Susan B.

Anthony dollar
The Susan B. Anthony dollar is a United States dollar coin minted from 1979 to
Susan B. Anthony
1981, when the series was suspended due to poor public acceptance, and then again
in 1999. Proposed as a smaller replacement for the cumbersome Eisenhower dollar, United States
several shapes and compositions were tested, but all were opposed by the vending Value 1 U.S. dollar
machine industry, a powerful lobby affecting coin legislation. Finally, a round Mass 8.1 g
planchet with an eleven-sided inner border was chosen for the smaller dollar
. (0.260 troy oz)
The original design for the smaller dollar coin depicted an allegorical Diameter 26.5 mm (1.04 in)
representation of Liberty on the obverse but organizations and individuals in Thickness 2.00 mm (0.08 in)
Congress called for the coin to depict a real woman. Several proposals were
Edge Reeded
submitted, and social reformer Susan B. Anthony was selected as the design
Composition .75 copper, .25
subject. The reverse design of the Eisenhower dollar was retained. Both sides of the
nickel, clad to
coin were designed by Frank Gasparro, the Chief Engraver of the United States
pure copper core.
Mint.
Years of minting 19791981, 1999
The Mint struck 500 million coins in anticipation of considerable public demand,
Mint marks P (Philadelphia
but the Susan B. Anthony dollar was poorly received, in part because of confusion
Mint)
caused by its similarity in size and metallic composition to the quarter. Despite its
D (Denver Mint)
poor reception, the coins eventually began seeing use in vending machines and
S (San Francisco
mass transit systems, gradually depleting the surplus. In 1997, Congress passed a
Mint)
law authorizing the mintage of a new gold-colored one dollar coin depicting
Sacagawea, but production could not begin quickly enough to meet demand. As a
Obverse
stopgap measure, until the new Sacagawea dollar coin could be issued, the Susan
B. Anthony dollar was struck again in 1999 after an eighteen year hiatus; the series
was retired the following year.

Special coins for sale to collectors were struck inproof finish through the run of the
Susan B. Anthony dollar, and some minting variations are valuable to collectors.
However, most circulation strikes remained in government stockpiles for several
years after minting, so many of the coins are available in uncirculated grades, and
the premium over face value is minimal.

The obverse of a proof Susan B.

Contents
Anthony dollar
1 Background
Design Right-facing
2 Design history profile of Susan B.
2.1 Liberty design
Anthony
2.2 Selection of Susan B. Anthony
2.3 Design criticism Designer Frank Gasparro
3 Reception Design date 1979
4 1999 Reissue Reverse
5 Collecting
6 Notes
7 References
 8 Bibliography
9 External links

Background
In the early 1960s, as the price of silver
rose, Treasury Department vaults were
depleted of silver dollars by the public.[1] The reverse of a proof Susan B.
No silver dollars had been minted in the Anthony dollar
United States since 1935,[2] and a shortage
Design An eagle clutching
developed in the Western United States,
a laurel branch in
especially in areas in which gambling was
its talons,
common. As a result, Congress voted to
displayed over a
authorize production of 45 million new
landscape of the
silver Peace dollars on August 3, 1964.[3]
Moon.
However, the move drew strong
condemnation from critics who believed Designer Frank Gasparro
that the issuance of the coins was Design date 1971
influenced by special interests, and that
they would be quickly removed from circulation.[4] The dollars were subsequently melted,[5]
and the Coinage Act of 1965, enacted on July 23, 1965, forbade all production of dollar
coins for a period of five years.[6]

The Eisenhower dollar was On May 12, 1969, the Joint Commission on the Coinage, a panel of 24 individuals organized
authorized by a bill signed
by the 1965 Coinage Act,[7] recommended resumption of dollar coin production following a
into law on December 31,
study conducted by a Congressional task force.[8] On October 1 and 3, 1969, a hearing
1970.
before the U.S. House of Representatives discussed the proposed legislation to authorize the
coin, in a copper-nickel clad composition, with the 1.5-inch (38 mm) diameter of the former
silver dollars.[9] A provision was added requiring the coin to depict former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had died earlier
that year, on the obverse and a design "emblematic of the symbolic eagle of Apollo 11 landing on the moon" on the reverse.[10][a]
President Richard Nixon signed the bill into law on December 31, 1970.[10] Both the obverse and reverse designs were created by
Frank Gasparro, the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.[2]

The coin, known as theEisenhower dollar, proved unpopular with the public, and very few of the coins were found in circulation.[12]
In 1976, the Research Triangle Institute conducted a survey of United States coinage. Among other things, they recommended the
half dollar, which also saw little use, be entirely eliminated from production, and the size of the dollar be reduced.[13] Their report
read in part:

A conveniently-sized dollar coin would significantly broaden the capabilities of consumers for cash transactions,
especially with machines. Members of the automatic merchandising industry have expressed a strong interest in a
[13]
smaller dollar, indicating their willingness to adapt their machinery to its use.

Numismatic historian David L. Ganz suggested that Eisenhower, a Republican, was chosen as a means of balancing the half dollar,
depicting Democrat John F. Kennedy.[14] In a 1977 paper, he agreed with the findings of the Institute, suggesting that both coins
should be eliminated; the half dollar production ceased entirely, and the dollar replaced by one of smaller diameter and with a
different design.[14] Treasury officials desired the small dollar coin as a cost-saving measure; Mint Director Stella Hackel estimated
that replacing half of the issued dollar bills with small dollars would save $19 million ($69.8 million today) in annual production
costs.[15][b]
Design history

Liberty design
The Mint began preparation for the reduced-diameter dollar coin in 1976. Although no legislation had yet been introduced, Treasury
officials anticipated a positive reception from Congress, and the coin had near unanimous support from the Mint and the vending
machine industry, an influential lobby in the area of coin design and creation.[17] In 1977, Treasury Secretary Michael Blumenthal
publicly endorsed a smaller dollar coin and suggested that an allegorical representation of Liberty would be a suitable subject for the
coin.[18]

Chief Engraver Gasparro was tasked with creating a design for the proposed coin. His
obverse design depicted a bust of Liberty, while his reverse depicted a soaring eagle.[19]
The bust was pictured along with a pole, atop which sat a Phrygian cap, a symbol used
to represent freedom.[19] Gasparro's Liberty design was based on a similar obverse that
he created for a 1969 American Numismatic Association convention medal.[19] The
reverse, depicting an eagle flying above a mountain against the rising sun, was
originally created by Gasparro in 1967 for a proposed commemorative half dollar.[20]
Describing the reverse design, Gasparro stated that it was meant to symbolize "a new
day being born".[21]

The design was reviewed by the Commission of Fine Arts, and in an April 29, 1976,
letter, Commission memberJ. Carter Brown praised the design:

I believe this would be a superb design for United States Coinage,

rooted as it is in a great tradition, being based on the 'Liberty Cap cent'
of 1794, following Augustin Dupr's Libertas Americana medal
commemorating Saratoga and Yorktown (17771781).[22]

A bill to reduce the diameter of the dollar from 1.5 inches (38 mm) to 1.043 inches
(26.5 mm) and the weight from 22.68 grams to 8.5 grams was introduced to the House
of Representatives on May 1, 1978.[23] The bill was introduced to the Senate on May 3, Gasparro's proposed design for
the obverse and reverse of the
and the proposed weight was reduced from 8.5 grams to 8.1 grams.[24] The Mint
dollar coin.
conducted experiments involving eight-, ten-, eleven- and thirteen-sided coins,[19] but it
was decided that the dollar would be round, as costly modifications would be required
to update vending machinery to accept other shapes.[25] Instead, the bill prescribed an eleven-sided inner border, which was intended
[26]
to aid identification by sight and by feel for the visually handicapped.

Selection of Susan B. Anthony

Treasury officials officially recommended Gasparro's design, which they referred to as a "modernized version of the classic Liberty
design".[27] On May 3, 1978, Wisconsin's William Proxmire introduced legislation in the Senate which was identical to the Treasury
Susan B. Anthony in place of the allegorical Liberty.[28]
proposal, except for mandating a design which was altered to social reformer
On May 15, Representatives Mary Rose Oakar and Patricia Schroeder introduced similar legislation to the House of
Representatives.[23] Anthony was also recommended by members of the National Organization for Women, the Congresswomen's
Caucus, the National Women's Political Caucus and the League of Women Voters.[29] In support of the proposed legislation, the
League addressed a letter to Walter E. Fauntroy, chairman of the Subcommittee on Historic Preservation and Coinage, reading in
part:
 The League believes that the time has come, and is indeed long past, for the likeness of a prominent American
woman to be placed on a denomination of U.S. currency. We believe strongly that the likeness should be that of an
actual woman and not that of an imaginary or symbolic figure. Susan B. Anthony contributed immeasurably to the
advancement of human dignity in this nation. It is entirely fitting and appropriate that her memory be honored
through this measure.[30]

In addition, officials tallied suggestions sent to the Mint by the general public as to the subject of the dollar coin, and Susan B.
Anthony had received the most support.[31]

Gasparro began work on his Susan B. Anthony

design in June 1978, before the legislation was
authorized by Congress.[32] He enlisted the help
of a friend in conducting research on Anthony,
which he felt was necessary before creating the
design.[33] He referenced approximately six
different images while creating the portrait of
Anthony, but it was based largely on just two.[34]
Gasparro created several different designs before
receiving final approval. One of his portraits,

Two drawings created by Gasparro as proposed designs for the depicting Anthony at age 28, was shown to
Susan B. Anthony dollar obverse Anthony's great-niece, Susan B. Anthony III,
who rejected it on the grounds that it
unnecessarily "prettified" her great-aunt, and she
criticized another design depicting Anthony at age 84, which she believed made her appear too old.[35][36] Gasparro made several
alterations with the intent to depict her at age 50, at the peak of her influence as a social reformer, but no photographs of her during
that period were available.[34] He eventually received approval after modification, later stating his belief that he had accurately
portrayed Anthony.[34]

Initially, Gasparro expected that Congress would authorize his soaring eagle reverse design to accompany the Susan B. Anthony
obverse.[34] However, an amendment introduced by Utah Senator Jake Garn altered the legislation to maintain the Apollo 11 design
in use on the Eisenhower dollar reverse.[37]

The bill was approved by Congress and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 10, 1978,[38] and production of
Eisenhower dollars ceased during that year.[39] After he signed the bill into law, Carter issued a statement, saying in part that he was
confident that "this actand the new dollarwill substantially improve our coinage system as well as cutting Government coin
production costs."[40] He went on to declare his approval of the decision to depict Anthony on the coins:

I am particularly pleased that the new dollar coin willfor the first time in historybear the image of a great
American woman. The life of Susan B. Anthony exemplifies the ideals for which our country stands. The 'Anthony
dollar' will symbolize for all American women the achievement of their unalienable right to vote. It will be a constant
[40]
reminder of the continuing struggle for the equality of all Americans.

Design criticism
Gasparro regarded the Anthony design as the most important of his career. Remarking on the public perception of the coin, Gasparro
[32] The decision to use a portrait
related that "it's become part of a social movement. This new dollar's more than a coin; it's an issue."
of Susan B. Anthony in place of the allegorical Liberty was met with criticism by most numismatists, who believed that the latter had
greater artistic merit.[32] Art critic and numismatist Cornelius Vermeule was critical of the obverse design replacement, as well as the
decision to continue use of the Apollo 11 design.[41] Vermeule noted that although Eisenhower's administration established the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Anthony had no connection to the
moon landing or the U.S. space program.[42] Commenting on the obverse and
reverse pairing, he stated his belief that it was "a hasty marriage and a bad one".[43]
Although he believed that Gasparro's design was well executed, sculptor Robert
Weinman criticized the decision to depict Anthony.[44] Concerned about the
possibility of other groups seeking representation on the coinage in response to its
passage, Weinman characterized the Susan B. Anthony dollar legislation as a
[44]
"billboard or campaign button approach to a national coin".

Reception
Numismatists criticized the pairing of
Susan B. Anthony's portrait with a
design based on the Apollo 11
insignia.

The first Susan B. Anthony dollars were struck at the Philadelphia

Mint on December 13, 1978.[45] First strikes at the Denver and San
Francisco Mints followed on January 9, 1979 and January 29,
The similarity in size and material composition respectively.[46] Mint officials feared that the coins would be hoarded
between the Susan B. Anthony dollar (left) and the
upon release, so they ordered the creation of a stockpile consisting of
Washington quarter (right) caused confusion in
transactions. 500 million coins prior to the release date in July 1979.[47] The
dollars all bore a mint mark denoting their place of origin: 'P' for the
Philadelphia Mint, 'D' for the Denver Mint and 'S' for the San
Francisco Mint. The Anthony dollar was the first coin to bear a 'P' mint mark since the Jefferson nickel issued during World War II;
other coins struck there were left without a mintmark to note their place of origin.[48] In 1980, the 'P' mint mark was added to all
other circulating coins, except thecent, struck in Philadelphia.[48]

The Treasury Department, in cooperation with the Federal Reserve, undertook a $655,000 marketing campaign to educate bank
employees and members of the public about the new coin,[49] and the vending industry engaged in a $100 million effort to retrofit
machines to accept the coins.[50]

Despite the marketing attempts, the coin received an overwhelmingly negative reception from the public.[51][52] Less than two
millimeters in diameter larger than the quarter and struck in the same copper-nickel composition, the Susan B. Anthony dollar was
widely confused for that denomination in transactions.[52] Mint Director Hackel noted the difference in weight and design between
the two coins and expressed her belief that the dollar would eventually find favor with the public, suggesting that the coin would
become "customary to the American people in time".[52] In the months following its release, complaints mounted and public
transportation and many establishments throughout the country began refusing to accept them in payment.[50] On July 13, 1979,
California RepresentativeJerry Lewis introduced a bill to the House of Representatives with the intent to increase the size of the coin
to aid identification.[53] Discussing the bill, which was never passed, Lewis remarked that the Anthony dollar had come to be known
[54]
derisively as the "Carter quarter", due to its size and association with the President.

In total, 757,813,744 dollars dated 1979 were struck for circulation at the Philadelphia, Denver and San Francisco Mints.[55] Demand
remained low through 1980, and the circulation strikes for that year totaled 89,660,708.[55] Due to its persistent unpopularity,
production of Anthony dollars for circulation was suspended, and 9,742,000 1981 dollars were struck across all three Mints
exclusively for sale to collectors; this mintage marked the end of production.[55] At the close of production, the Treasury encountered
a dilemma: the Mint struck a large number of dollars in anticipation of great public demand, resulting in a surplus of 520,000,000
coins in 1981.[56] Melting the coins was impractical; the cost of manufacture was approximately 2 cents, and the 98 cents earned
from seignorage was applied to the national debt.[56][57] Had the coins been melted, their seignorage would have been added to the
debt.[57] Accordingly, the coins were placed in government storage, to be dispensed as needed.
[56]
The coin's design did have repercussions north of the border; when Canada introduced its
new one-dollar coin in 1987, its dimensions
[58]
were made similar so that vending machine specifications could be common between the two nations.

When the Baltimore, Maryland Metro Subway opened in 1984, it used the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin as tokens to buy tickets
with. It became the largest single user of Susan B. Anthony dollar coins in its history.[59]

1999 Reissue
Despite their unpopularity in transactions, Anthony dollars saw heavy use in over
9,000 stamp-dispending machines situated in United States Postal Service buildings
across the country beginning in 1993. Additionally, the coins saw use with mass
transit authorities.[60] Various propositions were discussed in Congress since the last
dollars were produced in 1981, but no action was taken to issue a new coin until the
Treasury's Anthony dollar stores became depleted in the 1990s.[60] In February
1996, the stores totaled approximately 229,500,000, but that number was reduced to
approximately 133,000,000 by the end of 1997.[60] Faced with the necessity of
striking more Susan B. Anthony dollars to fill the demand, the Treasury supported
legislation authorizing a new dollar coin that would not be confused with the quarter
.
Legislation authorizing a dollar coin in a gold-colored composition and with a plain
edge was introduced to the House and Senate in 1997, where it eventually received After passage of the United States
approval with a provision calling for it to depict Native-American guide $1 Coin Act of 1997, the Mint struck
Sacagawea.[60] On December 1, 1997, President Bill Clinton signed the 50 States pattern coins, depictingMartha
Washington and dated 1759, to test a
Commemorative Coin Program Act into law. The Act, which authorized the creation
more distinctive, gold-colored coin.
of the 50 State Quarters program, included a section entitled "United States $1 Coin
Act of 1997".[61] That section officially authorized what became the Sacagawea
dollar.[62]

Following passage of the act, a series of test strikes depicting Martha Washington were carried out to test a variety of gold-colored
metallic compositions.[63] Although the act provided for creation of the new coin, it also allowed for resumption of striking the
Anthony design until production began on the gold-colored dollar.[61] Nearing depletion of Treasury stores, on May 20, 1999, the
U.S. Mint announced that production of the Susan B. Anthony dollar would resume.[64] In total, 41,368,000 Susan B. Anthony
dollars were struck for circulation dated 1999.[55] The design was officially retired in 2000, when the Sacagawea dollar entered
production.[65]

Collecting
As few Susan B. Anthony dollars circulated, many remain available in uncirculated condition and are worth little above face
value.[66] However, some date and mint mark varieties are relatively valuable. The 1981 coins, having been issued only to collectors,
are valued above the other circulation strikes in the series.[67] In addition, a well-known variety of the 1979 circulation strikes on
[68]
which the date appears nearer to the rim commands a higher price than the regular issue.

All dates of the dollar also exist in proof finish. The 1999 coins were sold as standalone proof strikes, rather than as part of a larger
proof set, as the 1979, 1980 and 1981 issues were offered.[69] The 1999 proof was minted exclusively at the Philadelphia Mint, and
bears a 'P' mint mark, while all other proof Anthony dollars were minted at San Francisco and bear the 'S' of that Mint.[55] Some
1979 and 1981 proofs bear a mint mark which was applied to the coinage dies with a different punch, causing them to have a more
[55]
legible appearance. They are considered scarce and are valued considerably higher than normal proofs of the series.

Notes
a. Gasparro's alternative design depicted a less predatory eagle, but after details were leaked to Congress, the bird
was mandated to appear on the coin as it was depicted on the Apollo 11 insignia. [11]
 b. Although paper notes are less costly to print, a dollar coin is considerably more durable and requires less frequent
replacement.[16]

References
1. Yeoman, 2008, p. 28.
2. Yeoman, 2008, p. 222.
3. Stevenson, 1964.
4. Burdette, 2005, pp. 98101.
5. Yeoman, 2008, p. 221.
6. Public Law 8981.
7. Treasury Department, 1968.
8. U.S. House of Representatives, 1969, pp. 3, 40.
9. U.S. House of Representatives, 1969, p. 1.
10. Public Law 91607.
11. Julian, 1993, p. 2851.
12. Bailey, 1974, p. 9.
13. U.S. Senate, 1978b, p. 30.
14. Ganz, 1977, p. 205.
15. U.S. Senate, 1978b, p. 110.
16. Caskey & St. Laurent, 1994, pp. 497498.
17. Ganz, 1976, p. 54.
18. Julian, 1993, p. 2929.
19. Ganz, 1976, p. 55.
20. Ganz, 1976, pp. 5556.
21. Ganz, 1976, p. 56.
22. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, p. 13.
23. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, p. 2.
24. U.S. Senate, 1978a, pp. 12.
25. Logan, 1979a, p. 46.
26. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, p. 7.
27. U.S. Senate, 1978a, pp. 56.
28. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, pp. 3637.
29. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, pp. 104106.
30. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, p. 107.
31. U.S. House of Representatives, 1978, p. 97.
32. Reiter, 1979a, p. 116.
33. Reiter, 1979a, pp. 116117.
34. Reiter, 1979a, p. 117.
35. Martin, 2010, pp. 224225.
36. Woo, 2001.
37. U.S. Senate, 1978a, p. 2.
38. Public Law 95447.
39. Yeoman, 2008, p. 224.
40. Carter, 1979, p. 1737.
41. Reiter, 1979b, p. 46.
42. Reiter, 1979b, p. 48.
43. Reiter, 1979b, pp. 4850.
44. Reiter, 1979b, p. 50.
45. Stevens & Ganz, 1979, p. 33.
46. Hackel, 1979, p. 25.
47. Julian, 1993, p. 2931.
48. Martin, 2010, p. 225.
49. Wolenik, 1979, p. 8.
50. Ganz, 1979, p. 44.
51. Schwager, 2014, p. 60.
52. Logan, 1979b, p. 42.
53. U.S. House of Representatives, 1979.
54. The San Bernardino County Sun, 1979, p. C-5.
55. Yeoman, 2008, p. 225.
56. Reiter, 1981.
57. Julian, 1993, p. 2932.
58. Lee, Robert (1986-03-25),"New coin to replace dollar bill"(https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w78yAAAAIBA
J&sjid=rO8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5946,2073094), Ottawa Citizen, p. A1, retrieved 2013-04-14
59. Valentine, Paul W. (2 April 1984). "Underground Coin" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/04/02/un
derground-coin/2ef50b92-4d55-4637-a8a6-195e4a6bf46c/?utm_term=.5c1c876852b0) . Washington Post. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20171116003524/https://www .washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/04/02/undergrou
nd-coin/2ef50b92-4d55-4637-a8a6-195e4a6bf46c/?utm_term=.5c1c876852b0) from the original on 16 November
2017.
60. Roach, 2010, p. 22.
61. Public Law 105124.
62. Roach, 2010, pp. 2224.
63. Gilkes, 2008, p. 82.
64. U.S. Mint, 1999.
65. Yeoman, 2008, pp. 225226.
66. Krause, 1999, p. 64.
67. Yeoman, 2008, pp. 224225.
68. Krause, 1999, pp. 6465.
69. Schwager, 2014, p. 61.

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External links
Art of Frank Gasparro: 10th United States Mint Chief Engraver Smithsonian Institution

Preceded by Dollar coin of the United States Succeeded by

Eisenhower dollar 19791981, 1999 Sacagawea dollar

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_B._Anthony_dollar&oldid=810603764

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