The Civilisation of Egypt - Edition

The civilization of Egypt
12 Oct. 2017
Sunwoo Kim
www.resolutiontweet.com
Study Questions
What is the importance of the Nile river?
What changes occurred during the Archaic and Old Kingdom, the
Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom?
How did myth and religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians affect
their lives?
Why and how were pyramids built?
What do you think was the greatest contribution of the ancient

Egyptians?
Todays subject and contents
1. Early Egyptian Farmers: Earlier than 7,000 to 1000 B.C.
2. Predynastic Egypt: 5000 to 3100 B.C.
3. Dynastic Egyptian Civilization: c. 3000 to 30 B.C.
1) Archaic Egypt and the Great Culture: 3000 to 2686 B.C.

2) Old Kingdom: c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.
First intermediate period
3) Middle Kingdom: 2040 to 1640 B.C.
Second intermediate period
4) New Kingdom: 1530 to 1070 B.C.
5) Late Period: 1070 to 30 B.C
4. The Significance of Egyptian civilization

Dynastic Egyptian Civilization
(c. 3000 to 30 B.C.)
Egyptologists conventionally divide ancient Egyptian civilization into four broad periods: 1) Archaic
Egypt and the Old Kingdom, 2) the Middle Kingdom, 3) the New Kingdom, and 4) the late period. The first
three were separated by two intermediate periods that were interludes (, ) of political change and
instability.
Years B.C. Period Characteristics
3100 B.C. Unification of Egypt under
Narmer-Menes and Scorpion
2920 to 2686 B.C. Archaic period Consolidation of state

2686 to 2134 B.C. Old Kingdom Despotic pharaohs build the pyramids and favor conspicuous funerary
monuments; institutions, economic strategies, and artistic traditions of
ancient Egypt established
2134 to 2040 B.C. First intermediate period Political chaos and disunity
2040 to 1640 B.C. Middle Kingdom Thebes achieves prominence, also the priesthood of Amun
1640 to 1530 B.C. Second intermediate period Hyksos rulers in the delta
1530 to 1070 B.C. New Kingdom Great imperial period of Egyptian history, with pharaohs buried in
Valley of Kings; pharaohs include, Seti I, Rameses II, and Tutankhamun,
as well as Akhenaten, the heretic ruler ( )
1070 to 332 B.C. Late Period Gradual decline in pharaonic authority, culminating ( ) in
Persian rule (525-404 and 343-332 B.C.)
332 to 30 B.C. Ptolemaic period The Ptolemies bring Greek influence to Egypt, beginning with conquest
of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.
30 B.C. Roman occupation Egypt an imperial province of Rome

3100 -
BC. 3100 ~ BC. 2686 () 1( )~2( )

BC. 2686 ~ BC. 2181 3~6, ,
, ,

BC. 2181 ~ BC. 2050 1 7~11,
BC. 2050 ~ BC. 1786 12~13,
BC. 1786 ~ BC. 1567 2 14~17, ,
BC. 1567 ~ BC. 1085 18~20, , , 1,

2
BC. 1085 ~ BC. 332 , (BC.525~4
04, 343~332)
BC. 332 ~ BC. 30 BC.332 ,

()
BC. 30 ,
1. Early Egyptian Farmers
(Earlier than 7,000 to 1000 B.C.)
As a result of Holocene climatic change, growing

populations into restricted territories developed in
the Nile valley.
Wild cereal grasses were important in the human

diet from at least 15,000 years ago.
The Nile valley is unusual in that its water supplies

depend not on local rains but on floods from rainfall
gathered far upstream in Ethiopia.
The fluctuations in these yearly inundations () www.yalibnan.com
had a profound effect on the pattern of human settlement downstream.
The irregular cycles of higher and lower rainfall may have caused people manage wild food
resources very carefully.
Like their Southwest Asian counterparts, they turned to the deliberate cultivation of wild
barley and wheat, probably well before 7,000 B.C.
NHK 4 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0j7gXbfqHj4
(28:25-33:35)
NHK Egypt
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTM5MDMzNzY=.html
Nile river (5:20-9:05-11:38)
Kid's Animated History with Pipo Egypt
Nile river (0:37-1:14-1:35-3:08)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_E77WPW0vWw
1. Early Egyptian Farmers
(Earlier than 7,000 to 1000 B.C.)
By 5,000 B.C., dozens of farming villages flourished in
the Nile valley, settlements that are now buried beneath
deep layers of sand and gravel () laid down by
thousands of years of river floods.
emhotep.net
( 5,000 ,
)
Only 1,500 years later, the inhabitants of the valley were subsisting almost entirely off
agriculture, living in small villages like Merimda Beni Salama near the Nile valley.
Merimda was a cluster of oval houses and shelters, built half underground and roofed
with mud and sticks ( , ,
).
The farmers planted barley and wheat as the annual floods

receded ( ), while their animals grazed ()
in flat river grasslands.
Population densities were still low, so the average Nile flood
allowed early Egyptian farmers to harvest grain over perhaps
two-thirds of the river floodplain ( 2/3
).
Thus, there was no need for irrigation works, which first appear
in about 3,000 B.C., when Egypt became a unified state.
Textbook 1, p.163.
2. Predynastic Egypt
(5000 to 3100 B.C.)
By 5,000 B.C., a patchwork () of

simple village farming communities lay along
both banks of the Nile River, from the delta
( ) of Lower Egypt
to the First Cataract (1) at Aswan
and even further upstream.
The river itself formed a natural highway

between settlements near and far,
the prevailing north winds allowing even
sailing boats to stem the current
(,
).
www.museedelhistoire.ca
Egypt and the Nile River
http://www.landofpyramids.org/images/map-lower-egypt-a.jpg
http://www.landofpyramids.org/images/upper-egypt-deserts-2.jp
(5000 to 3100 B.C.)
Within 2,000 years, these small polities

had become a unified state, at the time
aroundtheworldin52p
lates.blogspot.com
the largest literate civilization in the world
( 2
,
).
Archaeological excavations and surveys hint

at a rapid but complex consolidation of political
power in fewer and fewer hands (
).
By 3,500 B.C., three predynastic kingdoms

dominated the Nile: Nagada, Nekhen, and
This near Abydos in Upper Egypt.
Textbook1, p.254.
(5000 to 3100 B.C.)
bloodyshovel.wordpress.com
Archaeology and myth combine for a hypothetical

scenario for unification:
- By 3,500 B.C., the kingdoms of Upper Egypt may have

had direct contact with southern Arabia and Southwest
Asia, bypassing () Lower Egypt.
- Mesopotamian cylinder seals () have come from Upper

Egyptian sites, and gold was obtained from mines in the
eastern desert.
- Conflict ensued, with politically most-developed center,

Nekhen, emerging victorious.
- The rulers of Nekhen, then, This, finally embarked ()

on a campaign of military conquest, which eventually
engulfed ( ) all of Egypt between Mediterranean
and Aswan. Stone quarrying and mines
www.mummies2pyramids.info
(5000 to 3100 B.C.)
Archaeology and myth combine for a hypothetical scenario for unification:
- By 3,100 B.C., a semblance () of political unity joined Upper and Lower Egypt in the
symbolic linking of the Gods Horus and Seth depicted in later Egyptian art.
( 3,100 ,
)
- For thousands of years, the Egyptians were concerned with the potential of a world turn
between potential chaos and order.
(
)
- They believed that disorder and disequilibrium could be contained by the rule of kings
and by the benign force of the power of the sun.
( )
- Thus, the Egyptians intellectual view of the universe coincided with the structure of
political power ( ) .
- Unification was the culmination () of local, social and political developments that
resulted from centuries of gradual change in economic and social life.
THE EGYPTIAN CREATION MYTH (0:05-2:20-3:17)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTy49JlgJZE
Ancient Egyptian creation myths
Atum: The first god

He was a self-engendered god, the source of all the elements and
forces in the world
Shu: The god of air

Tefnut: The goddess of moisture, moist air
Geb: The god of earth

Nut: The goddess of sky
Geb and Nut in turn gave rise to four children.
Osiris: The god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead
Isis: The god of fertility and regeneration, the goddess of motherhood
Set: The god of the desert, storms, disorder, violence
Nephthys: The female complement of Set. The protective goddess who
symbolizes the death experience
Hathor: The goddess of love and beauty

Thoth: The god of wisdom
Ancient Egyptian creation myths
- The different creation accounts were each associated with the cult of a particular god in one of
the major cities of Egypt: Hermopolis, Heliopolis, Memphis, and Thebes.
The version of Heliopolis

- In Heliopolis, the creation was attributed to Atum, a deity closely associated with Ra, who was
said to have existed in the waters of Nu as an inert potential being.
- Atum was a self-engendered god, the source of all the elements and forces in the world, and
the Heliopolitan myth described the process by which he "evolved" from a single being into this
multiplicity of elements.
- The process began when Atum appeared on the mound and gave rise to the air god Shu and
his sister Tefnut, whose existence represented the emergence of an empty space amid the waters.
- He is also said to have "sneezed () and spat () to produce Shu and Tefnut,
a metaphor that arose from puns () on their names.
- Next, Shu and Tefnut coupled to produce the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, who
defined the limits of the world.
- Geb and Nut in turn gave rise to four children, who represented the forces of life:
Osiris, god of fertility and regeneration;
Isis, goddess of motherhood;
Set, the god of male sexuality; and
Nephthys, the female complement of Set.
- The myth thus represented the process by which life was made possible.
- These nine gods were grouped together theologically as the Ennead (9 , 9()),
but the eight lesser gods, and all other things in the world, were ultimately seen as extensions of
Atum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths

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Legend Of Osiris (3:09)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBGVcnFAmrg
Osiris myth
- It is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology.

- It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval () king of Egypt,
and its consequences.
- Osiris' murderer, his brother Set, usurps () his throne.
- Meanwhile, Osiris' wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to
posthumously (()) conceive a son with her.
- The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of Isis and Osiris'
union, who is first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then
becomes Set's rival for the throne.
- Their often violent conflict ends with Horus' triumph, which restores order to
Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris'
resurrection ().
- The myth, with its complex symbolism, is integral to the Egyptian conceptions
of kingship and succession, conflict between order and disorder and, especially,
death and the afterlife.
- It also expresses the essential character of each of the four deities at its center,
and many elements of their worship in ancient Egyptian religion were derived
from the myth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth

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baalbek-byblos-petra-
luxor/
Osiris
- He is an Egyptian god, usually identified as the

god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead.
He was classically depicted as a green-skinned man
with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped
at the legs, wearing a distinctive crown with two
large ostrich () feathers at either side, and
holding a symbolic crook () and flail ().
- Osiris was considered not only a merciful judge

of the dead in the afterlife, but also the
underworld agency that granted all life, including
sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the
Nile River.
- The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris

in death as Osiris rose from the dead they
would, in union with him, inherit () eternal
life through a process of imitative magic.
- Through the hope of new life after death, Osiris

began to be associated with the cycles observed in
nature, in particular vegetation and the annual
flooding of the Nile.
- Osiris was widely worshipped as Lord of the

Dead until the suppression () of the Egyptian
religion during the Christian era. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris
Isis
- She is a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious

beliefs.
- She was worshipped as the ideal mother and

wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic.
- Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus,

the hawk-headed god of war and protection.
- Isis is also known as protector of the dead and

goddess of children.
- In the typical form of her myth, Isis was the

first daughter of Geb, god of the Earth, and Nut,
goddess of the Sky.
- She married her brother, Osiris, and she

conceived Horus with him.
- Isis was instrumental ( ) in the

resurrection () of Osiris when he was
murdered by Set.
- Using her magical skills, she restored his body

to life after having gathered the body parts that
had been strewn () about the earth by
Set.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
Horus
- The earliest recorded form of Horus is

the patron deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt,
who is the first known national god,
specifically related to the king who in time en.wikipedia.org
came to be regarded as a manifestation of
Horus in life and Osiris in death.
- The most commonly encountered family

relationship describes Horus as the son of
Isis and Osiris but in another tradition
Hathor, who personified the principles of joy,
feminine love, and motherhood, is regarded
as his mother and sometimes as his wife.
- Horus served many functions in the

Egyptian pantheon ( , ), most
notably being the god of the sun, war and
protection.
- Horus was often the ancient Egyptians'

national patron god. He was usually
depicted as a falcon-headed man wearing a
red and white crown, as a symbol of
kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horus_standing.svg
Seth (Set)
- He is a god of the desert, storms,

disorder, violence and foreigners in ancient
Egyptian religion.
- In Egyptian mythology, Seth is portrayed

as the usurper () who killed and
mutilated () his own brother Osiris.
- Osiris' wife Isis reassembled Osiris'

corpse () and resurrected ()
him long enough to conceive his son and
heir () Horus.
- Horus sought revenge upon Seth, and

the myths describe their conflicts.
- The death of Osiris and the battle

between Horus and Seth is a popular theme
in Egyptian mythology.
en.wikipedia.org
(5000 to 3100 B.C.)
The Egyptian themselves identified the first king as Narmer (Menes, , ).
- The universally used word pharaoh, from great house (): par-aa, came into use
during the second millennium B.C.
- Narmer may have completed the process of unification.
- The famous Narmer palette depicts the semblance ( ) of political unity achieved
by this king and his successors, as a new state came into being based on the symbolic
balance of the forces of good and evil, unification and fragmentation
( ,
,
).
- In reality unification took several centuries to achieve through a process of deft (,

) political alliance and continual warfare.
( ).
Ancient Egypt Documentary - Complete History - 8000 B.C. to 30
B.C. Part 1
Narmer (Menes) palette ( () , 31:19-33:20)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuUMe-43A3E
Upper Lower
Egypt Egypt
The Narmer Palette

en.wikipedia.org
- A slab carved on both sides with scenes commemorating King Narmer (Menes),
whom legend credits with unifying Upper and Lower Egypt.
- He appears on the palette wearing the white and red crowns of these two regions,
presiding over the conquest of the Delta ( ).
- The central design of entwined () beasts (right) symbolizes harmony,
balancing images of conquest above and below.
( ()
)
Archaic Egypt and the Great Culture
(3000 to 2686 B.C.)
The first ruler of a truly unified Egypt was King Horus Aha, who reigned in about 3100 B.C.
(He has been regarded as a son of Menes (Narmer)).
The next four-and-a half centuries were a long period of consolidation, the Archaic Period,
when the pharaohs assumed the role of divine kings. They and their high officials invented
Egypts royal tradition, converting () it into powerful architectural statements and
artistic styles that endured for centuries.
They also created a centralized bureaucracy that directed labor, administered food storage,
and collected taxes.
(
)
At the center of the state lay the concept of a great ruler on earth who symbolized the
triumph of order over chaos.
In Egypt, the terms father, king and god were metaphors for one another and for a form
of political power based on social inequality that was considered part of the natural order
established by the gods at the creation.
Kid's Animated History with Pipo Egypt
The social pyramid (4:41-7:31)
! -

Archaic Egypt and the Great Culture
(3000 to 2686 B.C.)
The Archaic Period saw the birth of Egypts Great Culture, a distinctive ideology that
systematized Egyptian civilization over wide areas at the expense of local religious cults.
( ,
)
Such an ideology was essential in a society where only a minority could read and write.
Scribes held enormous power in all early civilizations, and Egypt was no exception.
( , )
Be a scribe. . . . You will go forth in white clothes, honored, with courtiers saluting you,
a young man is advised.
( . .
)
Writing was power, the key to controlling the labor of thousands of people.
( , )
Introduction to Egyptian Civilization: Hieroglyph, Papyrus ()
(4:35-7:01)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EvTQhqXiEA
EBS 3
(14:46-16:13-17:29)
The relationship between the hieroglyphs and English alphabets
+
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEhHvuP6WT4&nohtml5=False
EBS The Written Word
http://clipbank.ebs.co.kr/clip/detl/selectClipDetail?subType=50004761&subMe
nu=50004762&subList=50004906&typeId=1&clipId=VOD_20120710_00061
Hieroglyphs (0:01-2:51)
Egyptian hieroglyphs ( )
- They were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians.
- The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective hieroglyphikos, a

compound of hiers 'sacred' and glph ' carve, engrave, in turn a calque
( ) of Egyptian 'god's words'.
- The glyphs themselves were called 'the sacred engraved letters'.
- The word hieroglyph has become a noun in English, standing for an individual
hieroglyphic character.
- As used in the previous sentence, the word hieroglyphic is an adjective, but is
often erroneously () used as a noun in place of hieroglyph.
- Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs:

phonetic glyphs ( , ): including single-consonant ()
characters that function like an alphabet
determinatives ( , ()): which narrow down the meaning of
phonetic words or ideogram.
(
)
ideogram (- , () ): representing morphemes ()
( )
Rosetta Stone
- It is a granodiorite () stele inscribed with a
decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King
Ptolemy V.
- The decree appears in three scripts:
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ),
Demotic script ( ),
Ancient Greek ( ).
- Because it presents essentially the same text in all three
scripts (with some minor differences among them), it
provided the key to the modern understanding of
Egyptian hieroglyphs.
- It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-
Franois Bouchard (), of the Napoleonic
expedition to Egypt ( ).
- This is the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text.
- Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt

in 1801, and the original stone came into British
possession under the Capitulation () of Alexandria.
- Transported to London, it has been on public display at
the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited
object in the British Museum.
- Study of the decree was already under way as the first

full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It The Rosetta Stone
was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the
Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-Franois
Champollion in Paris in 1822.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
http://www.landofpyramids.org/images/map-lower-egypt-a.jpg
Cartouche ()
- It is an oval with a horizontal line at

one end, indicating that the text
enclosed is a royal name, coming into
use during the beginning of the Fourth
Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu.
Ancient Egyptian cartouche of

Thutmose III, Karnak, Egypt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
The new image of kingship developed in 2649 B.C., after the death of the pharaoh Djoser,
whose architect Imhotep built the first pyramid as a royal burial place-the Step Pyramid
at Saqqara.
The court cemeteries and pyramid complexes extend over a 35 km stretch of the western
desert edge, most of them slightly north of the royal capital at Memphis.
( 35km
, )
The king was now absorbed into the mythic symbol of the sun. The sun god became a
heavenly monarch ( ), the pharaoh the deitys representative on earth (
).
On his death, an Old Kingdom pharaoh went to his double ( ),

joining the sun god in heaven. Thus, it was that Djoser and his successors lavished (
) enormous expenditure on their sepulchers () at first earthen mounds (
), then pyramids that became symbolic ladders to heaven.
www.crystalinks.com geographicallyyours.blogspot.com
The Step Pyramid at Saqqara.
home.hiwaay.net www.touregypt.net
www.planetware.com
- A thick stone wall with a palace-like faade over 1.6 km in perimeter surrounded the
entire mortuary complex, forming a huge courtyard (), 108 by 187 meters, with a
main gateway at the southeastern corner.
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
The Step Pyramid at Saqqara Example of a mastaba

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba
- Djosers vizier () Imhotep inspired from earlier royal tombs, rectangular structures
(mastaba: 1 (Aha)
, ), which were eternal mansions ( ) for dead monarchs.
- Imhotep erected a stepped pyramid instead of a mound as an area for the kings spirit.
- It rose in six diminishing steps to over 60 meters above the desert, the faces oriented to
the cardinal points.
( 60m
)
- Each step formed a bench or mastaba resembling earlier royal tombs.

( , )
- The effect is like a giant staircase rising toward heaven.

( )
Mastaba
commons.wikimedia.org en.wikipedia.org
canelparamiguetes.blogspot.com
2. Mesopotamian civilization
The First Cities: Uruk
- It began life as a small town and soon became a growing city,
quickly absorbing the populations of nearby villages.
- During 4,000 B.C., Uruk grew to cover an estimated 2500 km2.
- Satellite villages extended out at least 10 km, each with their www.gardenvisit.com
own irrigation systems.

- All provided grain, fish, or meat for the growing urban population.
- The city itself was a densely packed agglomeration of houses,
narrow alleyways, and courtyards, probably divided into distinct
quarters () where different kin groups or artisans such as
potters (), sculptors (), and painters () lived.
www.cyberspaceorbit.com
- Everything was overshadowded (~ ) by
the stepped temple pyramid, the ziggurat(,)
that towered over the lowlands for mules around.
( ,
)
- The ziggurat complex and its satellite temples were the
center of Uruk life.
- Not only were these temple complexes places of worship,
but also storehouses, workshops, and centers of
government.
The reconstructed facade of the Neo-Sumerian Great Ziggurat of
Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq en.wikipedia.org
The Evolution of Egyptian Pyramid and Royal tombs
Mastaba
Step pyramid
Old Kingdom Bent pyramid
Red pyramid
(Typical) pyramid
Middle Kingdom Mortuary temple
Valley of the kings:

New Kingdom Rock-cut tombs
()
Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II#/media/File:Mentuhotep-Tempel_01.JPG
Mentuhotep's mortuary temple

1) Bab el-Hosan cache, 2) Lower pillared halls, 3) Upper hall,
4) core building, maybe a pyramid and between 3) and 4) is
Reconstruction of Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple by douard Naville. The the ambulatory, 5) Hypostyle Hall, 6) Sanctuary.
presence of a pyramid is debated.
History Channel - 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TOQrmzE_tI
(11:00-11:39)
(18:20-19:53, 27:28-29:10)
() ->
(36:03-37:16)

(39:03-39:37, 41:15-41:35)

(43:36-44:03)
,
Ancient Egypt Documentary - Complete History - 8000 B.C. to 30 B.C. Part 1
(1:16:44-1:18:08-1:19:17)
Engineering Of Ancient Egypt - How Pyramids Are Built - History Channel HD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9zN5JuubN0
Earlier royal tombs: Mastaba (11:23-12:03)
Djoser kings vizier () Imhotep: Step pyramid ( ,

18:43-20:16, 26:34-28:02)
Snefru king: Bent pyramid ( )

(35:37-36-07)
Snefru king: Red pyramid ramp theories ( , )

(37:55-39:22)
Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure kings: (Typical) pyramid (

, 42:26-43:00)
Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure kings: Khufu kings pyramid and Khafre kings sphinx
( , )

(1:16:44-1:19:17)
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
In about 2528 B.C., Khufu built the great Pyramid of Giza, one of the
spectacular wonders of ancient Africa and one of the seven wonders of the
Ancient World.
It covers 5.3 hectares (1 ha= 10,000m2) and is 146 meters high.
Wall over 2 million limestone () blocks, some weighing 15 tons

(1 ton1016 kg) apiece, went into its construction.
A long causeway linked each pyramid in the Giza complex to a royal mortuary
temple ( ).
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1. The Pyramids at Giza (c. 2600-2500 B.C.)

: Begun by the Pharaoh Khufu, they are the oldest
wonder and the only one still standing today.
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (c. 605-562 B.C.)
: Thought to have been built by King Nebuchadnezzar
for his homesick wife. Banks, J.A. et al.,2005. Our World. McGraw-Hill. p. 210.
3. Statue of Zeus at Olympia ( , c. 435 B.C.)

: The 12m high statue of the god Zeus sat at the temple at Olympia, site of the Olympic
games.
4. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( , c. 350 B.C.)
: Built by Queen Artemisia for her husband, Mausolus. Today, many buildings honoring
the dead are called mausoleums.
()Roman Seated Zeus, marble and
bronze (restored) (
)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_
Olympia
Scale model of a reconstruction of

the Mausoleum, one of many widely
differing versions, at Miniatrk,
Istanbul ().
(
)
Great Pyramid of Giza ( ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halic
arnassus
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
5. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

( , c. 325 B.C.)
: The enormous marble temple to the Greek Goddess added to
the fame of Ephesus (near the modern town of Seluk in
present-day Turkey).
6. Colossus of Rhodes ( (C. 280 B.C.)
: The Colossus, a huge bronze statue of the sun god Helios, watched over the citys
harbor.
7. Pharos of Alexandria ( , C. 280-200 B.C.)
: The Greek kings of Egypt had this giant marble lighthouse, or pharos, built to guide
ships into Alexandrias harbor.
() Artist's
misconception of the
Colossus of Rhodes
from the Grolier
Society's 1911 Book
of Knowledge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Colossus_of_Rhodes
Lighthouse ()
of Alexandria
(
)
http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Lighthouse
_of_Alexandria
www.nefershapiland.de
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza
blog.naver.com
de.fotolia.com itunes.apple.com
The Great Pyramid Inside | The Great Pyramid of Giza
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/558727897497489842/
http://humansarefree.com/2010/12/following-statement-was-considered.html
mmpeniel.org
m.blog.daum.net
ask.nate.com
blog.daum.net
blog.naver.com
http://m.blog.daum.net/okbon/1756#
History Channel - 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TOQrmzE_tI
Ramp ()
(39:38-41:35)
How to Build a Pyramid
1. The External Ramp () Theory
- It is that a ramp was built on one side of the
pyramid and as the pyramid grew, the ramp was
raised so that throughout the construction, blocks
could be moved right up to the top.
2. Crane () Theory
- The idea is that hundreds of these cranes at
various levels on the pyramid were used to lift
the blocks. http://archive.archaeology.org/0705/
etc/pyramid.html
- One problem with this theory is that it would
involve a tremendous amount of timber and
Egypt simply didn't have forests to provide the
wood. Importing so much lumber would have
been impractical. Large timbers for shipbuilding
were imported from Lebanon, but this was a very
expensive enterprise.
http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_2_1.htm
How to Build a Pyramid
3. New theory: Water Shaft Theory (2:30)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dup19cX6yXo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1y8N0ePuF8 (21:32)
The Mummification Process (2:43)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MQ5dL9cQX0
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
As Kurt Mendelssohn has argued, perhaps the pyramids were built

as a means of linking the people to their guardian, the king, and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur
to the sun god, the source of human life and of bountiful harvests. t_Mendelssohn
- The relationship between the king and his subjects () was both
reciprocal () and spiritual ().
- The pharaoh was a divine king () whose person was served by annual labor.
In short, pyramid building created public works that helped define the authority of the ruler
and make his subjects dependent upon him.
(
)
- Every flood season ( ), when agriculture was at a standstill (), the

pharaohs organized thousands of peasants into construction teams.
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
As far as is known, the peasants worked off tax obligations.

( , )
Their loyalty to the divine pharaoh provided the motivation for the work.
( )
The construction of the pyramids helped institutionalize the state by trading redistributed
food for labor.
( )
NHK 4 -
-, () (11:57-13:20, 23:08-26:46)
-Dr. Kurt Mendelssohn (34:50-37:30)
(Prof. Zahi Hawass) (40:22-40:58)
NHK Egypt (51:37)
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTM5MDMzNzY=.html
Who built the pyramids? (21:10-21:25)

The lists the names of certain workers (29:47-33:02)
Why did free men agree to build pyramids? (39:17-40:08)
Prof. Zahi Hawass: Symbolic meaning of Pyramid: national project (43:13-43:50)

Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
Old Kingdom Egypt was the first state of its size in history.
( )
- The pharaohs ruled by their own word, following no written laws, unlike the legislators of
Mesopotamian city-states.
- The pharaoh had power over the Nile flood, rainfall, and all people, including foreigners.
- He was a god, respected by all people as a tangible divinity whose being was the
personification of maat, or rightness.
( , ,
)
- Maat was far more than just rightness; it was a right order and stood for order and
justice.
( , , )
Old Kingdom
(c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.)
Old Kingdom Egypt was a time of powerful, confident rulers, of a virile ( ) state
governed by a privileged class of royal relatives and high officials (A hereditary bureaucracy).
( ()
)
- Their talents created a civilization that was for the benefit of a tiny minority ( ).
- It was for this privileged elite, headed by a divine king, that Egyptian merchants traded
for the famed cedars () of Lebanon, mined turquoise (, ) and
copper in Sinai, and sought ivory, semiprecious stones (), and
mercenaries () for Egypts armies from Nubia, in present-day Sudan.
blog.daum.net
kids.britannica.com
history.howstuffworks.com
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/l/lb_harir.gif
http://www.bibleplaces.com/images12/Cedar-of-Lebanon,-
adr090510670-bibleplaces.jpg
(c. 2134 to 2040 B.C.)
A prolonged drought cycle after 2180 B.C. undermined the Old Kingdom
rulers absolute powers.
( 2180 )
Three hundred years of repeated famines led to anarchy and a diminution

() of pharaonic authority.
(300 , )
Egypt splintered into competing provinces ruled by ambitious lords.

( )
Middle Kingdom
(2040 to 1640 B.C.)
In about 2134 B.C., the city of Thebes in Upper Egypt achieved supremacy and reunited
Egypt under a series of energetic pharaohs.
- Mentuhotep II (reigned c. 2061 BC 2010 BC) reunited Egypt thus ending the First
Intermediary Period.
- Middle Kingdom rulers were less despotic, more approachable, and less likely to see
themselves as gods.
- They had learned lessons from the past and relied heavily on an efficient bureaucracy to
stockpile () food supplies and increase agricultural production.
Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
Early All years (rightmost column) are BC (BCE)
First Dynasty I c. 31502890
Second Dynasty II 28902686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 26862613
Fourth Dynasty IV 26132498
Fifth Dynasty V 24982345
Sixth Dynasty VI 23452181
First Intermediate Pharaohs of Dynasty XI
Seventh and Eighth Dynasties VII/VIII 21812160
Ninth Dynasty IX 21602130

Pharaoh Reign Comments
Tenth Dynasty X 21302040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 21342061 Mentuhotep I 2134 BC ? Tepy-a, "the ancestor"
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 20611991
Intef I ?2118 BC Son of Mentuhotep I
Twelfth Dynasty XII 19911803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 18031649
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 17051690
Intef II 21182069 BC Brother of Intef I
Second Intermediate
Fifteenth Dynasty XV 16741535 Intef III 20692061 BC Son of Intef II
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 16601600
Abydos Dynasty 16501600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 15801549
New Kingdom Son of Intef III and Iah. Reunifies
Mentuhotep II 20612010 BC
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 15491292 Egypt starting the Middle Kingdom.
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 12921189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 11891077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069945 Mentuhotep III 20101998 BC Son of Mentuhotep II and Tem
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732720 Mentuhotep IV 19981991 BC Son of Queen Imi
Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672525 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Twenty-seventh Dynasty XXVII 525404
(1st Persian Period)
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380343
Thirty-first Dynasty XXXI 343332
(2nd Persian Period)
Ptolemaic (Hellenistic)
Argead Dynasty 332305
Ptolemaic Kingdom 30530
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
Middle Kingdom
(2040 to 1640 B.C.)
For over three centuries, Egypt enjoyed great prosperity and political stability under a series
of able () pharaohs.
- Their decisive leadership expanded overseas trade, while they secured Egypts frontiers
with vigorous military campaigns.
(
)
- At the same time, they strove () to increase agricultural production as protection

against drought by developing larger-scale agriculture, especially on the shores of the
fertile Fayum Depression ( ) west of the Nile.
aroundtheworldin52plates.blogspot.com
Textbook1, p.262.
Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II#/media/File:Mentuhotep-Tempel_01.JPG
Mentuhotep's mortuary temple

1) Bab el-Hosan cache, 2) Lower pillared halls, 3) Upper hall,
4) core building, maybe a pyramid and between 3) and 4) is
Reconstruction of Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple by douard Naville. The the ambulatory, 5) Hypostyle Hall, 6) Sanctuary.
presence of a pyramid is debated.
Middle Kingdom
(2040 to 1640 B.C.)
Everything depended on charismatic leadership

and a strong king.
- During the seventeenth century B.C.,

succession disputes engulfed the Theban
court at a time when thousands of Asians
were moving into the Delta region.
( 17

)
- Egypt soon fragmented () into two

kingdoms centered on Lower and Upper Egypt.
- Lower Egypt came under the control of Hyksos

kings, nomadic rulers from Asia.
www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org
6. Babylonians
(1990 to 1650 B.C.)
By 1990 B.C., Ur in tern gave way to Babylon and its Semitic rulers.
- Babylons early greatness culminated ( ) in the reign
of the great king Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) in 1792 B.C.,
famous for his law code ().
- He integrated the smaller kingdoms of Mesopotamia for a short
period, but his empire declined after his death as Babylonian trade
to the Persian Gulf collapsed and trade ties to Assur in the north
ancientpeoples.tumblr.com
and for Mediterranean copper in the west were
strengthened (
,
).
In 1650 B.C., the Hittites (1650-1200 B.C.) established a

powerful kingdom in Anatolia and they, under their king
Mursilis, invaded and sacked the city of Babylon in 1595 B.C.
- The Hittites of Anatolia first discovered how to smelt iron.
The Hurrians founded the kingdom of Mitanni (1550-1328

B.C.) in about 1550 B.C. They used horses and were among
the first people to use chariots in warfare.
Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in
1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
http://www.cliolamuse.com/IMG/jpg/cart_hittites.jpg
(1640 to 1530 B.C.)
This Second Intermediate period was a turning

point in Egyptian history, for the Hyksos
brought new ideas to a civilization that was
slowly stagnating in its isolated homeland
( ).
- They introduced more sophisticated bronze

http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/images/hyksosmap.gif
technology, the horse-drawn chariot (
, ), and new weapons of war.
- All these innovations kept Egypt up to date

and ensured that subsequent pharaohs
would play a leading role in the wider
eastern Mediterranean world.
http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/jparkin/academics/ancient_world_history/Rise_of
_Civilizations/2-Early_Civilizations/1-Nile_River_Valley/MiddleKingdom/img008.GIF
New Kingdom
(1530 to1070 B.C.)
The New Kingdom began when a series of Theban rulers fought and finally conquered the
Hyksos, thereby ( ) reunifying the kingdom.
- An able pharaoh named Ahmose the Liberator () turned Egypt into an efficiently
run military state.
- Now the king became a national hero, a military leader who set on a throne midway
between the Asiatic world in the north and the black Nubian kingdom of the south.
- He was an imperial ruler, a skilled general, the leader of a great power.

( , , )
- Egypt now competed with the Hittites and Mitanni for control of lucrative
( , ) trade routes and seaports.
- New Kingdom pharaohs financed their kingdom with Nubian gold, turning the lands
beyond the First Cataract (1) into a lucrative colony.
commons.wikimedia.org
baafhslib.org
Stone quarrying and mines

www.mummies2pyramids.info
New Kingdom
(1530 to1070 B.C.)
Thebes (known to the Egyptians as Waset)

was now capital of Egypt, the Estate of Amun,
the sun god.
- The temple of Amun at Karnak, built mostly

between the sixteenth and fourteenth
centuries B.C., was the heart of the
sacred capital.
- Amun was the king of the gods, a solar
deity who conceived the pharaohs, then
protected them in life and death.
- The Estate of Amun extended to the
western bank of the Nile apposite Thebes,
where the pharaohs erected an elaborate
city of the dead.
- They themselves were buried in secret,
rock-cut tombs in the Valley of Kings.
ndaeuro.org
Amun
- It was a local deity of Thebes.
- After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and

with the rule of Ahmose I, Amun acquired national
importance, expressed in his fusion with the Sun god,
Ra, as Amun-Ra.
- Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian

pantheon throughout the New Kingdom (with the
exception of the Atenist heresy (, )" under
Akhenaten).
- His position as King of Gods developed to the point

of virtual monotheism where other gods became
manifestations of him.
- With Osiris, Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of

the Egyptian gods. As the chief deity of the Egyptian
Empire, Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped
outside of Egypt, in Ancient Libya and Nubia, and as
Zeus Ammon came to be identified with Zeus in
Ancient Greece.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun
Karnak Temple Complex (Biblical
city of Thebes; modern-day Luxor)
sites.google.com
Entrance to Karnak Temple

famouswonders.com
Temple of Karnak at night
www.8thingstodo.com
urbanpeek.com
ancient-egypt.org
myweb.tiscali.co.uk
Panorama of
the valley
http://en.wikipedia.org/w
iki/Valley_of_the_Kings
The east of the River Nile: Sunrise
The world of the living
The west of the River Nile: Sunset

The world of the dead
pyramids
The valley of the kings
Lower Egypt area

http://onlinemaps.blogspot.kr/2012/09/lower-egypt-map.html
Upper Egypt area

http://www.lahisto
riaconmapas.com/
atlas/egypt-
map/egypt-travel-
tours-map.htm

:
:

,
()

(1:30:23-1:31:42-32:05)
The Valley of Kings: El Qurn (El Qorn) is the peak
History Channel - 2
http://www.pandora.tv/view/immanuelyoo/35140129/#30891990_new
(32:14-33:41)
Engineering Of Ancient Egypt - How Pyramids Are Built - History Channel

HD
Seti I (Ramses IIs father)s tomd (1:17:12-1:18:30)

New Kingdom
(1530 to1070 B.C.)
Aten, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten
The New Kingdom witnessed a brief period of religious unorthodoxy ( )
in 1353 B.C., when a heretic () pharaoh, Akhenaten (), turned away from Amun
to a purer form of sun worship based on the solar disk Aten (Aton) ().
- Akhenaten went so far as to found a new royal capital at

El-Amarna downstream of Thebes, on land associated
with no established deity.
- The capital was abandoned after his death, leaving
a priceless archaeological legacy - a unique archive of
New Kingdom society that archaeologists have excavated
at intervals for over a century.
www.amarna3d.com guides.wikinut.com
Tell el-Amarna
www.suziemanley.com www.planetware.com
History Channel - 2
http://www.pandora.tv/view/immanuelyoo/35140129/#30891990_new
( ) 4 = ( ) 1352-1336 B.C.
= (16:14-19:01)
Amenhotep IV = Akhenaten (1:01:06-1:03:52)

El-Amarna = Akhetaten or Akhetaton
Monotheism
New Kingdom
(1530 to1070 B.C.)
After Akhenatens death, in 1333 B.C., eight-year-old boy became

pharaoh. His name was Tutankhamun ().
- He presided () over a troubled kingdom, so his

advisers took the only course open to them.
( ,
)
- The worship of Aten (Aton) was forgotten and they restored

the old spiritual order (the worship of Amun), reverting to the
dynastic traditions of the early pharaohs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutmask.jpg
- Tutankhamun himself ruled for a mere ten years and died at

age 19, but achieved in death an immortality that transcends
() that of all other pharaohs, simply because Howard
Carter and Load Carnarvon found his intact tomb in the Valley
of Kings in 1922.
( 10
. Howard Carter Lord Carnarvon
it.wikipedia.org williecross.tripod.c
) om
www.emillustration.co.uk
New Kingdom
(1530 to1070 B.C.)
The Rameside ( ) pharaohs of 1307 to 1196 B.C.

labored hard to elevate ( ) Egypt to its former imperial
glory. www.bbc.co.uk
(Rameside: Pertaining or relating to any of the ancient Egyptian

kings named Rameses or Ramses, or to their families or government)
- Rameses II (1290 to 1224 B.C., ) campaigned far into Syria, financing his military
campaigns and an orgy ( (), ) of temple building with Nubian gold.
( 2 ,
)
- In about 1274 B.C., he met his match (Muwatallis, Hittites) at the Battle of Kadesh
(Qadesh) in Syria, where the Hittites fought his army to a standstill (, ).
( ( ) ,
)
- From that moment on, Egypt lost political influence in southwestern Asia and began a
slow, at first barely perceptible, decline.
( ,
)
http://www.cmeast.org/files/2015/03/Syria-Area-Map.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitt_Egypt_Perseus.png
BC 1286 Battle of Kadesh

www.roebuckclasses.com
History Channel - 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7Iz_ZweUuI
2 1279-1212 B.C.
: 2 (38:02-39:21)

Rameses II 1279-1212 B.C.

Battle with Hittites (1:22:51-1:24:08)
Abu Simbel temple
Queen Nefertiti
Ramesses atop chariot, at the battle of Kadesh
(Relief inside his Abu Simbel temple)
www.hudsonfla.com
teachers.henrico.k12.va.us
Night view of the temple of

Ramesses II, Abu Simbel
www.panoramio.com
Late Period
(1070 to 30 B.C)
With the death of Rameses III (11861155 BC, Rameses XI: 1107-1077 BC) in 1070 B.C.,
Egypt entered a period of political weakness, during which local rulers exercised varying
control over the Nile.
- In 728 B.C., the pharaohs were threatened by Nubian rulers (Kingdom of Kush (1070
B.C.~ A.D. 350)) from the south, who controlled Egypt for a time in the eighth century
B.C.
- Assyrians (664 ~651 B.C. by Ashurbanipal),
- Persians (525~402 B.C. by Cambyses II and 343~332 B.C. by Artaxerxes III), and
- Greeks (332 B.C. by Alexander the Great)
all ruled over the Nile for varying periods of time until
Rome incorporated the worlds longest-lived civilization
into its empire in 30 B.C.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_in_400_BC.jpg
http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102003112
Kid's Animated History Egypt
The end of ancient Egypt: Cleopatra VII (18:41-19:16)
! -
: VII
The Greeks brought much of Egyptian lore (, ) and learning

into the mainstream of emerging Greek civilization, ensuring that
ancient Egypt contributed to the roots of Western civilization.
(
, )
What are the symbolic characteristics
of Egyptian civilization?
The River Nile

Pharaoh
Osiris: the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead
Pyramid
Sphinx: a mythical creature with the body of a lion and a human head.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro
setta_Stone.JPG
a guardian often flanking () the entrances to temples

Mummification (Mummy)
Hieroglyph (The Rosetta Stone () provided the clue to the deciphering of ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphs.
The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs (
), the middle portion Demotic script (), and the lowest Ancient Greek (
).
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic part was deciphered by Jean Champollion between 1822
and 1824.)
Papyrus: a reed () plant
The reeds were pressed together to form a kind of paper
How did Egyptian civilization contribute
to the modern world?
Solar calendar ()
- The ancient Egypt invented the first solar calendar in the world.
- It was based on the observations of the Sirius ((), (), ) and the
sun. So the calendar is also called Sirius Calendar.
- Later, ancient Romans mastered the calendar (46 B.C. Julian calendar, 1582, Gregorian
calendar, ).
- Afterwards, the calendar spread throughout the world with the expansion of the Roman Empire and
the rising of Christianity.
- The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into
12 months of 30 days each, plus five extra days at the end of the year.
- Sirius is recorded in the earliest astronomical records.
- During the era of the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians based their calendar on the heliacal rising (
) of Sirius, namely the day it becomes visible just before sunrise after moving far enough
away from the glare of the Sun.
( )
- This occurred just before the annual flooding of the Nile and the summer solstice ().
cf) Lunar calendar ()

- The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days.
- Each month began with the sighting of a new moon.
- To keep the lunar year of 354 days in step with the solar year of 365.25 days an extra month was
added periodically.
- Every six years the Sumerian calendar included an extra month of 62 days.
The challenge of the calendar (2cm-3cm)
Edited by Eugenio Lo Sardo

Produced by the Multimedia Department of the Istituto e Museo di
Storia della Scienza
http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/multimedia/Th
eChallengeOfTheCalendar.html
How did Egyptian civilization contribute
to the modern world?
Mathematics
- The Egyptian used basic mathematics in finding solutions to problems they faced everyday.
- They could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
- They also seemed to use simple fractions ().
- Mathematics helped Egyptians measure stone so that it could be cut to the proper size to build
pyramids.
(ex) Measurement: Cubit (, ()- 43-53 cm)
The cubit was the distance from an elbow to the tip of the fingers.
Of course, this length varied from person to person, so the Egyptians made
a standard cubit out of black granite.
- They used geometry to measure area so that they could figure out the amount of taxes for a plot of
land ().
Medicine
- The Egyptians understood herbalism, the practice of creating medicines from plants.
- They used these natural remedies to help ease everyday illnesses such as stomachaches and
headaches.
- According to the records on papyrus, mothers prepared their own home remedies (), or cures,
to reduce childrens fevers.
Summary in the Egyptian civilization
Ancient Egyptian civilization arose out of complex processes of forced and voluntary
integration along the Nile valley. These processes were accelerated by increasing trade
contacts with Southwest Asia, culminating in the emergence of the ancient Egyptian
state somewhere around 3,100 B.C.
Egyptologists conventionally subdivide ancient Egyptian civilization into four main

periods: the Archaic and Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom, and
the Late period, the first three of which were separated by brief intermediate periods of
political chaos.
The Old Kingdom was notable for its despotic pharaohs and its frenzy () of
pyramid construction, an activity that may be connected with pragmatic ()
notions of fostering national unity.
( ,
)
The Middle Kingdom saw a shift of political and religious power to Thebes and Upper
Egypt.
New Kingdom pharaohs made Egypt an imperial power with strong interests in Asia
and Nubia. Ancient Egyptian civilization began to decline after 1,000 B.C., and Egypt
fell under Roman rule in 30 B.C.
Todays subject and contents
1. Early Egyptian Farmers: Earlier than 7,000 to 1000 B.C.
2. Predynastic Egypt: 5000 to 3100 B.C.
3. Dynastic Egyptian Civilization: c. 3000 to 30 B.C.
1) Archaic Egypt and the Great Culture: 3000 to 2686 B.C.

2) Old Kingdom: c. 2686 to 2134 B.C.
3) Middle Kingdom: 2040 to 1640 B.C.
4) New Kingdom: 1530 to 1070 B.C.
5) Late Period: 1070 to 30 B.C

Q&A
Subjects for next week
1. The Indus civilization
2. Presentation 3: (By , , ,
, ())
When? Dating methods and chronology
Source: geniusofancientman.blogspot.com
Mehenjo-Daro - photo by National Geograp
Thank you very much indeed!

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The civilization of Egypt

What is the importance of the Nile river?

Why and how were pyramids built?

What do you think was the greatest contribution of the ancient

2. Predynastic Egypt: 5000 to 3100 B.C.

3. Dynastic Egyptian Civilization: c. 3000 to 30 B.C.

1) Archaic Egypt and the Great Culture: 3000 to 2686 B.C.

4. The Significance of Egyptian civilization

2920 to 2686 B.C. Archaic period Consolidation of state

BC. 1567 ~ BC. 1085 18~20, , , 1,

As a result of Holocene climatic change, growing

Wild cereal grasses were important in the human

The Nile valley is unusual in that its water supplies

The fluctuations in these yearly inundations () www.yalibnan.com

had a profound effect on the pattern of human settlement downstream.

Nile river (5:20-9:05-11:38)

Kid's Animated History with Pipo Egypt

Nile river (0:37-1:14-1:35-3:08)

The farmers planted barley and wheat as the annual floods

By 5,000 B.C., a patchwork () of

The river itself formed a natural highway

Within 2,000 years, these small polities

Archaeological excavations and surveys hint

By 3,500 B.C., three predynastic kingdoms

Archaeology and myth combine for a hypothetical

- By 3,500 B.C., the kingdoms of Upper Egypt may have

- Mesopotamian cylinder seals () have come from Upper

- Conflict ensued, with politically most-developed center,

- The rulers of Nekhen, then, This, finally embarked ()

Archaeology and myth combine for a hypothetical scenario for unification:

Atum: The first god

Shu: The god of air

Geb: The god of earth

Geb and Nut in turn gave rise to four children.

Hathor: The goddess of love and beauty

The version of Heliopolis

- It is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology.

- He is an Egyptian god, usually identified as the

- Osiris was considered not only a merciful judge

- The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris

- Through the hope of new life after death, Osiris

- Osiris was widely worshipped as Lord of the

- She is a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious

- She was worshipped as the ideal mother and

- Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus,

- Isis is also known as protector of the dead and

- In the typical form of her myth, Isis was the

- She married her brother, Osiris, and she

- Isis was instrumental ( ) in the

- Using her magical skills, she restored his body

- The earliest recorded form of Horus is

- The most commonly encountered family

- Horus served many functions in the

- Horus was often the ancient Egyptians'

- He is a god of the desert, storms,

- In Egyptian mythology, Seth is portrayed

- Osiris' wife Isis reassembled Osiris'

- Horus sought revenge upon Seth, and

- The death of Osiris and the battle

The Egyptian themselves identified the first king as Narmer (Menes, , ).

- In reality unification took several centuries to achieve through a process of deft (,

Narmer (Menes) palette ( () , 31:19-33:20)

The Narmer Palette