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7. Since the body fluids of all bony fishes normally have a moderate amount of salt, this suggests that
A. their common ancestor evolved in salt water and only later did some groups invade fresh water.
B. their common ancestor evolved in fresh water and only later did some groups invade salt water.
C. they are poorly adapted to an aquatic life.
D. salt is not involved in body fluid regulation in aquatic animals.
E. they lack kidneys.
8. Which group has the highest concentration of urea in the body fluids?
A. marine bony fishes
B. freshwater bony fishes
C. cartilaginous fishes
D. reptiles
E. birds
9. Which type of animal is most likely to gain water by osmosis from its environment?
A. marine bony fishes
B. freshwater bony fishes
C. cartilaginous fishes
D. reptiles
E. birds
13. A very highly soluble nitrogenous waste, excreted into water by bony fishes, aquatic invertebrates, and
aquatic amphibians, is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
14. The main nitrogenous waste excreted by terrestrial amphibians and mammals is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
16. The main nitrogenous waste excreted by insect, reptiles, and birds is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
17. The nitrogenous waste that is produced with the least amount of energy in the process is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
18. The nitrogenous waste that is produced using the greatest amount of energy in the process is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
19. Nitrogenous waste material of an embryo that accumulates inside the eggshell of a bird or reptile is
A. urea.
B. uric acid.
C. amino acid.
D. ammonia.
E. uracil.
21. Malpighian tubules are the excretory system attached to the gut in
A. earthworms.
B. insects.
C. humans.
D. planarians.
24. Ciliated flame cells propel fluids through the excretory system in
A. earthworms.
B. insects.
C. humans.
D. planarians.
25. The Greek root word meaning "kidney" is the basis for the term(s)
A. glomerulus.
B. diuresis.
C. dialysis.
D. nephron and nephridia.
26. The Latin root word meaning "ball" is the basis for the term
A. glomerulus.
B. diuresis.
C. dialysis.
D. nephron.
27. The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has
limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one
kidney?
A. two: the renal artery and vein
B. three: the renal artery and vein and the urethra
C. three: the renal artery and vein and the ureter
D. four: the renal artery and vein and the ureter and urethra
E. five: the renal artery and vein, two ureters and one urethra
28. The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the
A. urethra.
B. ureter.
C. collecting duct.
D. proximal convoluted tubule.
E. loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).
32. Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels about the nephron?
A. renal artery, capillary bed, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, renal vein
B. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, venule, afferent arteriole, collecting duct
C. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillary bed, venule, renal vein
D. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, capillary bed, efferent arteriole, venule, renal vein
E. renal vein, venule, efferent arteriole, capillary bed, glomerulus, afferent arteriole
33. What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?
A. loop of nephronglomerular capsuleproximal convoluted tubuledistal convoluted tubule
B. glomerular capsuleproximal convoluted tubuleloop of nephrondistal convoluted tubule
C. glomerular capsuleproximal convoluted tubuleloop of nephrondistal convoluted tubule
D. proximal convoluted tubuleglomerular capsuleloop of nephrondistal convoluted tubule
E. glomerular capsuleproximal convoluted tubuledistal convoluted tubuleloop of nephron
34. The ____ capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
A. peritubular
B. glomerular
C. loop of nephron (Henle's loop)
D. collecting tubule
E. pulmonary
36. The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in post-glomerular blood as compared with that in arterial
blood because
A. protein is digested in glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
B. the kidney manufactures protein.
C. reabsorption of protein occurs.
D. as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.
E. water is a small molecule.
37. Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps (processes) involved in urine formation?
A. glomerular filtration
B. tubular reabsorption
C. countercurrent mechanism
D. tubular secretion
38. Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid) as it passes through the kidney?
A. before the glomerulus
B. after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of the nephron
C. after the loop of the nephron
D. Blood remains equally viscous at all points in the human body including the kidney nephrons.
39. The correct sequence followed by a molecule from the blood to leaving the body in the urine, with some
steps left out, is
A. ureter, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule.
B. nephron, urethra, bladder, ureter
C. Bowman's capsule, loop of the nephron (Henle), distal convoluted tubule, renal pelvis.
D. distal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, renal pelvis, ureter.
E. loop of the nephron (Henle), renal pelvis, urethra, ureter.
40. The structure that surrounds the glomerulus and serves as the first part of the nephron to receive filtrate in
the nephron is
A. distal convoluted tubule.
B. proximal convoluted tubule.
C. collecting tubule.
D. loop of the nephron (Henle).
E. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
41. Water, nutrients, and ions are moved from the glomerulus by means of
A. tubular reabsorption.
B. tubular secretion.
C. osmosis.
D. glomerular filtration.
42. Water follows sodium ions from renal filtrate into blood by means of
A. tubular reabsorption.
B. tubular secretion.
C. osmosis.
D. glomerular filtration.
43. Drugs such as penicillin are removed from the blood to the urinary filtrate by means of
A. tubular reabsorption.
B. tubular secretion.
C. osmosis.
D. glomerular filtration.
44. Nutrient molecules are taken back into the blood from the urinary filtrate by means of
A. tubular reabsorption.
B. tubular secretion.
C. osmosis.
D. glomerular filtration.
46. The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is
A. concentrated urine.
B. blood plasma minus blood proteins.
C. old bile ready for excretion.
D. glycogen and water.
E. albumin.
47. Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions, creatinine, and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted
tubule. How are these molecules moved across?
A. fluid pressure similar to what happens in the glomerulus
B. passive diffusion
C. osmosis
D. active transport
E. reverse reabsorption
48. Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because
A. the kidney stores glucose as glycogen.
B. kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport.
C. glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
D. glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney.
E. glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).
51. Which mechanism used to form urine requires a high blood pressure?
A. glomerular filtration
B. tubular reabsorption
C. tubular secretion
D. phagocytosis
E. countercurrent mechanism
52. Which of the following is NOT true about the collecting ducts?
A. They are found within the medulla.
B. Fluid enters them from the distal convoluted tubule.
C. The fluid entering them is isotonic.
D. Water diffuses out of them into the medulla.
E. The urine within them becomes hypotonic to blood.
53. Penicillin leaves the blood plasma through tubular walls and not through the glomerulus. Therefore,
penicillin is removed from the blood by the process of
A. osmosis.
B. glomerular filtration.
C. tubular secretion.
D. diffusion.
E. tubular reabsorption.
55. How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic) than the blood?
A. Urine cannot since the process is passive diffusion.
B. Reabsorption of water and salt in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more
concentrated urine.
C. All stages in the kidney involve active transport.
D. Urine can be hypertonic for small molecules if it is hypotonic for an equal number of big molecules.
E. The whole nephron is impermeable to water.
57. Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because
A. less water passes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.
B. more water is driven from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule than normal.
C. more salt is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
D. an increase in sodium ions causes more nerve stimulation and triggers urination.
E. increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.
58. The Latin root word meaning "urination" is the basis for the term
A. glomerulus.
B. diuretic.
C. dialysis.
D. nephron.
60. Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into
sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of
these molecules as they pass through a nephron?
A. All three remain in the bloodstream.
B. All three pass across to the glomerular capsule and are excreted in urine.
C. All three pass across to the glomerular capsule but the salt ions are mostly reabsorbed.
D. Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions and urea are passed across and excreted.
E. Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and
excreted.
61. All of the following statements are true about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) EXCEPT
A. It is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
B. It increases the production of urine.
C. It causes reabsorption of water from the collecting duct.
D. It is released when the osmotic pressure of the blood increases.
64. All of the following statements are true about renin EXCEPT
A. Renin is a hormone.
B. It is secreted in response to low blood pressure.
C. Its secretion may be inhibited when there is high Na+ concentration in the blood.
D. Renin converts a precursor protein into angiotensin.
66. Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure?
A. Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the more fluid and watery blood is easier to pump.
B. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.
C. Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the kidney does not have to work as hard.
D. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and the loss of nitrogenous wastes helps the heart.
E. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and salt loss and salt was bad for the heart.
68. Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption?
A. When blood volume and pressure are low, the kidney secretes renin.
B. When blood pressure is high, the heart atria secrete ANH.
C. High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.
D. Renin leads to production of angiotensin I and II and eventual reabsorption of sodium ions and water.
E. If you drink more water, the pituitary reduces ADH and more water and urine is excreted.
69. Which hormone from the adrenal cortex will cause the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more sodium
ions?
A. renin
B. angiotensinogen
C. angiotensin II
D. ADH
E. aldosterone
71. In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood, when would hydrogen ions be excreted and
bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?
A. only when the lung system is not working
B. when the blood is acidic
C. when the blood is basic
D. when the blood is neutral pH, which is not normal
E. The kidney never excretes or reabsorbs hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
75. Body builders often ingest protein supplements. Which of the following could occur?
A. an increased urea production
B. an increased water demand
C. kidney and liver stress
D. All of the choices could occur.
76. Which of the following organisms are mis-matched with their organs of excretion?
A. Planariansflame cells
B. Earthwormsnephridia
C. Malpighian tubulesreptiles
D. Kidneyshumans
78. Some invertebrates have the ability to undergo anhydrobiosis, the ability to dry up
during dry conditions.
True False
79. The kidneys filter the total volume of blood about every hour.
True False
80. Marine bony fishes acquire large amounts of salt in the water they drink, so they must get rid of it through
secretion at the gill surfaces.
True False
81. Some fishes pass from marine to freshwater environments during their life cycle but maintain the same kind
of osmotic relationship with each environment.
True False
82. The most toxic form of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals is urea.
True False
83. Humans would get very sick or die if only seawater was available to drink.
True False
84. Insects living in a dry environment may excrete nitrogenous wastes as a dry pellet of uric acid.
True False
85. The human kidney has an outer cortex, an inner medulla, and a renal pelvis which collects and stores urine
before it leaves the kidney.
True False
86. A single human kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons.
True False
87. The loop of nephron (Henle) is a site of counter-current exchange within the human kidney.
True False
88. Tubular secretion is the most important of the three distinct processes involved in urine formation in a
human.
True False
89. The hormone aldosterone, produced in the adrenal cortex, is important in maintaining sodium and potassium
balance in the blood by changing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
True False
90. The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria and microvilli to support active
transport.
True False
91. Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular
secretion.
True False
92. Blood pressure may be associated with filtration while osmotic pressure and active transport may be
associated with reabsorption.
True False
94. An animal's excretory system functions in the regulation of body fluid concentrations.
True False
95. Explain why the excretory system is important in both waste removal and osmotic balance in humans.
96. Compare the uses of uric acid, urea, and ammonia as excretory products in animals, with emphasis on the
toxicity levels and environments of the animals that use each form.
97. Describe the pathway that a molecule would follow from the time it leaves the bloodstream until it leaves
the body in the urine in a human.
98. Compare the movement of water between the body and the environment in marine bony fishes, freshwater
bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes.
99. Compare the actions of the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone in regulation of sodium and
water balance between urine and blood in humans.
Chapter 38 KEY
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. D
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. D
25. D
26. A
27. C
28. B
29. C
30. E
31. A
32. C
33. B
34. B
35. B
36. D
37. C
38. B
39. C
40. E
41. D
42. C
43. B
44. A
45. C
46. B
47. D
48. C
49. A
50. B
51. A
52. E
53. C
54. C
55. B
56. A
57. E
58. B
59. D
60. E
61. B
62. D
63. B
64. A
65. B
66. B
67. E
68. C
69. E
70. C
71. B
72. B
73. D
74. D
75. D
76. C
77. D
78. TRUE
79. FALSE
80. TRUE
81. FALSE
82. FALSE
83. TRUE
84. TRUE
85. TRUE
86. FALSE
87. TRUE
88. FALSE
89. TRUE
90. FALSE
91. TRUE
92. TRUE
93. FALSE
94. TRUE
95. Answers will vary.
96. Answers will vary.
97. Answers will vary.
98. Answers will vary.
99. Answers will vary.