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I. PLANE GEOMETRY
a. Angles
An Angle is formed by two rays which extend from a common point called
vertex.
> 90
< 90 90
b. Circles
A Circle is a plane figure that is a locus of all points in the plane equidistant
from a given point, the center of the circle.
A r 2 or A d2
4
diameter
where: r = radius
d = diameter
Circumference of a circle:
C 2 r or C d
Area of sector:
1 1
A rc r 2
2 2
where: is in radian
r 2
A
360
where: is in degrees
Area of segment:
c. Ellipse
Ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances to the
fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis.
Area of an ellipse:
A ab b
a a
where: a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis b
d. Polygons
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more angles. There are many
sides as angles in a polygon. The term polygon comes from Greek words
poly meaning many and gonia meaning angle. Polygons are named
according to the number of sides or vertices.
Regular Polygon a polygon having all sides equal and all interior angles equal.
Convex Polygon a polygon having each interior angle less than 180.
Concave Polygon a polygon having one interior angle greater than 180.
Diagonal a line that connects two non-adjacent vertices.
n
Diagonals (n 3) S (n 2)180
2
e. Triangles
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. If three sides of a triangle are equal, it
is an equilateral triangle. An equilateral triangle is also equiangular. If two sides
are equal, it is an isosceles triangle. Scalene triangle is a triangle with no two
sides equal.
Acute triangle is a triangle with all interior angles less than a right triangle
(90). If one of the interior angles is greater than 90, it is regarded as an
obtuse triangle. If one interior angle is exactly 90, it is a right triangle.
f. Quadrilaterals
height = h
base = B
B = lower base
Trapezium Trapezoid
Area of a trapezoid:
1
A ( B b)h
2
g. Parallelograms
A a2 A ab
1 1
A bh d1d 2 A bh d1d2 sin
2 2
Additional Notes:
Complementary angles two angles whose sum is 90 or right angle.
Supplementary angles two angles whose sum is 180 or straight angle.
Explementary angles two angles whose sum is 360 or perigon.
II. PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
a. Solutions to Right Triangles
Trigonometric functions:
Opposite
1. sin
Hypotenuse
Adjacent
2. cos
Hypotenuse
Opposite
3. tan
Adjacent
Adjacent
4. cot
Opposite
Hypotenuse
5. sec
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
6. csc
Opposite
b. Pythagorean Theorem
a 2 b2 c 2
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C
1
tan ( A B)
a b 2
a b tan ( A B)
1
2
d. Trigonometric Identities
i. Reciprocal relations:
1 1
sin A csc A
csc A sin A
1 1
cos A sec A
sec A cos A
1 1
tan A cot A
cot A tan A
sin 2 A cos 2 A 1
1 cot 2 A csc 2 A
1 tan 2 A sec 2 A
1
sin 2 A (1 cos 2 A)
2
1
cos 2 A (1 cos 2 A)
2
1 cos 2 A
tan 2 A
1 cos 2 A
vii. Functions of half angles:
A 1 cos A
sin
2 2
A 1 cos A
cos
2 2
A 1 cos A sin A
tan
2 sin A 1 cos A
1 1
sin A sin B 2sin ( A B) cos ( A B)
2 2
1 1
cos A cos B 2 cos ( A B) cos ( A B)
2 2
sin( A B)
tan A tan B
cos A cos B
1 1
sin A sin B 2 cos ( A B)sin ( A B)
2 2
1 1
cos A cos B 2sin ( A B)sin ( A B)
2 2
sin( A B)
tan A tan B
cos A cos B