Introduction to Wireline Engineering

and its application to Formation Evaluation

Asfan Hasbiantoro
Personal Introduction
Asfan Hasbiantoro

Yogyakarta, Jan 25th , 1979

Gadjah Mada University, 1997-2002.

2002-2004 Sumatra, Wireline Engineer, Schlumberger

2005-2008 Mumbai, Wireline Engineer in Charge, Schlumberger
2008-2010 Sudan, Field Service Manager, Schlumberger
2010-2013 Jakarta, Account Manager, Schlumberger
2013-Now Jakarta, Director, PT Iliadi Cipta Energi
Introduction
Which one will you pick ??
Oil Well Life Cycles
 Goal of Formation Evaluation
To evaluate the presence or absence of
commercial quantities of hydrocarbons in
formations penetrated by, or lying near the
wellbore.

To determine static and dynamic

characteristics of productive reservoir.

To detect small quantities of hydrocarbon

which nevertheles may be very significant from
an exploration standpoint.

To provide a comparison of an interval in one

well to the correlation interval in another well.
 Evaluation Sequence

Reservoir or Hydrocarbon
Gas and or Oil EVALUATE
Non-Reservoir or Water

Differentiate
Locate the Detect the
between Gas
Reservoir Hydrocarbon
Oil
 Formation Evaluation is Critical
to understand the Reservoir

Hydrocarbon Thickness
What is the value of Porosity
Hydrocarbon in Place Saturation
(Hydrocarbon Area
Potential)
Hydrocarbon type

How easily can Permeability

Hydrocarbon can flow Pressure
out the well

How easy is it to drill to

the reservoir (cost of Lithology
drilling, completions, Depth, Pressure, Temperature
etc ..)
 Formation Evaluation Methods
Mud Logging
Coring
Wireline Logging
Testing and Sampling
 Mud Logging
A well logging process in which drilling
mud and drill bit cuttings from the
formation are evaluated during drilling and
their properties recorded on a strip chart
as a visual analytical tool and stratigraphic
cross sectional representation of the well.
 Conventional Coring
Coring - Conventional Taking a
core requires that the regular drill
bit be removed from the hole. It is
replaced with a "core bit", which
is capable of grinding out and
retrieving the heavy cylinder of
rock.

The core bit is usually coated with

small, sharp diamonds that can
grind through the hardest rock. A
core bit cuts very slowly.

A core is a solid cylinder of rock

about 4-5 inches in diameter, and
a single core will usually be about
30 feet long.
 Side Wall Coring
This method is cheaper than
the conventional coring

Cores can be taken in

hours, instead of days

In sidewall coring, a slim

wireline coring tool is run
into the hole. The tool may
be of two general types;
either "rotary sidewall" or
"percussion

Typically, cores about 1" in

diameter and 1" to 2" long
can be retrieved with this
method.
 Wireline Logging
What :
In situ (vs Depth) measurement of Rock and
Fluid Properties

When :
Open Hole (before casing set) :
While drilling (LWD)
After Drilling (Wireline)
Cased Hole
Analysis Behind Casing (CO Log, etc)
Production Logging

Interpretation for :
Geological properties
Geophysical properties
Petrophysical properties
Reservoir properties
 Testing (Drill Stem Testing)
and Sampling

Used to provide a more definitive idea of

the production capacity of the well

Drill Stem Tests identify the types of

fluids within the well, as well as the
flowrate of these fluids, formation
permeability and reservoir pressure.

Drill stem tests involve connecting a

measurement device to the bottom of
the drill stem, also in place of the drillbit,
and lowering the system into the well, all
the way to the formation.

The instrument is activated at the

bottom of the well, measuring the flow of
oil or gas for a specified amount of time,
usually on hourly basis.
Wireline Logging
 Well Logging (WIRELINE)

Reservoir or Non- Hydrocarbon or

Gas and or Oil EVALUATE
Reservoir Water

Locate the Detect the Differentiate

Reservoir Hydrocarbon between Gas Oil

What is the value of Hydrocarbon Thickness

Porosity
Hydrocarbon in Saturation
Well Logging data is critical to Place (Hydrocarbon Area
Potential) Hydrocarbon type
have for Formation Evaluation
How easily can Permeability
Hydrocarbon can Pressure
flow out the well

How easy is it to
drill to the reservoir Lithology
(cost of drilling, Depth, Pressure, Temperature
completions, etc ..)
 Value and Limitation Wireline Log
Data
Value Limitation
Provide remotely sensed value of Indirect measurement
reservoir properties and fluids
Among the most abundant reservoir Vertical resolution
data
Presentation result fairly standardized Depth of investigation
Allow evaluation of lateral (map) and
vertical (cross section) changes in
reservoir data
 Wireline Logging Data User
Wireline logging output can be used in a
number of ways by a number of people to
provide solutions to questions they have about a
particular well. Some of the ways different
people in an office will use these logs are:
Drilling Engineers are looking for:
What is my hole volume (cement) ?
What is my dog leg severity ?
Where can I get a good packer seat for testing ?
Where can I set up my whipstock ?

Geophysics look to logs for: Production Engineers are looking for:

Where are my tops (as predicted?)
Does seismic interpretation agree with log
data?
How is my synthetic doing with this new
information?
Where should complete this well ?
What will be my expected production rates ?
Will I have to deal with water ?
How should I complete this well ?
Do I need to stimulate this well ?
How should I stimulate it ?

Geologists look to logs for:

Where are my tops ?
Do I have any reservoir ?
Is there any Hydrocarbon in the well ?
What type of Hydrocarbon(s) is there ?
How good is my reservoir ?
What kind of reserves do I have ?
How does this tie in to my offsets ?
 Wireline Log Type

Typically Wireline Logging data classified into 3 board

categories depending on well condition logged :

Open Hole : Log which done right away after drilling

process completed prior to case the well.

Cased Hole : Log done after well been cased

Production Log : Log done after well been

produced or fluid flowing
 Open Hole Logging Measurement
Caliper
Resistivity Logs (Microresistivity, Laterolog, Induction)
Radioactive Logs (Gamma Ray, Neutron Porosity,
Density Porosity)
Sonic / Accoustic Logs (Monopole and Dipole Sonic)
Magnetic Resonance
Dipmeter Logging
Pressure Testing and Sampling
Cased Hole Logging Measurement
Radioactive Log
Gamma Ray
Neutron Porosity
Carbon-Oxygen Log

Sonic / Accoustic Log

Cement Bond Log / Ultrasonic log
 Production Logging Measurement
Nuclear (Gamma Ray)
Flow meter
Hold up meter
Pressure
Temperature
Open Hole Wireline Logging
 Resistivity
Resistivity-Saturation Relation

Rt Rw
Water

Hydrocarb ons Rt 1/ Sw
Wat er

Matrix
Rt 1/ F
Water

Matrix Rw
Rt
Hydrocarbons
Sw F
Water

a Rw
Rt = n m
Sw F
 Mud Invasion Profile
COMMON TERMINOLOGY

Borehole
Rm : Borehole mud resistivity
Rmc : Mudcake resistivity

Invaded zone
Rmf : Mud filtrate resistivity
Rxo : Invaded zone resistivity
Sxo : Invaded zone water saturation

Uninvaded zone
Rw : Interstitial water resistivity
Rt : Uninvaded zone resistivity
Sw : Uninvaded zone water
saturation
 Laterolog Resistivity

I
0

Current lines parallel and radial outwards V= 0

V= V0

Represents tool in a borehole

Io = Total Current DV = V0 - VV0
Resistivity = K V0/I0
K = Geometrical Factor --- Cylinder
 Induction Resistivity

Laterolog used in
conductive mud
environment, Induction
tool used in non-
conductive mud
environment.
 Radioactive (Gamma Ray)
The Gamma Ray log is a measurement of the formation's natural
radioactivity.
Gamma ray emission is produced by three radioactive series found
in the Earth's crust.
Potassium (K40) series.
Uranium series.
Thorium series.

Gamma rays passing through rocks are slowed and absorbed at a

rate which depends on the formation density.

Less dense formations exhibit more radioactivity than dense

formations even though there may be the same quantities of
radioactive material per unit volume.
 Natural Gamma Ray
The tool reacts if the shale is
radioactive (usually the case), hence
show the sands and shales, the
permeable zones and the non-
permeable zones.

Computation of the amount of shale:

The minimum value gives the clean
(100%) shale free zone, the maximum
100% shale zone. All other points can
then be calibrated in the amount of
shale.
 Radioactive (Neutron)
Why Radioactive Neutron Measurement ?
Rt = awn Rwm
S F
How Neutron measurement related to Porosity?
NEUTRON
SOURCE

Borehole
Formation
ENERGY
LEAVING
Long 106
SOURCE
Spaced
Detector

NEUTRON ENERGY (e V) Slowing down

104
Short
Spaced
Detector

102

10 eV
Thermal
Phase APPROX.
EPITHERMAL

1
ENERGY
REGION Diffusion & Capture
Neutron .4 eV
Source AVERAGE CAPTURE
THERMAL
ENERGY .
025 EV
01
1 10 TIME ( s) 100
Neutron Porosity
Average No. of
Capture Scattering
Element Element Collisions to reduce
Cross Section Cross Section
Atomic No. Symbol Neutron energy from
(Barns) (Barns)
2MeV to 0.025eV

1 H 0.3 20 18
6 C 0.0032 4.8 115
8 O 0.0002 4.1 150
14 Si 0.13 1.7 261
17 Cl 31.6 10 329
48 Cd 2500 5.3 1028

HYDROGEN very effective in slowing down

Neutrons
commonly found in formation fluids

CHLORINE is a good absorber (Capture)

dissolved salts in formation water

CADMIUM - excellent as a shield

 Neutron Porosity
Summary
HGNS detects Thermal neutrons .
> Hydrogen Index .
>Porosity and Gas content.
Why ?
Pore Space is filled with fluids (commonly water, oil and gas)
Formation fluids contain hydrogen
Hydrogen has a high scattering X-section
Gas has a low concentration of hydrogen
Chlorine (common in water) has a high capture X-section

How?
A two detector system reduces environmental effects
The ratio of Near (cps) over Far (cps) is related to H.I.
 Radioctive Density

2650 Kg/m3 > 2485 Kg/m3 > 2320 Kg/m3 > 2145 Kg/m3
Form ation Density gm / cc PEF
Sandstone 2.65 1.8
Lim estone 2.71 5.1
Dolom ite 2.81 3.1
Anhydrite 2.98 5.1
Salt 2.03 4.6
Shale 2.1 2.8 1.8 6.3

Density measurement is as important as Porosity Measurement

(Formation Density 1/Formation Porosity)
Density Tool measure Formation Density through Measuring
Electron Density in the formation
GR Interaction : Compton Scattering
 Sonic Logging
Mechanical property analysis
Compressional
sanding analysis body wave

fracture height
Compressional
wellbore stability head waves

Formation evaluation
Shear head wave
gas detection
fractures
Shear body wave

permeability
Geophysical interpretation
synthetic seismograms
VSP
AVO
 Sonic Logging
Dynamic Elastis Property

Lateral strain 1/2 (DTS / DTC) 2 1

v Poissons Ratio
Longitudinal strain (DTS / DTC) 2 1

Applied stress pb
G Shear Modulus
Shear strain DTS 2

Applied uniaxial stress

E Youngs Modulus 2G (1 + v)
Normal strain

Hydrostatic pressure 1 4
Kb Bulk Modulus
Volumetric strain pb [ DTC2 3DTS2 ] xa

Volumetric deformation 1
Cb Bulk Compressibility
Hydrostatic pressure Kb
(with porosity)
 Magnetic
Resonance
30

25
1
signal amplitude

0.9
20
0.8

normalized signal amplitude

15 0.7

0.6
10
0.5

0.4
5
0.3

0 0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.1

time (sec) 0
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 90.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 3000.0

T2 (ms)

Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance logging utilizing
magnetic to manipulate
hydrogen atom in fluid
which resulting T2
amplitude indicate
permeability measured fluid.
Magnetic Resonance Logging
Increasing relaxation time

Signal
distribution

T2 time
k = 7.5 md
Porosity = 20%
Permeability= 7.5 md

Increasing relaxation time

Signal
distribution

T2 time
k = 279 md
Porosity = 19.5%
Permeability= 279 md
 Dipmeter Logging and Borehole Imaging

High resolution electrical

image
Structural analysis
(structural dip, faults,
fractures, complex
structures)
Rock Sedimentary Features
(sedimentary dips,
anisotropy & permeability
barriers, thin beds analysis)
Evaluate Rock Textures
Depth matching, orientation
and substitution of cores
Dipmeter Logging
0 10 20 30 60 90

Dip magnitude

Dip azimuth
 Pressure Test and Sampling
Pressure Test logging
on wireline done thru
Logging tools which
designed to have
packer and probe as
formation fluid inlet,
for pressure
measurement or
sampling

Latest advancement
on Fluid Analyzer
module has made
possibility to do lab
work downhole
without sampling the
formation fluid.
Fluid Analyzer

Lamp

Fluorescence Detector

Sample Flow
Flowline

Spectrometer
(Gas Analyzer)
Production Logging
 Production Logging
Measurement of fluid
parameters zone by zone
basis to yields information
about the type and
movement of fluid within and
near wellbore.
Applications
Evaluation of Completion Performance
Perforation effectiveness
Stimulation evaluation
Formation damage identifications

Monitor Reservoir Performance and variations

New well performance vs prediction
Time lapse profile monitoring
Layered Reservoir Testing

Diagnose Well Problems

Source of high : Gas to Oil Ratio or High Water Cut
Detection of leaks or crossflow
Flow behind casing

Others
Guidance for workover planning
Improved/Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects
Identify boundary for field development
Production Logging Sensor
Telemetry
Interfaces

Casing Collar Locator

Gamma Ray Detector

Nuclear Fluid
Densitometer
-Gradiomanometer Hold-Up Meter Noise Tool
-Pressure
-Temperature Quartz Pressure
Gauge Tracer Ejector
Flowmeter (fullbore) Caliper
O- Probes (GHOST) PVL/WFL

Standard E- Probes (FloView)

Sensors In line flowmeter Special
Special
Petal basket flowmeter
Applications
Applications
Optional
Sensors
 Basic Interpretation

Monophase Flow Rate

= Velocity x Area Q=VxA

Vhy
Vw

Multiphase Flow Rate

= Phase Velocity x Phase Area
= Phase Velocity x (Area x Phase Hold
Up)
 PL Sensor Output
Mixture Velocity
Spinner

Hold Up
Fluid Density, Capacitance,
Local Probes

Phase Velocity
Correlations
Gradiomanometer Nuclear Capacitance Probe Tools
Hold Up Concept
- Hold up is a DOWNHOLE measurement:
- Area fraction of the pipe occupied by the phase of interest.
For oil-water flows: yw + yo = 1
For oil-water-gas flows: yw + yo + yg = 1

Water holdup = volume of water

total volume

- Water cut is a SURFACE measurement:

- Ratio of flowrates. For instance in an oil-water flow, water cut is
given by
WC (%) = qw/(qo + qw)
and more generally by:
WC (%) = qw/qt

Water-cut = Volume of water

Total liquid

Water Holdup Water Cut

 Flowmeter
Continuous Fullbore Spinner
Measurements in Casing only
Spinner
Not collapsible Maximum CSID coverage
Measurements in Tubing & Collapsible
Casing
Very sensitive
Not sensitive to small flow
variations High resolution
Low resolution
 E-Probe (Flowview)
Probe architecture
Conductive Tip

Ground
Ground electrode
electrode
(for oil continuous
(For oil continuous phases)

phase)

Four probes sense local fluid impedance

Oil and gas -- > high electrical impedance
Water --> low electrical impedance = fn(salinity)
Computations:

Time in low impedance

1. Water Holdup =
Total time
2. Bubble count = Number of transitions
Total time
O-Probe (GHOST)
Gradiomanometer
Output : Fluid Density
PA
Application :
Fluid Type Determination Silicone
Oil
Hold up calculation
h
Wellbore
Hydrostatic Pressure Diaphragm
fluid

Measurement
Pa = Pb + (pfluid x g x h) P1
PB
P2
 Typical PL Program
Shut-In conditions
- RIH and .
Determine fluid levels
Detect Cross-flows (if any)
Get a BASE log (eg.Temp)
- Wait for well stabilization
Required for WT jobs
Flowing conditions
- Wait for stable flow
pressure, spinner, density ?
- Log interval of interest
Flowing profile & cross-flow
Fluid entries
- Log stations if requested
 Flow Profile (ex. 1)
Well flowing at constant
choke:
Zone Contribution
Downhole reservoir data
Absorption profile for injector wells
Identification of production
problems

Different flowing Choke:

- Selective inflow performance Gas spinner density
survey OIL
Temperature
Water
 Flow Profile (ex. 2)
Well shut in
Flow between two
perforation (Reservoir
pressure difference)

Sump
water
Gas spinner density
OIL
Temperature
Water
 Conclusion
Wireline Engineering application to Formation
Evaluation is critical factor for evaluating commercial
content Hydrocarbon in reservoir

Formation Evaluation source of data can be

gathered from many sources : Mud Logging, Coring,
Wireline Logging, Pressure Test and Sampling

More data can be collected more precise decision

can be made and minimize formation uncertainty