Auto-Reclosing On Transmission Systems

Fault Shunts (1)

Z1 F1

E ZF

N1

ZF = Fault shunt
= Combined Impedance of -ve and zero sequence
network impedances for particular fault.

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 Fault Shunts (2)

Ø/E ZF = Z2 + Z0

Ø/Ø ZF = Z2

Ø/Ø/E ZF = Z2 . Z0
Z2 + Z0

3Ø ZF = 0 (short circuit)

Healthy ZF = ∝ (open circuit)

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 Use Of Power Angle Curves

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 Power Angle Curves

E1 E2 sin δ
Power Flow =
Z

Power

Load Angle (δ)

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 Comparative Power Angle Curves

Power 3Ø Healthy

2Ø Healthy
1Ø Tripped

Ø/E Fault

Ø/Ø/E Fault

3Ø Fault
3Ø Tripped

Load Angle (δ)

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 Steady State

X Y

Power

Normal Healthy
Operation

A
P0

Phase Angle
Difference
δ0
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 During Fault

X Y

Power

Normal

A
P0
Ø/Ø/E Fault
P0 - P1
C
P1 B
δ0 Phase Difference
δ1
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 Choice of Scheme

1AR or 3AR

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 1Ø Auto-Reclose Advantages (over 3Ø A/R)

1. Higher power transfer limit.

2. Reduced power swing amplitude.

3. Reduced switching overvoltages due to reclosing.

4. Reduced shock to generators.

Sudden changes in mechanical output are less

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 Choice of Scheme (1)

High Speed Auto-Reclose

1. Single transmission links.

2. 3Ø A/R.

3. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs

Lockout for multiphase faults.

4. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs

3Ø A/R for multiphase faults.

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 Choice of Scheme (2)

Delayed 3Ø Auto-Reclose

1. Densely interconnected systems.

Ð
Minimal power transfer level
reduction during dead time

2. Power swings due to fault and tripping

allowed to decay
Ð
Less shock to system than with high
speed A/R

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 1Ø Auto-Reclose Factors Requiring
Consideration

1. Separate control of circuit breaker poles.

2. Protection must provide phase selection.

3. Mutual coupling can prolong arcing and require

de-ionising time.

4. Unbalance during dead time

(i) Interference with communications
(ii) Parallel feeder protection may maloperate

5. More complex and expensive than 3Ø A/R

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 High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (1)

Protection
High speed < 2 cycles

Fast clearance at each line end.

Š Phase comparison
Š Distance schemes with signalling
Š Distance scheme with zone 1 extension
Š Direct intertrip

Phase selection required for 1Ø A/R

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 Auto-Reclose

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 High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (2)

Dead Time (short as possible)

Circuit breaker minimum ‘open - close’

time
∼ 200 - 300 msecs.

Same dead time at each line end.

De-ionising time
1Ø A/R longer → special steps

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 Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (1)

Protection
High speed not critical for system stability
↓
desirable to limit fault damage
↓
improves probability of successful A/R

Dead Time
Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to
die down.
Different settings for opposite feeder ends.
Typically 5 to 60 secs.
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 Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (2)

Reclaim Time
Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting
value.

Number of Shots
1 (invariably)

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 Check Synchronizing

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 Synchronism Check

On interconnected systems - little chance of complete loss of

synchronism after fault and disconnection of a single feeder.
Phase angle difference may change to cause unacceptable shock to
system when line ends are re-connected.

VB
VL

VL = 0
VB = live
∴ Dead Line Charge

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 Check Synchronising

Used when system is non radial.

Check synch relay usually checks 3 things:

1) Phase angle difference

2) Voltage
3) Frequency difference

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Auto Isolation
 Auto-isolation - Single Switch Substation

X Transient Fault - Line 1

Š 120/G1/Remote Open
Š 120/Remote Reclose
Š T1 Energised
103 120 203
Š G1 Close After Time Delay
Line 1
Line 2 X Persistent Line Fault
113 213
Š 120/Remote Opens Again
T1 T2
Š 103 Opens Automatically
G1 G2 Š 120 Closes Followed By G1
Š T1/T2 Fed From Line 2
X Transformer Fault
Š 120/G1/Remote Trip
Š 113 Auto Opens
Š G1 Lock Out
Š 120/Remote Reclose
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