v/;k;&11 nzO; ds rkih; xq.

k
rki rFkk ek& rki inkFkZ dk ,d vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k gSa] ftldh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq dks B.Mk ;k xeZ
ekuk tkrk gSA
nks oLrqvksa eas ftldk rki vf/kd gksrk gSa mls xeZ oLrq rFkk ftldk rki de gksrk gSa] mls B.Mh
oLrq dgk tkrk gSA
ek tkZ dk ,d :Ik gS] tks rkikUrj ds dkj.k xeZ oLrq mPp rki okyh oLrq ls B.Mh oLrq
fuEu rki okyh oLrq dh vksj izokfgr gksrk gSA
rki dk ekiu& rki dks FkekZehVj rkiikeh }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
rkiekih dh jpuk esa ,ls inkFkZ dke esas ysrs gS ftuds HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa rki ds lkFk Ik;kZIr
ifjorZu gksrk gS] tSls& lk/kkj.k rkiikeh esa ikjs dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tks rki ikdj QSyrk gSA
rki ekiu gsrq fuEu iSekus dke esa ysrs gS
1-lsfYl;l ;k lsfUVxzsM ()
2-QkWjsugkbM ()
3-dsfYou ()
4-QkWjsugkbM ()
ikuh dh fgekad rFkk DoFkukad ek% rFkk 100 gSA QkWjsugkbV iSekus ij budk
eku ek% 32 rFkk 212 gSA
rki ds iSekuksa esa laca/k
32
1- = 100
180
QkWjsugkbV iSEkkus ij rki
lsfYl;l iSEkkus ij rki

2- = + 273.15
ijerki dsfYou iSEkkus ij
lsfYl;l iSEkkus ij rki

iz- rki dk dkSulk eku lsfYl;l vkSj QkWjsugkbV iSekus ij leku gksrk gS \
32
gy- 180 = 100
32
=
180 100
32
=
9 5
9 = 5( 32)
9 = 5 160
9 5 = 160
4 = 160
= 40
40 = 40

LoLFk euq; ds kjhj dk rki 98.6 gksrk gSA lsfYl;l iSekus ij rki Kkr djksA
32
gy- 180 = 100
32
=
9 5
98.6 32
=
9 5
66.6 6
=
9 5
66.6 5 333.0 111
= =
9 9 3
= 37

vknkZ xSl lehdj.k

ckW;y fLFkj rki ij
 1


= fu;rkad

pkYlZ fLFkj nkc ij

2

= fu;rkad

xSyklkad fLFkj rki ij


= fu;rkad

bu rhuksa fu;eksa ls

= fu;rkad

=
bls vknkZ xSl leh- dgrs gSA
xSl dk nkc
xSl dk vk;ru
eksyks dh la[;k
xSl fu;rkad
ijerki dsfYou iSekus ij

uksV%& fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk dsfYou iSekus ij rki mldk ije rki () dgykrk gSA
= + 273.15

ije kwU; rki&xSyqlkd ds fu;ekuqlkj xSl dk nkc mlds rkieku ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
rki ?kVkus ij nkc dk leku Hkh ?kVrk gSA
;fn xSl xSlh; voLFkk esa gh jgs rks ije rki dk og eku] ftl ij xSl dk nkc kwU; gks tkrk gS] mls ije
kwU; rki dgrs gSA
Ikje 'kwU; rki = 273.15

rkih; izlkj&izR;sd inkFkZ ek ikdj izlkfjr gksrk gS] bls rkih; izlkj dgrs gSA
;g izlkj rhu izdkj dk laHko gSA
1- jSf[kd izlkj& rki o`f) ds dkj.k yackbZ esa o`f)
2- {ks= izlkj& rki o`f) ds dkj.k {ks=Qy esa o`f)
3- vk;ru izlkj& rki o`f) ds dkj.k vk;ru esa o`f)
jSf[kd izlkj& rki cgus ds dkj.k oLrq dh yackbZ esa o`f) jSf[kd izlkj dgykrh gSA
ekuk izka- yackbZ =
rki o`f) =
u;h yackbZ
ya- esa o`f) = = ( 0 )

yackbZ esa ,dkad o`f) dk eku rki o`f) ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
0


0

=
0

jSf[kd izlkj xq.kkad

ek=d / izfr
/ izfr

=
0
 = 0
0 =
= 0 + 0
= 0 (+ )

2-{ks= izlkj& rki c<us ds dkj.k oLrq dk {ks=Qy c<rk gSA {ks= izlkj dgykrk gSA
Ekkuk izk- {ks=Qy 0
rki o`f)=
u;k {ks=Qy =
{ks=Qy esa o`f) = = ( 0 )

{ks=Qy esa ,dkad o`f) dk eku rki o`f) ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
0


0

=
0
{ks= izlkj xq.kkad
ek=d / izfr
/ izfr

=
0
= 0
0 = 0
= 0 + 0
= 0 (1 + )

3-vk;ru izlkj& rki c<us ds dkj.k oLrq ds vk;ru esa o`f) gksrh gS] bls vk;ru izlkj dgrs gSA
Ekkuk izk- vk;ru = 0
rki o`f) =
u;k vk;ru =
vk;ru esa o`f) = = ( 0 )

vk;ru esa ,dkad o`f) dk eku rki o`f) ds lkeuqikrh gksrk gSA
0

=
0

=
0
= vk;ru izlkj xq.kkad
ek=d / izfr
/ izfr
foek [0 0 0 1 ]

=
0
= 0
0 = 0
= 0 + 0
= 0 (1 +

jSf[kd izlkj xq.kkad () rFkk {ks= izlkj xq.kkad () esa laca/k

ekuk ,d vk;rkdkj khV] ftldh yackbZ o pkSMkbZ dzek% 0 rFkk 0 gSA
izkjafHkd {ks=Qy 0 = 0 0 (1)

ekuk inkFkZ dk jSf[kd rki izlkj xq.kkad rFkk {ks= izlkj xq.kakd gSA
 rki o`f) djus ij ekuk yackbZ pkSMkbZ o {ks=Qy ds u;s eku dzek% , o ++ gks tkrk gSA
u;k {ks=Qy = (2)
= 0 (1+ ) (3)
rFkk = 0 (1+ ) (4)
rFkk = 0 (1+ ) (4)
rFkk = 0 (1 + ) (5)

leh- 5 ls 1 o 2 ls eku j[kus ij

= 0 0 (1 + )
leh-3 o 4 ls o dk eku j[kus ij
0 (1+ )0 (1+ ) = 0 0 (1 + )
(1+ )2 (1 + )
1 + 2 + ( )2 = +
dh mPp ?kkrsa ux.;
2 =
2 = ;k = 2

jSf[kd izlkj xq.kkad () rFkk vk;ru izlkj xq.kkad () esa laca/k

ekuk ,d ?kukHkkdkj fi.M ftldh yackbZ] pkSMkbZ o apkbZ dzek% 0 , 0 , 0 (1)
ekuk inkFkZ dk jSf[kd izlkj xq.kkad rFkk vk;ru izlkj xq.kkad gSA
rki o`f) djus ij ekuk ya-] pkS] apkbZ rFkk vk;ru ds eku dzek% 0 , 0 , 0 rFkk gks tkrs
gSA
Uk;k vk;ru = (2)
= 0 (1+ ) (3)
= 0 (1+ ) (4)
= 0 (1+ ) (5)
= (1 + ) (6)
leh-6 esa 1 o 2 ls eku j[kus ij
= 0 0 0 (1 + )
leh-3]4 o 5 ls , o dk eku j[kus ij
0 (1+ )0 (1+ )0 (1+ ) = 0 0 0 (1 + )
(1+ )3 = (1 + )
[( + )3 = 3 + 3 2 + 32 + 2 ]
1 + 3 + 3( )2 + (1 + )3 = 1 +
3 + 0 + 0 =
3 =
3 = ;k = 3

uksV%& {ks= izlkj xq.kkad rFkk vk;ru izlkj xq.kkad esa laca/k

= 2 = (1)
2

= 3 = 3 (2)
1 o 2 dh rqyuk
=

=
2 3
2
=
3

Ikzu- dksbZ ykSgkj fdlh cSyxkM+h ds ydM+h ds ifg;s dh ifjf/k ij yksgs dh fjax tksM+rk gSA
;fn 27 ij ydM+h ds ifg;s rFkk yksgs dh fjax ds O;kl dze5.243 rFkk 5.231 gSA yksgs dh
fjax dks fdl rki ij xeZ fd;k tk, dh og ifg;s ij Bhd ls cSB tk,A
fn;k gqvk gS dh yksgs dh jSf[kd rki izlkj xq.kkad = 1.2 105 izfr )
gy yksgs dh fjax vkdkj esa NksVh gS] mls xeZ djus ij jSf[kd izlkj gksxkA
 = 27 = 27 + 273 = 300
fjax dk O;kl 0 = 5.231
ifg, dk O;kl = 5.243
rkikUrj = 2 1 = 2 300
= 1.2 105 /