v/;k;&9 Bkslksa ds ;kaf=d xq.

k cy ds cjkcj ijUrq fnkk esa foifjr gksrk gS] bls

R;kUk;u cy dgrs gSA
Bksl& inkFkZ og tks LFkku ?ksjs
;g cy oLrq dh vkd`fr esa ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrk
og ftldk nzO;eku gks gS vkSj oLrq dks iqu% kjafHkd fLFkfr eas ykus dk
inkFkZ nzO; ;kl djrk gSA
vr% R;ku;u cy ck cy ()
Bksl nzo xSl
frcy& tc fdlh fi.M ij ck cy vkjksfir
djrs gS rks mlds vUnj leku R;ku;u cy
Rkjy(Fiuid) mRiUUk gks tkrk gSA
Bksl nzo xSl oLrq ds ,dkad {ks=Qy ij dk;Zjr R;ku;u cy
1 vk;ru fufpr fufpr vfufpr ik= dks gh frcy dgrs gSA
dk vk;ru R;ku;u cy
frcy frcy =
vfufpr {ks=Qy
2 vkd`fr fufpr vfufpr vfUkfpr ek=d& /2 foek& [1 1 2 ]
3 tkZ U>>K K>U K>>U
frcy ds dkj %&
U= fLFkfrt tkZ K= xfrt
1- vuqnS/;Z frcy& ;fn fdlh NM ;k rkj ij
tkZ
mldh yEckbZ ds vuqfnk cy yxk;k tk, rks
4 vUrjkf.od cgqr vf/kd de cgqr de ux.; mldh yECkkbZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
cy
bl fLFkfr esa dk;Zjr frcy vuqnS/;Z frcy
R;kLFkrk() dgykrk gSA ruu&frcy
2- vk;ru frcy vfHkyac frcy%& ;fn fdlh
fdlh oLrq ij ck cy yxkus ij og fod`r gks fi.M ij lHkh fnkkvksa esa leku :Ik ls cy yxk;k
tkrh gS vFkkZr~ mldh vkd`fr yEckbZ]vk;ru]:i esa tk, rks mlds vk;ru esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA bl
ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA ck cy gVk nsus Ikj oLrq fLFkfr esa dk;Zjr frcy dks vk;ru frcy dgrs
viuh kjafHkd vkd`fr esa iqu% ykSV vkrh gS oLrq dk gSaA
;g xq.k R;kLFkrk dgykrk gSA 3- vi:i.k frcy LikZjs[kh; frcy%& ;fn
fdlh oLrq ds vk/kkj dks n`<+rkiwoZd dldj lEeq[k
ifjHkk"kk&fdlh oLrq ij ck cy vkjksfir djus ij i`B ij LikZjs[kh; cy yxk;k tk, rks oLrq dk :Ik
oLrq }kjk mldk fojks/k djus dh o`fk R;kLFkrk ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
dgykrh gSA
mnkgj.k%& jcj dh xsan vkSj LVhy dh xsan esa ls bl fLFkfr esa dk;Zjr frcy vi:Ik.k frcy
dkSu vf/kd R;kLFk gS vkSj D;ks \ dgykrk gSA
mRrj%& LVhy dh xsan vf/kd LFkkLFk gS D;ksafd
ck cy yxkus ij LVhy dh xsan vius vkdkj esa fod`fr& tc fdlh oLrq ij ck cy yxk;k
ifjorZu dk vf/kd fojks/k djrh gSA tkrk gS rks oLrq dh vkd`fr yEckbZ]vk;ru] :i esa
ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA
1- iw.kZ R;kLFk oLrq& og oLrq ftl ij ls ck cy vkd`fr esa ifjorZu rFkk kjafHkd vkd`fr dk vuqikr
gVk nsus ij og iw.kZ :Ik ls viuh kjafHkd fLFkfr esa fod`fr dgykrk gSA
ykSV vk,A vkd`fr esa ifjorZu
2- iw.kZ IykfLVd oLrq& og oLrq ftl ij ls ck fod`fr =
kjafHkd vkd`fr
cy gVk nsus ij og iw.kZ :Ik ls fod`r gh jg tk,A
foek& [ 0 ] foekghu
0 0

uksV%& d`fr esa dksbZ Hkh oLrq iw.kZ LFkkLFk ;k iw.kZ ek=d ek=dghu
IykfLVd ugha gSA
gkFkhnkar] DokVZt fLVy] LVhy vkfn dks yxHkx fod`fr ds dkj& frcy ds vk/kkj ij fod`fr Hkh
iw.kZ R;kLFk rFkk xhyh feV~Vh] /kku dk fNydk rhu dkj dh gksrh gSA
vkfn dks yxHkx iw.kZ IykfLVd oLrq ekuk tk ldrk 1- vuqnS/;Z fod`fr& tc oLrq ij vuqnS/;Z frcy
gSA dk;Zjr gksrk gS rks mldh yEckbZ eas ifjorZu gksrk gS
oLrq dh yEckbZ esa ifjorZu rFkk kjfEHkd yEckbZ dk
R;kLFkrk Fkdku& tc fdlh oLrq ij vkjksfir vuqikr vuqnS/;Z fod`fr dgykrk gSA
ck cy dks rsth ls ckj&ckj ifjofrZr djrs gS rks yEckbZ esa ifjorZu
ck cy gVk nsus ij Hkh oLrq dqN nsj ds fy, vuqnS/;Z fod`fr = =
kjafHkd yEckbZ
R;kLFkrk dk xq.k [kks nsrh gSa vkSj fod`r gks tkrh
gSA oLrq dqN le; ckn viuh kjfEHkd fLFkfr esa 2- vk;ru fod`fr& tc oLrq ij vk;ru frcy
iqu% ykSV vkrh gSA bls R;kLFk Fkdku dgrs gSA dk;Zjr gksrk gS rks mlds vk;ru esa ifjorZu gksrk
gSA
R;ku;u cy ( ) %& tc fdlh oLrq ds vk;ru esa ifjorZu rFkk kjafHkd vk;ru dk
oLrq ij ck () vkjksfir fd;k tkrk gSa rks oLrq vuqikr vk;ru fod`fr dgykrk gSA
ds vUnj ,d cy mRiUu gks tkrk gS] tks ck vk;ru esa ifjorZu
vk;ru fod`fr = =
kjafHkd vk;ru

=

3- vi:i.k fod`fr& tc fdlh oLrq ij vi:i.k
frcy dk;Zjr gksrk gS rks mlds :Ik esa ifjorZu ;fn Hkkj = }kjk rkj [khapk x;k

gksrk gSA bl le; mRiUu fod`fr vi:i.k fod`fr =
2
()dgykrh gSA
vk;ru R;kLFkrk xq.kkad (): vk;ru frcy rFkk
R;kLFkrk dh lhek& fdlh R;kLFk oLrq ij ck vk;ru fod`fr dk vuqikr vk;ru R;kLFk;rk xq.kkad
cy yxkus ij og fod`r gks tkrh gS vkSj ck () dgykrk gSA
cy gVk nsus ij kjafHkd fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSA bls cYd xq.kkad Hkh dgrs gSA
vkjksfir ck cy dk og vf/kdre eku ftlls vk;ru frcy
=
vf/kd cy yxkus Ikj oLrq fod`r gh jg tkrh gS vk;ru fod`fr
vkSj kjafHkd fLFkfr esa ugha ykSVrh] mls R;kLFkrk fp=kuqlkj fdlh fi.M ij lHkh fnkkvksa esa leku cy
dh lhek dgrs gSA yxkus ij mlds vk;ru esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

vk;ru frcy = nkc
gqd dk fu;e& gqd ds vuqlkj ck cy c<+kus ij

fod`fr dk eku c<+rk gSA mlus ;ksxksa }kjk fuEu vk;ru fod`fr =

fu;e fn;kA
vr% = =
R;kLFkrk dh lhek esa oLrq esa mRiUu fod`fr dk


eku vkjksfir izfrcy ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ;gh () nkc ij vk;ru esa deh gksrh gSA
gqd dk fu;e gSA fod`fr
frcy fod`fr vi:i.k R;kLFkrk xq.kkad n`<+rk xq.kkad%&
vi:i.k frcy rFkk vi:i.k fod`fr ds vuqikr dks
frcy=Efod`fr vi:i.k R;kLFkrk xq.kkad ;k n`<+rk xq.kkad () dgrs
0 izfrcy gSA
tgka oLrq dk R;kLFkrk xq.kkad dgykrk gSA
fp=kuqlkj ,d Bksl oLrq ds vk/kkj dks fLFkj j[k dj
R;kLFkrk xq.kkad& Coefficient of Elasticity ;k lEeq[k i`B ij LikZ js[kh; cy yxkus ij mlds :Ik esa
Elasticity Modulus ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA

gqd ds fu;e ls vi:i.k frcy =

frcy fod`fr ledks.k esa

frcy=Efod`fr yac
=
frcy vk/kkj
E=
fod`fr =
R;kLFkrk dh lhek esa frcy vkSj fod`fr dk vuqikr dks.k vR;Yi
inkFkZ dk R;kLFkrk xq.kkad ()dgykrk gSA
2

ek=d /
= /2 =
1 1 2
foek = [1 1 2 ] tgka vi:i.k fod`fr gSA
/
R;kLFkrk xq.kkad ds dkj%& dk;Zjr frcy rFkk =
/
mRiUUk fod`fr ds vk/kkj ij R;kLFkrk xq.kkad Hkh rhu
dkj ds gksrs gSA =

rhu dkj ds gksrs gSA
1-;ax R;kLFkrk xq.kkad () uksV%& laihM~;rk& vk;ru R;kLFkrk xq.kkad dk O;qRdze
2-vk;ru R;kLFkrk xq.kkad +() cy xq.kkad laihM;rk dgykrk gSA
3-vi:i.k R;kLFkrk xq.kkad ( ) n`<+rk xq.kkad
1 1

laihM;rk = = =
uksV%& lHkh R;kLFkrk xq.kkadksa ds ek=d /2 rFkk


[1 1 2 ] foek gksrh gSA

;ax R;kLFkrk xq.kkad& vuqnS/;Z frcy rFkk vuqnS/;Z

fod`fr dk vuqikr ;ax R;kLFkrk xq.kkad () dgykrk ;ax xq.kkad Kkr djus dh k;ksfxd fof/k lyZ dh
gSA fof/k%&
fp=kuqlkj gesa fdlh rkj ds inkFkZ dk ;ax R;kLFkrk
vuqnS/;Z frcy xq.kkad Kkr djuk gSA
=
vuqnS/; fod`fr mldh yEckbZ ehVj Ldsy }kjk rFkk f=T;k Ldzwxst
}kjk eki ysrs gSA

fp=kuqlkj yackbZ ds dls gq, rkj ds nwljs fljs dks bl rkj dks n`<+ vk/kkj ls yVdkdkj ml ij Hkkj Vkaxus
cy }kjk [khapus ij mldh yackbZ esa o`f) gksrh gSA dk gSaxj yxk nsrs gSA
ekuk rkj dh f=T;k gSA = bl k;ksfxd rkj ds ikl ,d lUnHkZ rkj yVdkrs
vr% vuqLFk dkV {ks=Qy = 2 gSA bl fLFkj Hkkj }kjk fLFkj j[krs gSA

vuqLFk frcy = vuqnS/;Z fod`fr =

/
=
/
 R;kLFkrk ds O;ogkfjd mnkgj.k%&
A B 1- jsyxkM+h dh iVjh ;k M.M tks nksuks fljks ij n`<+
lnaHkZ rkj Ikzk;ksfxd rkj
vk/kkjksa ij fLFkj rFkk chp esa () Hkkj ls Hkkfjr
gks] mlesa voueu gksrk gSA
b 3
voueu = 4 2
LiV gS fd voueu dk eku de djus ds fy, Hkkj
d rFkk yackbZ de djuh gksxh tks laHko ugha gSA
fLFkj rkj blh dkj pkSMkbZ , xgjkbZ rFkk ;ax xq.kkad vf/kd
Ikfjorukhy Hkkj gksus ij voueu de gksxkA
blhfy, xMZj LVhy dh cukbZ tkrh gS D;ksafd bldk
ouhZ;j Ldsy vf/kd gksrk gSA
bl lnaHkZ rkj ij ,d ouhZ;j Ldsy yxkrs gS] tks rkj xgjkbZ vf/kd djus ds fy, rFkk /kkrq dh cpr djus
ds lEidZ esa jgrh gSA ds fy, iVjh o xMZj vkdkj ds cuk, tkrs gSA
rkj ij nzO;eku Vkaxus ij bldh yEckbZ esa ekuk
o`f) gksrh gS] tks ouhZ;j Ldsy }kjk Kkr dj ysrs gSA 2- [kks[kyk ikbZi mlh nzO;eku dh Bksl ikbi ls
/ vf/kd etcwr gksrk gSA
= = dkj.k& leku nzO;eku ds [kks[kys ikbi dh f=T;k Bksl
/
NM+ ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
= 2 3
=
mijksDr lw= esas , , ,
rFkk dk eku j[kdj inkFkZ 124
dk ;ax R;kLFkrk xq.kkad Kkr djrs gSA w
f=T;k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k [kks[kys ikbi esa voueu
dk eku de gksxkA vr% [kks[kyk ikbi Bksl NM+ ls
frcy&fod`fr o%&
etcwr gksrk gSA
fdlh rkj ds ,d fljs dks n`<+ vk/kkj ls yVdkdj nwljs
fljs ij frcy yxkus ij rkj esa fod`fr mRiUUk gksrh gSA blhfy, lkbfdy es dke es fy, tkus okys ikbi [kks[kys
gksrs gSA blls etcwrh rks c<+rh gh gS lkFk gh /kkrq dh
gqd ds fu;ekuqlkj ;g fod`fr frcy ds lekuqikrh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA
gksuh pkfg,] ijUrq ;g O;ogkj vYi fod`fr ds fy, gh
gksrk gSA 3- NksVh [kks[kyh 'kkV Bksl 'kkV ls vf/kd etcwr
rkj ij yxk, x, frcy rFkk mRiUUk fod`fr ds chp gksrh gSA
odz [khapus ij fp=kuqlkj kIr gksrk gSA blh dkj.k lkbdy esa iSMy [kks[kys ikbi dk cuk;k
D ijkHko fcUnq tkrk gSA
fod`fr
1- ,d LVhy dh xMZj 25 Vu Hkkj lg ldrh gSA ;fn
C Hkatd izfrcy mldh xgjkbZ nqxquh dj ns rks og vf/kdre
izR;kLFkrk lhek fdruk Hkkj lg ldrh gS \
3

A lekuqikrh gy- = 3
4
3 = 43

2 2 3
=
O izfrcy 1 1
2 2 3
1- kjaHk esa frcy c<+kus ij fod`fr lekuqikrh :Ik ls c<+rh =
25
gSA Hkkx dks lekuqikrh lhek dgrs gSA 2 = 8 25
2- fcUnq ds ckn vYi frcy c<+kus ij fod`fr fcUnq 2 = 200 Vu
ds ckn vYi frcy c<+kus ij fod`fr lekuqikrh rks ugha
jgrh ijUrq oLrq esa R;kLFkrk dk xq.k jgrk gSA ;g fcUnq 2- ,d rkacs ds rkj ij / frcy yxkus
R;kLFkrk lhek dgykrk gSA ij mldh yackbZ esa fdrus frkr o`f) gksxh
3- R;kLFkrk lhek ds ckn frcy c<+kus ij fod`fr rsth ls tcfd rkacs dk ;ax xq.kkad / gSA
c<+rh gS vkSj frcy gVk nsus ij Hkh fod`fr jg tkrh gy- frcy = 2 106 /2 gSA
gSA ;g fcUnq rd jgrk gS] ftls Hkatd frcy dgrs fod`fr =? (% eas)
gSA blls vf/kd frcy yxkus ij rkj VwV tkrh gSA ;ax xq.kkad = 2 1011 /2
4- ;fn fcUnq rd frcy yxkdj NksM+ ns rks Hkh rkj dh frcy
yEckbZ vius vki c<rh gS vkSj og fcUnw ij Lor% gh =
VwV tkrk gSA bl fcUnw dks ijkHko fcUnq dgrs gSA fod`fr
frcy
rd R;kLFkrk dh lhek gksrh gS rFkk o ds fod`fr=

chp ds {ks= dks IykfLVd {ks= dgrs gSA 210 6
fod`fr=
dqN /kkrqvksa tSls lksuk] pkanh] rkck vkfn ds fy, 210 6
IykfLVd {ks= vf/kd gksrk gS] vr% bu inkFkksZ ds rkj fod`fr = 105 ek=dghu
cuk, tkrs gSA ,sls inkFkksZ dks rU; () inkFkZ
= 105
dgrs gSA
dqN inkFkksZ esa ;g IykfLVd {ks= ux.; gksrk gS] ftlls yEckbZ esa % o`f)

R;kLFkrk lhek ikj gksrs gh ;s VwVus yxrs gSA ;s inkFkZ 100% = 105 100% = 103

Hkaxqj () inkFkZ dgrs gSA = 0.001%
3- ,d /kkrq dh nks rkjksa dh f=T;kvksa dk vuqikr :
gSA bUgsa leku cy ls [khapus ij frcyksa dk
vuqikr Kkr djksA
1 2 1
gy- 2
= ; 2 =
1 1 2
leku cy =

frcy = = 2

1
frcy
2
frcy1 2 1 2
= 2 =
frcy2 1 2
1
= = 1: 4
4
4- LVhy ds rkj dk vuqLFk dkV {ks=Qy gSA
rkj dh yEckbZ nqxquh djus ds fy, fdrus cy dh
vko;drk gksxh \ = /
gy%& = 12 = 1 104 2
ekuk yackbZ
nqxquk djuk gSA
= 20 1010 /2
=?

=


=

=
= 20 1010 1 104
= 20 106

5- ,d xqCckjs esa ikuh Hkjk gSA mls ,d >hy esa fdl

xgjkbZ rd ys tk, fd mldk vk;ru . % de
gks tk,A tcfd ikuh dk vk;ru R;kLFkrk xq.kkad
/ gSA
gy%& >hy ls xgjkbZ =?
vk;ru esa % deh = 0.01%
0.01 10 2
fod`fr = = = 2 = 104
100 10
vk;ru R;kLFkrk xq.kkad = 2 109/2

=




= = 2 109 104

nkc = 2 105 /2
= ty ?kuRo = 103
210 5
= = 10 3 10

6- ,d rkj ( = /) yEckbZ rFkk

dkV {kS=Qy = gSA bldks . [khapus
eas dk;Z Kkr djksA
gy%& = 2 1011 /2
= 2, = 106 2
= 0.1 = 0.1 103 = 104

=


=

210 11 10 6 10 4
=
2
= 10
10 4
fd;k x;k dk;Z = = 10
2 2
= 5 104