Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

s Water quality management or ut ion control

to maintain required quality of water poll for municipal
and irrigation uses, to preserve the environment
and ecological balance
3

Planning for Water Resources

Development
Water Resource Engineering (WRE)
WRE concerned
Utilization of water for various beneficiary purpose
Water supply, irrigation, hydropower, navigation
Water Resource Development
Water control and regulate for various purposes
Flood control, land drainage, sewerage and bridge o Development of water resources of a region requires
the conception, planning, design, construction, and

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

operation of various facilities to utilize and control of purpose to the final decision on a course of action. It
water, and to maintain water quality. includes the evaluation of alternatives by the principle
of engineering economy
o WRP is the orderly consideration of various aspects of 4

water resources engineering from the original statement

Main purposes
o Irrigation to increase the agriculture
production. Various works of irrigation are dams, reservoirs, wells,
canals, distribution systems, drainage facilities, farmland
grading, etc
o Hydroelectric powers generation of electric powers for
economic development and improving living standards. It
includes dams, forebay, surge tank, penstocks, turbines,
generators, transformer, transmission line
o 6

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Main purposes
o Flood control required for prevention or reduction of flood
damage protection areas, river regulation, recharging of water, etc.
dams, storage reservoirs, levees, flood walls,
It includes
channel improvements, floodways, flood plain zoning,
flood forecasting
o Domestic & industrial water supply to provide safe and
adequate water for domestic, industrial, commercial, municipal and
reservoirs, wells, conduits,
other uses. It includes dams,
pumping plants, treatment plants, distributionsystems

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Merits and demerits of dams

The main functions /advantages of dams and
reservoirs are:
Temporal and quantitative balancing between available water and demand.
Water storage for days, weeks, months, years, and over years for power
generation and sediment control
Water supply (municipal, industrial or community water supply, irrigation
purposes)
Flood control
Regulation/balancing of river flow (such as navigation, low flow
augmentation)

Recreation
Multipurpose 12

The main disadvantages include:

Distraction of fauna and flora in the dam valley
Interference in the landscape through dams and reservoirs
Change of ground water level

Strong

influence on
sediment
balance
Change in water temperature and quality
Influence on fish
Displacement of people from reservoir site

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14

ELEMENTS OF DAM ENGINEERING

A dam is a hydraulic structure built across a river to create a reservoir

on its up stream side for impounding by completely blocking the
valley of a given river or drainage system
Through this blockage, storage is formed, which can be
utilized for various water resources
development or water control purposes
Thus, retained body of water is RESERVOIR, the retaining structure
whether earth/rock/concrete is
the DAM
15

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Reservoirs
Functions of reservoirs in Hydraulic
Engineering
Balancing water demand and supply
Storage of water for further usage

Provision of storage: flood storage,

sedimentation storage, for industrial

sewerage, nature protection

25

Classification of reservoir and Dam

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Classification of Reservoirs
Based on use:
Storage for water supply
Storage for irrigation
Storage for hydropower
Storage for low flow augmentation
Storage for cooling water
Artificial lakes, e.g. for recreation, fish protection,
nature protection
Single or multiple purpose reservoirs
Based on storage or balancing period:

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Day, week, month, year storage Based on art of

storage: Surface storage
Subsurface storage (Caverns, Ground water) 26

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

General Characteristics of
Embankment Dams
built of soil or rock-fill or both. generally built
of locally availablematerials in
their natural state with a minimum of
processing.

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

relatively (compared with concrete dams) soft and elastic structures (non-rigid). Upstream and downstream faces are

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

similar and moderate angles, giving a wide section and a high construction volume relative to
height. 42

Loads are transmitted into the dam body, it The

foundation
resist the exerted force upon it mainly due the requirement
is less
shear strength of the soil and gravel. compared to
gravity dams,
they can be built in a wide range of foundation, however, the dam
heights depend on foundation material. Most of the dams
today (more than 60%) are embankment dams.

43

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Decked u/s asphalt membrane Earth fill dams

Gilgel Gibe Rock fill dam

This indicates type of dam constituting more

than 50% compacted earth fill.

constructed primarily of engineering soils

compacted uniformly and intensively in

relatively thin layers and at controlled moisture
contents.
They are designed to resist loads by gravity and by
mechanisms of embankment stability. They are strictly non
overflow types
46

45

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Rock fill dams

element of
compacted
earth fill or a
This indicates type of dam constituting more slender
concrete or
than 50% compacted rock fill. bituminous
membrane.
The section includes a discrete impervious Rock
fill
embankments employing a thin upstream membrane of
asphalt concrete, reinforced concrete or other non natural
material are referred to as decked rock fill dams
47

AdvantageousofED
Suitability to wide valley & steep gorges alike
Adaptabilityto wide range of foundation conditions
Use of natural materials, minimizing cost of
transportationof processed materials
Insensitive(can accommodate) to settlement
Insensitive(can withstand) to earth quake

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Simple

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

construction, effectively continuous construction & high mechanized process, less skilled labour is required
Unit cost of embankment risen much more slowly in real terms than mass concrete
Dam heightening is simple
Can be well integrated to the landscape 50

Disadvantageous of ED
spillways
Sensitive to wave action should be
constructed
separate from
Higher free board is needed (3-4m)
the dam
structure &
Overtopping is not allowed (intake structures and adequate
spillway size
should be ensured )
Erosion danger on the down stream sides unless berms are provided
Construction material and construction progress are affected by weather
Huge mass volume (large transportation, settlement)
51

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

General Characteristics of
AdvantageousofCD
Concrete Dams

Concrete dams are hard, Good for narrow valleys. Except

none yielding and rigid arc or cupola, also suitable for

wide valleys.
Smaller construction fill volume (compared to
embankments)
Construction can takes place
structures irrespectiveof weather condition
Smaller free board (1-1.5m)

Can be constructed as overflow dam, i.e.
Loads are transmitted can accommodate spillway, hence cost for
through the dam body and separate spillway reduced.
to the foundation and to the Outlet pipe work, valves and other ancillary works
abutment can be provided within the body of the dam

It requires strong and more

or less uniform rock
foundation 53 54

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Sensitive to
DisadvantageousofCD earth quake
Depending
on the dam type, its
construction is
demanding
(technical personnel,
machine
requirement,form
work)
Sensitive to settlement,
Difficult
demanding sound rock dam
foundation

heightening
(simplification by pre-stressing)
Bad interference in to
natural landscape
Completed unit costs are much higher than
embankment fills, which seldom balanced by the
much lower volumes of concrete required in a dam
of certain height.

55

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012
Dam site selection

Plan for the use of water

Width and shape of the valley
Load carrying capacity and impermeability of foundation
Seepage lose in the reservoir area

Quantity, quality and transport distance of the construction materials

Suitability for appurtenant structures (bottom outlet, intake,
58 spillway, power house) Danger due to slide, avalanche, etc
Influence on environment and landscape
Recreation value
Available storage area
Dam heightening and capacity augmentation possibilities
Cost
Social and political implications

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Chapter 1-1 4/18/2012

Purpose of the dam

dam types selection
Topography and valley shape
Foundation (stability, impermeability)
Geological condition (layers, fishers)
Required length and height of the dam
Climate Condition (ice)
Flood spillway size and location
Availability, quality (nature, state) of construction materials
Construction (Supply, transport, equipment, qualification of
Landscape
Overall Cost (economics)
Earth quake hazard
Diversion problems
Environmental consideration
69
personnel)

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30