absolute deviation of 21.6%, signicantly lower than the
methods available in the open literature. Additionally, the proposed
method correctly predicted within margin errors of 10, 20 and 30%,
52, 84 and 94% of the experimental results, respectively. These
results are signicantly better than the predictions given by the
methods available in the open literature and shown in Table 7.
Fig. 6 depicts a comparison between experimental and pre-
dicted results. According to this gure, the proposed method cap-
tures the experimental trends and values for all liquid velocities,
except for mass ux higher than 10 0 0 kg/ms. Such a result is
not surprising because the parcel of experimental results in the
database for jl higher than 0.9 m/s is only 7.4% of the data.
The estimative of the total pressure drop with the frictional par-
cel given by Eqs. (10) and (15), and the gravitational parcel evalu-
ated assuming the void fraction given by Eqs. (2) and (9) predicted
almost all the experimental results (99.6% of the data) within a
margin error of 30%.
The proposed method was also compared with independent
experimental results available in the open literature. Fig. 7 de-
218 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219

Fig. 4. Comparison of Dowlati et al., (1992b) experimental results and predictions according to the proposed method.

Fig. 5. Comparison of Feenstra et al., (20 0 0) experimental results and the predic-
Fig. 7. Comparison of the method proposed in the present study and experimental
tions according to the proposed method.
results of Dowlati et al., (1992a). Symbols for experimental results and lines for
predicted values.

ow across square tube bundle. This result seems to suggest that

the proposed method is not recommendable for two-phase ows
across tube bundle with square conguration.

4. Conclusions

This paper presents an experimental study on void fraction and

pressure drop for single and two-phase ows across a triangular
tube bundle. From an analysis of the literature, experimental re-
sults and the predictive methods proposed in the present study,
the following specic conclusions can be addressed:

Fig. 6. Comparison between experimental results and predictions according to the
proposed method. Symbols for experimental results and lines for predicted values.
of Dowlati et al., (1992a) for air-water ow across triangular tube
bundles, with transversal pitch per diameter ratios of 1.30 and 1.75.
It can be observed from this gure that the proposed method satis-
factorily predicts experimental values and trends, for distinct bun-
dle geometries. The method predicted 65% of their experimental
results within a margin error of 30% and a mean absolute devia-
tion of 25%.
The proposed method provided inaccurate estimative of the
experimental results presented by Xu et al., (1998) for air-water
The Dowlati et al., (1990) and Xu et al., (1998) void fraction pre-
dictive methods presented reasonable agreement with the void
fraction experimental results obtained in the present study.
Nonetheless, none method captured the variation of experimen-
tal trend for all experimental conditions;
A void fraction predictive method was proposed, based on ex-
perimental results and on the minimum kinetic energy princi-
ple. This method satisfactorily predicts the experimental results
and trends of the experimental data obtained in the present
study. Moreover, the method also predicts satisfactorily inde-
pendent results gathered in the open literature for air-water
ow across triangular tube bundles;
The experimental results for frictional pressure drop during
two-phase ows were compared with predictive methods avail-
able in the open literature. None of the evaluated methods pro-
vided satisfactory predictions of the experimental data;
 F.T. Kanizawa, G. Ribatski / International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 65 (2017) 210219
A pressure drop predictive method was proposed based on two-
phase multiplier, and accurately predicts the experimental re-
sults obtained during the experimental campaign and also in-
dependent results gathered in the open literature for triangular
tube bundles;
Almost 100% of the experimental data for total pressure drop
were predicted within an error margin of 30% by the combi-
nation of the frictional pressure drop method given by Eqs. (10)
and (15) and the void fraction method proposed in the present
study (Eqs. (2) and (9)) to calculate the gravitational pressure
drop parcel.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge scholarships to the rst au-
thor by Fapesp (So Paulo Research Foundation) under Contract
Number 2010/206702, 2014/069029 and 2015/008545. The
previous research performed by Rodrigo Takashi Endoh (Fapesp
2012/226102) was used as reference for the development of the
capacitive sensoring system. The authors also acknowledge the
grant numbers 303852/20135 and 481044/20108 given by CNPq
(National Counsel of Technological and Scientic Development of
Brazil). The technical support by Mr. Helio J. D. Trebi and Antonio
A. P. Silva is also deeply recognized. Support given by Prof. Tim-
othy A. Shedd for the development of the capacitive system was
also essential.
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