10/4/2015 QuadrilateralsandOtherPolygons

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPESOFQUADRILATERALS
1. TRAPEZIUM
2. PARALLELOGRAM
3. RHOMBUS
4. KITE
5. RECTANGLE
6. SQUARE
3. PERIMETERANDAREAOFQUADRILATERAL
1. PERIMETEROFAQUADRILATERAL
2. AREAOFAQUADRILATERAL
4. POLYGONS
5. TYPESOFPOLYGONS
6. PERIMETERANDAREAOFAPOLYGON

QuadrilateralsandOtherPolygons

1. INTRODUCTION

AQuadrilateralisaclosedfigureboundedbyfourstraightlines(seefigurebelow).Ithasfour
vertices(A,B,CandD)suchthatnothreeofthemarecollinear.Theseverticesaretheintersection
pointsoffourlines(AB,BC,CDandDA)knownasthesidesofthequadrilateral.

Thelinejoiningoppositeverticesisknownasdiagonal.Sointhegivenquadrilateral,lineACandBD
aretwodiagonals.

Tonameaquadrilateral,thenamesoftheverticesarewritteninclockwiseoranticlockwiseorder.

Forexample,ABCDorADCB.

Propertiesofaquadrilateral:

Sumofthefourinterioranglesis360,

i.e.A+B+C+D=360

Sumofthefourexterioranglesis360(Thisistrueforanypolygon).

Aquadrilateralissaidtobeacyclicquadrilateralifitispossibletodrawacirclepassing
throughallthefourverticesofthequadrilateral.

Inacyclicquadrilateral,oppositeanglesaresupplementaryandanexternalangleisequaltothe
interioroppositeangle.

2. TYPESOFQUADRILATERALS

Quadrilateralscanbebroadlyclassifiedintosixmajorcategories:

Trapezium

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Parallelogram

Rhombus

Kite

Rectangle

Square

1. TRAPEZIUM

Aquadrilateralinwhichatleastonesetofoppositesidesisparallelisknownastrapeziumor
trapezoid.Thenonparallelsidesifany(ADandBCinthegivenfigure)areknownasobliquesides.
Iflengthofobliquesidesisequal,itisknownasisoscelestrapezium.Parallelsides(ABandDC)are
generallyknownasbasesandtheperpendiculardistancebetweenbasesisknownasheight.

Inatrapezium,thelengthofthelinejoiningthemidpointsoftheobliquesidesisequaltotheaverage
ofthelengthofthebases.Alsoaline(XY)drawnparalleltothebaseswilldividetheobliquesidesin
equalratio.Thelengthofsuchalinedividingtheobliquesidesintheratioa:bisgivenby

whereB1andB2denotethelengthofthetwobasesABandDC.

2. PARALLELOGRAM

Aquadrilateralinwhichboththesetsofoppositesidesareparalleltoeachotherisknownasa
parallelogram.

Area(A)=bhwhereb,hrepresentthebaseandheightoftheparallelogramrespectively.

Thisareacanalsobecalculatedastwicetheareaofthetriangleformedbyjoininganyoneofthe
diagonals.

Additionalpropertiesofaparallelogram:

InABCD

Oppositeanglesareequal.(mA=mCandmB=mD)

Adjacentanglesaresupplementary.(mA+mB=mB+mC=mC+mD=mD+mA=180)

Oppositesidesareequal.(AB=DCandAD=BC)

Anyofthediagonals(ACorBD)dividestheparallelogramintotwocongruenttriangles.
(ABCandCDAarecongruent.Similarly,ABDandCDBarealsocongruent.)

Boththediagonalsbisecteachother.(AO=COandBO=DO)

Ifwedrawboththediagonals,wegetfourtriangles.

Verticallyoppositetrianglesarecongruentandtheareaofallfourofthesetrianglesisequal.

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(ABOandCDOarecongruent.Similarly,BCOandDAOarealsocongruent.)

Ifwetakeapointanywhereinsidetheparallelogramandjoinitwithallthefourvertices,weget
fourtrianglessuchthatthesumoftheareaofthesetofverticallyoppositetrianglesisequal.

Ifinaquadrilateralonesetofoppositesidesisparallelaswellasequal,thentheothersetof
oppositesideshastobeequalandparallel,andsuchaquadrilateralwillbeaparallelogram.

3. RHOMBUS

Aparallelograminwhichallthesidesareofequallengthiscalledarhombus.Inarhombus,the
diagonalsbisecteachotheratrightangles.Everyrhombusisaparallelogrambuttheconverseisnot
true.

4. KITE

Aquadrilateralinwhichthefoursidescanbedividedintotwogroupseachcontainingtwoadjacent
equalsidesisknownasakite.Inakite,thediagonalsmeetatrightanglesandonediagonal(i.e.BD)
isbisectedbytheotherdiagonal(i.e.AC).

5. RECTANGLE

Aquadrilateralinwhicheachoftheanglesisarightangleiscalledarectangle.Inarectangle,both
thediagonalsareequal.

6. SQUARE

Asquareisaparallelograminwhichallthesidesareequalandalltheanglesarerightangles.A
squarepossessespropertiesofbothrhombusandrectangle.Boththediagonalsarealsoequalandthey
bisecteachotherperpendicularly.

3. PERIMETERANDAREAOFQUADRILATERAL

1. PERIMETEROFAQUADRILATERAL

Thesumofthelengthsofthefoursidesofaquadrilateralisknownastheperimeter.So,ina
quadrilateralwithsidesoflengtha,b,canddtheperimeterisgivenby

Perimeter(P)=a+b+c+d

2. AREAOFAQUADRILATERAL

CaseI:Acyclicquadrilateralwithsidesoflengthsa+b+c+d

Example1:
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Findtheareaofacyclicquadrilateralwithsides25,33,39and65cm.

Solution:

CaseII:Ifthelengthofonediagonalandtwooffsetsaregiven.

wheredthediagonalandh1andh2aretheoffsets,i.e.perpendicularsdrawntothegivendiagonal
fromtheothertwovertices.

Example2:
Findtheareaofaquadrilateralwithonediagonalas4cmandthetwooffsetsonthisdiagonalas1cm
and2cm.

Solution:

CaseIII:Iftwodiagonalsandtheincludedanglearegiven.

whered1andd2arethediagonalsandistheanglebetweenthesediagonals.

Here,wecantakeeitheroftheanglesbetweendiagonalsasassin(180)=sin.

Example3:
Ifareaofaquadrilateralis6cm2withoneofthediagonalsas4cmandtheanglebetweenthetwo
diagonalsas120,thenfindthelengthoftheotherdiagonal.

Solution:

CaseIV:Atrapezium

whereb1andb2arethebasesandhisthedistancebetweenthesebases(knownasheight).

Example4:
ABCDisasquarewithsidesoflength10units.OCDisanisoscelestrianglewithbaseCD.OCcuts
ABatpointQandODcutsABatpointP.TheareaoftrapezoidPQCDis80squareunits.The
altitudefromOofthetriangleOPQis:

[XAT2009]

(1)12 (2)13 (3)14

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(4)15 (5)Noneoftheabove.

Solution:

Thegiveninformationcanbeillustratedasfollows:

AreaofthetrapezoidPQCD=80units

PQ=6units

Now,OPQandODCaresimilartriangles.LetMbethepointofcontactofthealtitudeofOCDand
sideAB.Then,letlengthofOM=xunits.

10x=6x+60

x=60/4=15units

Hence,option4.

CaseV:Aparallelogram

Area(A)=bh

wherebisthebaseandhisthedistancebetweenthetwobases.

CaseVI:Arhombusandakite

whered1andd2arethediagonals.

Example5:
Findthesideofarhombuswitharea24cm2andoneofitsdiagonalsas6cm.

Solution:

Lengthofoneofthediagonals,d1=6cm

Areaoftherhombus,A=24cm2

Thediagonalsbisectperpendicularlyinarhombus

ByusingPythagorastheorem,withhalfofthediagonalsi.e.6/2and8/2orwith3and4,thesideof
therhombuswillbe5cm.

CaseVII:Arectangle

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Area(A)=lb

wherelisthelengthandbisthebreadth.

CaseVIII:Asquare

Area(A)=a2

whereaistheside

Example6:
Findthediagonalofasquarewitharea36cm2.

Solution:

A=a2

36=a2

a=6cm

NowusingPythagorastheorem,wecanfindthatdiagonalofasquarewithsideaisgivenbya

Hence,diagonal=a=6cm
Example7:
Thediagonalofasquareis4cm.Thediagonalofanothersquarewhoseareaisdoublethatofthefirst
squareis

[SNAP2009]

(1)8cm (2)8

(3)4 (4)16cm

Solution:

Letthelengthofthesideoftheoriginalsquarebex.

2x2=32

x2=16

x=4

Now,theareaoftheothersquareistwicethatofthefirstsquare.

So,theareaofthesecondsquare=2x2=32

Ifthelengthofthesecondsquareisy,theny2=32

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Hence,option1.
Example8:
Asquare,whosesideis2metres,hasitscornerscutawaysoastoformanoctagonwithallsides
equal.Thenthelengthofeachsideoftheoctagon,inmetresis

[CAT2001]

Solution:

Letthesideoftheoctagonbex,whichisalsothehypotenuseofthetriangleinthecornerofthe
square.

Hence,option2.
Example9:
Mohanwasplayingwithasquarecardboardofside2metres.Whileplaying,heslicedoffthecorners
ofthecardboardinsuchamannerthatafigurehavingallitssidesequalwasgenerated.Theareaof
thiseightsidedfigureis:[IIFT2009]

Solution:

Refertothefollowingfigure.

Asallthesidesofthefigureareequal,

Areaoftheeightsidedfigure=Areaofthesquare4Areaofeachsmalltriangle

Hence,option4.
Example10:
Anyfivepointsaretakeninsideoronasquareofside1.Letabethesmallestpossiblenumberwith
thepropertythatitisalwayspossibletoselectonepairofpointsfromthesefivesuchthatthedistance
betweenthemisequaltoorlessthana.Thenais:

[FMS2010]

Solution:

Twopointsonorinsidethesquarewillbeatthemaximumdistancewhentheyareontwoopposite
vertices.Letusselect4pointsontheverticesofthesquare.Then,thedistancebetweenanytwoof
themis1or

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Nowweselectthefifthpointsuchthatitisatthemaximumpossibledistancefromeachoftheother
fourpoints.Suchapointliesonthepointofintersectionofthediagonalsanditsdistancefromeachof
theotherfourpointsis.Anyotherpointonorinsidethesquarewillbeatadistancelessthanfromat
leastoneoftheotherfourpoints.

Hence,option2.
Example11:
Twosidesofaplotmeasure32metresand24metresandtheanglebetweenthemisaperfectright
angle.Theothertwosidesmeasure25metreseachandtheotherthreearenotrightangles.

Whatistheareaoftheplot?

[CAT2001]

(1)768 (2)534

(3)696.5 (4)684

Solution:

LetusdrawDE,whichisperpendiculartoAC.

SinceADCisisosceles,thereforeDEwillbeitsmedianandaltitudeboth.

Requiredarea

=384+300=684

Hence,option4.

REMEMBER:

Asquarehasthemaximumarea,outofallthequadrilateralswithagivenperimeter.

Asquarehastheminimumperimeter,outofallthequadrilateralswithagivenarea.

Twoquadrilateralsaresimilariftheircorrespondinganglesareequal.Similarquadrilaterals
havetheratioofanycorrespondinglinearmeasurementsequaltotheratiooftheir
correspondingsides.Ratioofareaofsimilarquadrilateralswillbeequaltothesquareofthe
ratiooftheirsides.

Twoquadrilateralsarecongruentiftheircorrespondingsidesareequal.

Example12:

Intheabovediagram,ABCDisarectanglewithAE=EF=FB.Whatistheratiooftheareaofthe
triangleCEFandthatoftherectangle?

[CAT2001]

Solution:
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AB=3EF

Hence,option1.

Example13:
ConsiderasquareSwhichisinsideacircleAsuchthatthefourcornerpointsofthesquaretouchthe
circumferenceofthecircle.AsecondcircleBisinsidethesquareSsothatitsfoursidestouchesthe
circumferenceofB.Then,theratiooftheareasofthecirclesA:Bequals:

[JMET2010]

(1) (2)2:1

(3) (4):1

Solution:

LettheradiusofcircleAber.

DiagonalofthesquareS,willbesameasdiameterofthecircleAi.e.2r

LetthelengthofeachsideofsquareSbex

x2+x2=(2r)2

2x2=4r2

Fromthefigureitisevidentthatthelengthofthediameterofthecirclewillbeequaltothelengthof
thesideofthesquare

Hence,option2.
4. POLYGONS

Apolygonisaclosedfigureboundedbythreeormorestraightlines,knownassides.Ithasasmany
verticesasthenumberofsides,withnothreeofthemcollinear.

Alinejoiningtwononadjacentverticesisknownasthediagonal.

PROPERTIESOFPOLYGONS

Numberofdiagonalsinannsidedpolygonisgivenby

Explanation:

Forannsidedpolygon,thereexistnvertices.

Nowfromoneoftheverticesi.e.saypointA,wecandraw(n3)diagonals.
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Also(n3)diagonalscanbedrawnfromoneoftheadjacentverticesi.e.saypointB.

Now(n4)diagonalsaredrawnfromthepointC,(n5)diagonalsaredrawnfrompointD,(n
6)diagonalsaredrawnfrompointEandsoon.

Totalnumberofdiagonals=(n3)+(n3)+(n4)+(n5)++3+2+1

Thereforeforannsidedpolygon,thenumberofdiagonalsisgivenbyn(n3)/2.

Thesumtotalofalltheinterioranglesofanypolygon=(n2)

Explanation:

LetmHOG=1.

ThenmOHG+mOGH=1801.

Similarly,wecandothisfortheothertriangles.

mOHG+mOGH+mOGF+mOFG+mOEF+mOFE+mOED+mODE+
mODC+mOCD..ntriangles

=(1801)+(1802)+(1803)+(1804)+(1805)+(180n)

=180n(1+2+3+4+.n)

=n180(360)

HereLHSrepresentsthesumofalltheinterioranglesforannsidedpolygon.

Sumofinterioranglesofapolygon=n2=(n2).

Thesumtotalofalltheexterioranglesofanypolygon=360.

Themeasureofeachexteriorangleofaregularpolygon=360/n

Theratioofthenumberofsidesofapolygontothediagonalsofapolygon=2:(n3)

Example14:
Findthenumberofsidesofaregularpolygonwitheachinteriorangleof150.

Solution:

Sincetheinteriorangleis150,theexteriorangleswillbe(180150)=30

Themeasureofeachexteriorangleofaregularpolygon=360/nwherenisthenumberofsidesof
theregularpolygon.

30=360/n
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n=12

Thus,thenumberofsidesoftheregularpolygon=12
Example15:
TheinterioranglesofapolygonareinArithmeticProgression.Ifthesmallestangleis120and
commondifferenceis5,thennumberofsidesinthepolygonis:

[IIFT2008]

(1)7 (2)8

(3)9 (4)Noneoftheabove

Solution:

Theinterioranglesare120,125,130,135,140andsoonandthecorrespondingexterioranglesare60
,55,50,45,40andsoon.

Nowthesumofexterioranglesneedstobe360.

60+55+50+45+40+35+30+25+20=360

Thenumberofsideswouldbe9.

Hence,option3.

REMEMBER:

Apolygon,inwhichalltheinterioranglesarelessthan180,isknownasaconvexpolygon.

Apolygon,inwhichatleastoneoftheinterioranglesismorethan180,isknownasaconcave
polygon.

Unlessotherwisespecified,wetakepolygonsasconvexpolygons.

Thesumoftheinterioranglesofannsidedpolygonis(n2)180.

Thesumoftheexterioranglesis360.(Thisistrueforanypolygon.)

Ifallthesidesandhencealltheanglesofapolygonareequal,itisknownasaregularpolygon.

Apolygonissaidtobeacyclicpolygonifitispossibletodrawacirclepassingthroughallits
vertices.

Example16:
EachsideofagivenpolygonisparalleltoeithertheXortheYaxis.Acornerofsuchapolygonis
saidtobeconvexiftheinternalangleis90orconcaveiftheinternalangleis270.Ifthenumberof
convexcornersinsuchapolygonis25,thenumberofconcavecornersmustbe

[CAT2003LeakedTest]

(1)20 (2)0

(3)21 (4)22

Solution:

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Considerthepolygonasshowninthefigure.Here4cornersA,D,GandJaretheconcavecorners
andremaining8cornersareconvexcorners.

Ingeneral,forapolygonwithsidesparalleltoeitheroftheaxes,ifnisthenumberofconcavecorners
andmisthenumberofconvexcorners,thenwehave,

mn=4

m=25

n=21

Hence,option3.
5. TYPESOFPOLYGONS

Basedonthenumberofsides,polygonsarecategorizedasshownbelow:

NumberofSides NameofthePolygon
Three Triangle
Four Quadrilateral
Five Pentagon
Six Hexagon
Seven Heptagon
Eight Octagon
Nine Nonagon
Ten Decagon
6. PERIMETERANDAREAOFAPOLYGON

PERIMETEROFAPOLYGON(P):

Thesumofthelengthsofallthesidesofapolygonisknownastheperimeter.So,inannsided
polygonwithsidesa1,a2,a3,antheperimeterisgivenby

P=a1+a2+a3++an

AREAOFAPOLYGON(A)

Areaofannsidedregularpolygonisgivenby,

whereaistheside.

Explanation:

Forpolygonswithfiveormoresides,areaiscalculatedbydividingthepolygonintotriangles.

LetustakeannsidedregularpolygonA1A2A3A4A5A6..An.

A1A2=A2A3=A3A4=A4A5=.An1An=aunits

OB(inradius)=randOA3=OA2(circumradius)=R
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Also,fromthefigure,weseethatr2=R2(a/2)2

Inngon,therearensuchtriangles=nareaoftriangle

Generalformulafortheareaofannsidedregularpolygonisgivenby:

AREAOFAREGULARPENTAGON

Aregularpentagonwithsideacanbedividedintofivetriangles.

Example17:
Findtheareaofaregularpentagonwithside10cm.

Solution:

Areaofapentagonwithside5cm=1.725102=172.5cm2

AREAOFAREGULARHEXAGON

Aregularhexagonwithsideacanbedividedintosixequilateraltriangleswithsidea.Theareaof
eachequilateraltrianglewillbeequaltoa2/4

Example18:
Findtheperimeterofaregularhexagonwitharea6cm2.

Solution:

a=2cm

Perimeter=62=12cm
Example19:
Findtheinradiusofahexagonwitheachsideof4units.

Solution:

Incaseofahexagonn=6

Alsohereeachside=4units

Example20:
Inthefigurebelow,ABCDEFisaregularhexagonandAOF=90.FOisparalleltoED.Whatisthe
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ratiooftheareaofthetriangleAOFtothatofthehexagonABCDEF?

[CAT2003LeakedTest]

Solution:

WecanseethattrianglesAMF,AMB,BMC,CMD,DMEandEMFareallequilateraltriangles.Also,
AE,XYandBDbisectMF,AB,EDandCM.

Allthesmallrighttrianglesinthefigurearecongruent.

Hence,option1.
Example21:
LetABCDEFbearegularhexagon.WhatistheratiooftheareaofthetriangleACEtothatofthe
hexagonABCDEF?

[CAT2003ReTest]

Solution:

ABCDEFisaregularhexagon,joincentreOwithverticesA,CandE.

InquadrilateralAFEO,diagonalEAdividesitintotwoequalareatriangles.

i.e.Area(AFE)=Area(AOE)

Similarly,Area(ABC)=Area(AOC)

And,Area(CDE)=Area(COE)

Hence,option2.

REMEMBER:

Forafixedperimeter,theareaofapolygonwithhighernumberofsideswillalwaysbemore
thantheareaofapolygonwithlessernumberofsides.

So,ifanequilateraltriangle,square,regularpentagon,regularhexagonhavethesame
perimeter,thentheorderoftheirareaswillbe:

Equilateraltriangle<Square<Regularpentagon<Regularhexagon

Foranyfixedarea,theperimeterofaregularpolygonwithlessernumberofsideswillalways
bemorethanthatofaregularpolygonwithagreaternumberofsides.

Ifthecircumferenceofacircleisthesameastheperimeterofaregularpolygon,thenthearea
ofthecirclewillalwaysbemorethantheareaofthepolygon.
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Forafixedarea,theperimeterofaregularpolygonwillalwaysbegreaterthanthe
circumferenceofthecircle.

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