CHAPTER 1
1. Suitable ruler to use in laboratory
Suggestion
Smallest size scale 0.1 cm
High accuracy
High consistency
Plastic material
Thin thickness
CHAPTER 2
2. Explain the suitability feature of arm exercise equipment.
Suggestion
Spring made of steel
Two // more spring arrange in parallel
Spring with ticker wire
Smaller diameter coil of spring
Choose large force constant spring
3. Suggest the suitable cloth , equipment and techniques to improve high jumper athlete and
suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spikes shoes
Use thicker mattress
The athlete have to sprint before jump
Athlete have to bend the body during
fall
their safety .
4. Explain the characteristic of spring to make babys cradle.
Suggestion
Choose large force constant spring
Choose large diameter of wire
Large diameter coil of spring
The spring is made of steel or alloy
The arrangement of spring is two or
more line in parallel
5. Explain the most suitable design of spring for shock absorber for motorcycles.
Suggestion
Small diameter of spring coil
Choose large diameter of wire
Force constant is more than 1000N
Higher spring constant
Small natural frequency
6. Explain the simple characteristic of the rocket than can travel with greater acceleration.
Suggestions
Choose metal with high strength and
hardness
Frame of rocket is made of low density
Explanation
More accurate
Less error in measurement
Low relative deviations
Avoid parallax error
Avoid parallax error
Explanation
Can withstand higher force
The spring system is stiffer
Wire will not easily break
The smaller the diameter coil less elastic the
spring, so the arm exercise would not so hard
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer and
not broken easily
Explanation
Less air fraction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Increase time impact , reduce impulsive force .
prevent back injury
Can increase kinetic energy
Increase the time impact , reduce impulsive force
Explanation
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer and
not broken easily.
The larger diameter the stiffer the spring is.
The larger the diameter coil more elastic the spring
is
Steel and alloy is stiffer than iron
The spring is stiffer
Explanation
Enough space for the spring
The larger the diameter the stiffer the spring
Can support motorcyclist and passenger up to
100kg
Small compression of the spring
To reduce bumping, comfortable for user
Explanations
Even under pressure the shape will not change
easily
Lighter, can increase acceleration
 metal
Multistage rocket invented Each stage has burning fuel, pump and combustion
chamber. It will slip off when fuel of each chamber
completely burn. When the mass decreases, the
acceleration increase
Rocket need to carry a tank of oxygen To enable the combustion of fuel in space
Silver color rocket Reflect light efficiently so the temperature of the
rocket will not rise
Cover the body of rocket with heat Friction between air and body will increase heat.
insulator The insulator will reduce heat conductivity
Aerodynamic shape Reduce air friction, move faster

7. Suggest and explain the build of water bottle rocket in school competition to move higher
altitude and has longer time on the air.

Suggestions Explanations
The body of rocket must be tough Do not break easily in high pressure and when
landing
Smaller mass Rocket will accelerate faster
The shape is streamline/aerodynamic Reduce air resistance
Nose cone or bullet shape on top of To improve the aerodynamic of rocket
body
45 angle of launching The rocket can travel maximum distance
The volume of water is half or 1/3 from To increase momentum and impulsive force
the whole volume
Attach 3 or 4 fins at the tail of rocket Rocket will move smooth and stable
space equally
Attach parachute will make the rocket floating and has longer time
on the air before landing//decrease the speed of
falling due to air resistance

8. Give suggestion to improve the design of jet engine so that it can be use for larger airplane at
the higher speed.

Suggestions
Increase more fuel injectors
Increase the size of the combustion
chamber
Decrease the diameter of the nozzle
Increase the speed of blade/use bigger
blade
Blade and engine made of strong
materials
Explanations
More fuel to be burnt to produce greater force
More space for fuel to burnt
Exhaust gas ejected at higher velocity
Increase the air intake
Can withstand strong pressure and wont break
easily

9. Base on the physic principle, suggest the design of roller skate track so it can be use to
oscillate skate continuously.

Suggestions
Semi circular curve shape
Smooth surface
The slope slightly increase and
decrease
Use strong material such concrete of
foundation of the track
Soft layer at the surface
Explanations
Exchange between kinetic energy and gravitational
potential easily
Reduce frictional force/easy to slide
Easy to oscillates cause by changing of energy
Withstand high impact such as high force of
jumping and landing
Reduce impulsive force when landing, low risk if
accident

10. Explain the most suitable design of motorcycle that can move fast, safe and save time in
racing.

Suggestions Explanations
Lower seat height Lower center of gravity or more stable or safer to
turn.
Bigger width of tire Bigger surface area, better support or low pressure

Less thread pattern
Smaller mass
With ABS
11. Suggest and explain how to make suitable beach motorcycle which able to move on the sand
smoothly and comfortable.
Suggestions
Deep thread patter // more definitive
pattern
Large tire (big surface contact with
ground)
Soft seat and water resistance
Excellent resistance to rusting
Attach shock absorber with higher
spring constant and small natural
frequency.
Low density body
12. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques to catch ball to prevent injury for
goalkeeper.
Suggestion
Wear glove
Use soft material for glove
Wear cloth which is made from material
with moderate specific heat capacity
Base of shoes has stud
When catching the ball, the goal keeper
should move his hand backwards
The ball should have enough air
pressure inside
13. Using physics concept, suggest and explain suitable athletes attires, running, jumping, landing
techniques and other aspects to help the long jumper can jump further.
Suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spike shoes
The athlete have to sprint before jump
The athlete have to push the body
infront while jumping
Athlete have to bent the body during
fall
14. Safety feature in car
Characteristic
The bumper of car is prone to crash
The sitting space of the passenger is
reinforced
Use safety belt
Use air bag
Antilock breaking system(ABS)
acts on the tires or more friction when breaks.
To decrease friction of tires to the road, can move
fast
Lighter, can move faster or low inertia
Motorcycle does not stop immediately or can be
controlled if direction changes or does not move
sideways or more friction with ABS
Explanations
Better grip on sand, able to move smoothly on
sand
Reduce total pressure of car, increase stability and
the car would not get stuck in the sand
Comfortable for cycles and would not get wet
easily
Everlasting. Would not rust easily
Reduce bumping, comfortable to cycle with
Lighter, would not stuck in sand
Explanations
Reduce painful of the players hands when
touching the ball with big impulsive force.
Lengthen the time impact, reduce impulsive force.
The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
sweating to maintain the temperature of player.
Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping.
This action lengthen the time impact between ball
and hand, so it reduce the impulsive force.
Shorter the time impact between foot and ball, so
impulsive force increase then the ball will has high
speed and travel far away.
Explanation
Less air friction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Can increase the kinetic energy//momentum
Increase the elastic potential energy//able to
increase longer distance of jumping
Increase the time impact, reduce impulsive force,
less injured
Explanation
It will increase the time impact, the impulsive force
will reduce
To protect the passenger
During collision, safety belt will hold the
passengers from thrown infront due to inertia
Will inflate when accident occurs, the driver safe
from hitting steering
Allow car to stop quickly on slippery road and
 prevent from skidding
Strong steel struts Give good protection from side on collision
Tire with tread Can stays contact with road, prever slippery

15. Explain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry liquid, such as petrol

Suggestion
The load of lorry should be divided into
many smaller tank
The load must be tied
Far gap distances between tractor and
trailer
Use more tire for lorry
Small belt behind lorry
Use antilock break system (ABS)
Explanation
To reduce effect of inertia
So it will no fall of from the lorry
Prevent collision between tractor and trailer, easier
when turning
Pressure will be separate to all tires, able to carry
more loads. Lower pressure better support and
stability
To discharge spark, safety reason to prevent from
burning the petrol
The lorry can stop easily without skidding

16. Explain the design of and how kayak which can travel faster and safer.

Suggestion Explanation
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of body Reduce water resistance
Smooth surface body /coated with wax Reduce friction of body towards water
Low density material Lighter , easier to float, easy to carry and sail
faster
Strong material body and peddle Everlasting , not easily broken
Wider peddle surface Greater force because more water are peddled up
Wear safety jacket Passenger can float and safe if they fall into water.

17. Give suggestion to design a sail boat which can travel faster and smooth.

Suggestion Explanation
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of Reduce water and air resistance,can increase
board lifting
Smooth surface board/coated with wax Reduce friction toward water
Low density material Lighter, easier to float and sail faster
Strong material Withstand strong wind, not easily damage
Wider sail Greater lifting force because more wind are
captured

18. Modified the ship that can carry more and heavier load, move faster and safe while travelling.

Suggestion Explanation
Strong material Can withstand great force
Low density material Light weight
Has more than two stage,plimsoll line Safe to travel on the fresh and salt water
Big size Can place more goods
Aerodynamic/streamline shape Reduce water friction.
Waterproof sail Sail would not get e=wet easily.

19. Suggest how to increase the safety for motorbike racer to reduce injuries / accident

Suggestion Explanation 20.

Use helmet To protect the head A
Use helmet with hard outer casing and Helmet reduce head injuries in a crash by
soft inner liner spreading the impact with hard outer casing and
absorb energy with soft inner linear of styrofoam
Use safety jacket To protect the from injuries , cut ,burn
Use gloves To protect the hand
Use padded leathers suit Will soften any impact and protect the skin from
abrasion
n earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at a high velocity and reaches a
high temperature. This is caused by the earths gravitational force and air resistance.Using the
appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs or ways to protect the
satellite and its equipment:
 Suggestion Explanation
Aerodynamic shape To reduce air resistance
Heat shield / material that is hard to To protect the capsule
burn
High melting point //ceramic Do not melt
Landing in water // air bag Increase time of impact// Reduce impulsive force
Light material / / small mass // low -Reduce the inertia // -reduce the momentum //
density -reduce impuls
Paracute / /Retro rocket To reduce speed
Hard material // stiff composite Not easy to bend

21. Explain how you would design the pile driving system.[the ram hammer is lifted to a height by
the crane and allowed to fall on the pile.

Modification Reason
Large hammer weight Large momentum when it hit the pile
Ram hammer made from hard material Not break easily/last longer
such as alloys
Hammer raised at higher position Inrease the gravitational potential energy
Stronger End of the top of the concrete To avoid break at the top couse by the hammer
pile
Sharp End of the bottom of the To increase the pressure
concrete pile

CHAPTER 3

22. Efficient brake system

Suggestions Explanations
Type of liquid: oil Uncompressible
Thickness of brake line :high To counter the high pressure from the liquid
The ratio of cross sectional area for To produce larger force on wheel piston
wheel piston and master piston :high
The chosen of type of brake for front Disc brake is more efficient than drum brake
rear wheel:
Front wheel - disc
Rear wheel - drum

23. Explain the design of hydrometer which can be use to determine a wide range of densities of
liquid.

Suggestions Explanations
Small stem and long Increase sensitivity where the scale division are far
apart so that small changes in density can be
detected
Glass wall Do not erode and small adhesive force
Large diameter of bulb High up thrust / displaces more liquid / able to float
easily
Scale can be made bigger or smaller Ability to measure a wide range of densities of
than the density of water.[calibration] liquids.
- The hydrometer is floated in
alcohol. The liquid level at the
stem is marked (upper level)
- Then, the hydrometer is floated
in higher density liquid like
mercury and marked (lower
level)
Lead shots Hydrometer can stay upright
24. Describe the suitable design to build mobile tent for Sure Heboh event which will be construct
at open space for a week. Using appropriate physics concept, suggests and explain.

Suggestion Explanation
Choose low density metal for frame Light weight and strong
Use hollow rod which can assemble easily Hollow rod is not heavy, but equally strong,
easy to mobile anywhere, faster to build, can
reduce the cost of construction and transport
Water proof canvas If raining, would not getting wet
Anti rust rod Can withstand rain and long lasting
Sharp end rod Small surface area, so higher pressure to
ground, yet the tent can be planted into ground
firmly and stand still

25. Explain the necessary modification for the structure of dentist chair for children that are
suitable and save for the adult.

Suggestion
Increase the cross-sectional area of big
piston and decrease the cross-sectional
area of small piston
The wall of pipe is made up of strong alloy
to hold the fluid
Change the less control into electric touch
control
The surface area of the seat enlarged
Use non-corrosive oil in jack
Explanation
To increase the output force acting on big piston
/ to lift havier adult / to increase force multiplier
of system
To withstand the strong pressure that might
cause cracking in the channel
To lift or lowered the chair to the desire weight
more easily and safety
To support the people with the large bodies
So that the wall of the pipe will not be controlled
and cause leakage

26. Explain the build and design of hot air ballon wich can fly higher altitude faster and suggest
some safety aspect.

Suggestion Explanation
Large ballon Produce bigger buoyant / upthrust force,
increase the volume of air displacement
Many hot air burner Heat up the gas inside faster
Synthetic nylon ballon Air proof, light weight and strong material
Gas temperature is high Reduce the density of air in ballon
Total of mass is low Ballon move upward faster
Rattan basket Longer the time impact, reduce the impulsive
force to passanger when landing
Fly on early morning or late afternoon The temperature outside the ballon is cooler
compare to the inside of ballon, so the ballon
will rise higher

27. Explain the basic structure of small submarine that can be use for underwater exploration.

Suggestion Explanation
Strong material Does not break easily
Aerodynamic shape Reduce water resistance
Thick wall Water pressure increase with depth
High density materials Increase mass / can submerge easily
Ballast tank To increase or reduce weight
Sonar transmitter and receiver To estimate and depth

28. Suggest the design of submarine which can submerge and float in the sea.

Suggestion
Ballast tank are partially filled with water
Aerodynamic // streamline body
Use hard and stiff materials for body
Attach periscope
Use nuclear power sources to generate
power
Explanation
The submarine will partially float
To reduce water resistance
To overcome the pressure of water in the sea
To view surrounding area when submarine float
Cheap and lasting power
29. Explain the characteristic of material to be use for making the sole of jungle trekking shoes.
Suggestion
Rubber sole
Low density
Many stud
Low expansion effect
Excellent ability of stretch
30. Using physics concept, explain necessary deep sea diving suit and other accessory to carry.
Suggestion
Choose strong helmet with thick metal and
glass to cover head
Use thick glass in front of diver face
Use water proof suit and able to withstand
pressure
Bring along gas containing mixture of
oxygen
Use very heavy suit
31. Modified the passanger airplane to cargo airplane that needs to carry more laod, less use of
fuel, effenciency and safety to travel.
Suggestion
Increase the size of the body
Increase the length of the wing
Increase the thickness of the body
Use a more powerful engine
Increase the number of tyres
Protective bar between the cabin and the
pilot
Pilot has ejected seat during emergency
32. Design Vacuum Cleaner
Suggestion
Large fan driven
Powerfull of lectric motor
Narrower inlet opening
Using a very large filter to block dust
particles while allowing air moleculs to pass
through
Larger spaced for depositing and collecting
the dust particles
33. Design paint sprayer
Suggestion
Large size of air vessel
Rubber material for the vessel
Narrow shape of the tube
Fibre glass material for the rod
Size of nozzle is narrow at the end
34. Design hidraulic jack
Explanation
Good impact absorber
Light weight
Give extra grip
Not loose easily
Comfortable to feet, foot can move unstressed
Explanation
To withstand high pressure of water and protect
the head
Enable the diver to see surrounding and at the
same time able to withstand the pressureof
water
Due to depth, the pressure under water is very
high
To provide oxygen to diver for breath
The diver enable to stand on the floor of ocean
and able to fight buoyancy of water
Explanation
To increase the space
To increase the upthrust
To stand higher pressure difference
To overcome bigger inertia and do more work
per unit time
To support higher mass or pressure while
landing
To prevent moving object to knock at the pilot
while landing
To save the pilot if plane crash happened
Explanation
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the spped and amaunt of airflows
Inrease the velocity/decrease air pressure
To have a lots of surface area and many pores
for air to flow through
Ensure that the air flows through the filter is
not block by too many dust particles
Explanation
Compress more air/can exert large pressure
More elastic/easier to squeeze
Air can move with high speed
Stronger and last longer
The paint can be sprayed evenly
 Suggestion Explanation
Bigger crossectional area of slave piston(big Produced higher force
piston)
Small crossectional area of master Less forced is needed/produced bigger
piston(small piston) pressurre
Longer handle Less forced is needed to press small
piston(master piston)
Low density of a body Lighter
Oil for liquid Non-compressable
Release valve between small and main Liquid can flows into small reservoir easily
reservoir(reset) when push the reset button.

35. Design hydrometer

Suggestion Explanation
Bulb with lead shot at the lower section To submerge the hydrometer and not overturn
Cylinder with bigger diameter at the bottom not overturn/increase stability
Cylinder with smaller diameter at the upper A small reading scale can be
section incorporated/inrease the sensitivity
Smaller scale inrease the sensitivity
Filled with air Inrease the beyoncy force
Glass wall Not corrode easily

CHAPTER 4

36. Most suitable design of thermometer to use in Antarctica

Suggestion Explanation
Use alcohol as liquid in glass thermometer Freezing point of alcohol is -115oC .So , it will
not freeze at low temperature
Use thin wall of bulb So it will sensitive to the change of heat
Use small diameter of capillary tube Alcohol can expand at high rate for the small
change in temperature
Use thick glass wall The loss of heat to surrounding is small
Use round glass stem Can act as magnifying glass , so the alcohol
level can be seen clearer

37. Most suitable design of clinical thermometer

Suggestion
Use mercury
The scale range from 35oC to 42oC
Small diameter of capillary tube// extra fine
bore tube
Use thin glass wall of bulb
Use round glass stem and wall
Explanation
Easy to read because it colour and opaque
To measure human body heat
Mercury can expand at high rate for a small
change in temperature
Sensitive to change of temperature
Can act as ,magnifying glass. So, mercury can
be seen clearly

38. Explain the design and the characteristics of the cooking pan

Suggestion
Base is made of a copper
High density of base
Body is made of aluminium
Handle is made of wood or plastic
Choose low density material for handle
Transparent pot cover
Explanation
Copper has a lower heat capacity it become hot
very quickly
Heavier base make the pot stable and not topple
over easily
Low specific heat capacity becomes hot very
quickly but it low density make it overall weight
of weight lighter
High specific heat capacity so the handle do not
become hot . Safe
Does not add much to the total weight of pot
Able to cooker to see the food. Food cover will
trap the heat

39. Suggest and explian the design of water heater to boil a large quantity of water faster ,efficient
and safely
 Suggestion Explanation
Use tungsten High melting point,high heat energy
Coiled Longer wire,increase the resistance
High melting point Not easy to melt at high temperature
Lower rate of rusting Does not get rust easily
Use thermostat When temperatures reach 100 Celsius, the
water heater will automatically turn off

40. Determine the modification to be made for container,so the cut fruit will keep cool, remain
fresh and easily seen by customers.

Suggestion
Use container with high specific heat
capacity
Place small ice packet below the bottom of
the cut friuts
Add salt to the packet of ice
White wall colour of container
The container has double wall
Transparent wall of container in front of
customer
Explanation
Able to slow down the loss of heat from the
container
The cut fruits is chill and juicy, ice able to
absorb a large amount of latent heat when
melt
Foreign matter will increase the freezing point
of ice, so this will slow down the ice from
melting
Can avoid absorbtion of heat from the
surrounding
Avoid heat from surrounding transferred easily
to container. The inside container remains cool
The customer can see and choose the cut fruits
easily

41. Investigate the most suitable liquid that can be use as coolant for car engine using physics
concept.

Suggestion
Low freezing point liquid
High boiling point liquid
High specific heat capacity liquid
Low ability to react with metal
Explanation
Will not freeze easily during winter weather
Do not easily boil when absorbing heat from
the engine
Can transfer large contain of heat with a small
rise in temperature. Able to cool up the engine
The metal part of the engine will not corrode
easily

42. Most suitable thermometer for laboratory to measure the temperature of ice and boiling point
of water

Suggestion Explanation
Size of the bulb is small Does not need a lot of heat to heat up the
mercury to expand
Use thin wall of bulb So it is sensitive to change of heat
Use mercury Freeezing point of the mercury is -39 degree
celsius and boling point 357 degree celsius .
Able to has a range from -10 to 110 degree
Celsius. Mercury can expand a high rate for
small change of temperature
Use thin wall capillary Able quick heat transfer from the surrounding
to the mercury. So, the thermemeter is more
sensitive
Has minimum size scale with small Making thermometer a sensitive instrument
division

43. Modified and explain the design of an efficient solar water-heating system on the roof.

Suggestion
Pipe embedded in plate must be long
Use metal pipe as pipe inside the plate
Explanation
Longer pipe will has greater surface area
which can absorb heat faster
Metal is good heat conductor , so heat will
easily transmit to water
 Use insulator behind the absorber panel Insulator will prevent the heat loss
Use black absorber panel Black is good heat absorber
Cover the top of the panel with glass Heat will trap inside due to green house effect
Put the tank at higher level To give higher pressure

44. Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use in science month competition at your
school to boil 500ml water in short time.

Suggestion Explanation
Build the solar cooker with shiny// silver The light will reflect to the cooker and heat up
colour reflector inside the water
Use metal cooker Good conductor
Paint the outside part of the solar cooker To absorb
and the cooker ( contain water ) with
black colour
Wrap the cooker with plastic or glass Avoid heat from release to sorrounding
To trap heat, the temperataure will To absorb heat, the water boil faster
increase

45. Suggest the design of heating system in the house and characteristics of heating agent. The
house use central heating system with boiler, radiator and pipelines.

Suggestion
Use strong material
Use metal pipe with good heat conductor
Increase length of cooling coil
Use greater boiling point liquid
Low rate of rusting material
The bigger size of radiator fan
Pipe in coil structure is used
Explanation
Not easily break
Increase the rate of heat transfer
Can transfer the heat faster to surrounding
Liquid not easily change into vapour
Long lasting, not easily rust
Can blow and cool down larger area
Increase the time of floe and increase the
quantity of haet transferred.

46. Suggest the characteristic of material to build food container which can keep the food
warm.

Suggestion
Food container should made of low
density material
Melting point of container should be
high
Specific heat capacity should be high
Thermal conductivity is low.i
Double wall
Explanation
Lighter , the container able to be move from
one place to another.
To prevent the container from melting up
when hot food is store inside
So the container will not get hot easily. Safe
to touch and handle.
Good heat insulator , to ensure the heat not
loss and the food remain hot.
To prevent hest loss.

47. Explain the characteristic and design of thermos flasks to maintain hot water.

Suggestion Explanation
Use hollow plastic stopper Able to trap air as air is poor heat
conductor.so,less heat loss through stopper.
Vacuum space Prevent heat loss through conduction or
convection
Has double wall Has vacuum in between heat not easier pass
through the wall of thermos.
Double walled tube coated with shiny Shiny surface reflect heat from the wall of
paint thermos flasks back to water.so the water
remain hot.
Double walled made of glass Glass is bad conductor.it will reduce heat loss.

48. Explain how the design of radiator of the car and characteristic of cooling agent which can
absorb heat at short time,

Suggestion Explanation
Increase the length/area of cooling coil Can transfer the heat faster to the surrounding
Increase the number of fin blades Can cool down faster
 Use larger fan Can cool down larger area
Use cooling agent liquid with greater It wont boild easily in high temperature
boiling point
Use cooling agent liquid with higher Able to absorb large amount of heat
specific heat capacity

CHAPTER 5

49. Determine and explain in the build of magnifying glass to be use for enlarging the image of
stamp

Suggestion Explanation
Choose convex lens The image will magnify
Excellent clarity of lens The image is clearer
Small focal length Able to focus nearer
Medium diameter of lens Able to be hold by hand to identify the stamps
The object is place less distance than The image form is magnify, virtual and upright
focal length

50. Explain the suitability of the mirror that be use in shop to watch over the customer

Suggestion Explanation
Use convex mirror Wider field of view
Greater reflectivity of material Clearer image
Choose a bigger size of mirror Enable wider view and sharper image
Place the mirror at the corner of shop Easier to look at and wont disturb the
ceiling customer pathway
Low density Lighter to hang up

51. Design fibre optic

Suggestion Explanation
Use refractive index of outer layer is less So that total internal reflection can happen in
than the refractive index of inner layer the fiber optic.
Use high flexibility material so that it can be bend easily
Use strong material do not break easily
Use thin material Lighter // can be use in small area
Low density material Lighter

52. Determine and explain the build of microscope using lens P and Q with focal length of 15 cm
and 5 cm respectively. Suggest modification that need to be done to get brighter ang bigger
image.

Suggestion
P as eye piece and Q as objective lens
Fo < u <2fo
Adjusted so that u < fe
Distance between lenses > fo + fe
Store in a cool and dry place
Use more powerful// shorter focal length
lenses
Use a lamp near the object// use bigger
diameter of objective lens
Explaination
Focal length of P is longer than Q
To produce real, inverted and magnified image
To produce virtual. Inverted and bigger image//
to acts as a magnifying glass
To produce bigger image from the eyepiece // to
increase the magnification
To avoid formation fungus at the lenses
To produce bigger image
To produce brighter image

53. Explain the suitable characteristic of the mirror to be use as outdoor safety mirror at the corner
of the road

Suggestion Explanation
Use convex mirror Wider field of view
Excellent weather resistance Able to withstand bad weather
Excellent impact resistance of material Save cost, everlasting
Bigger size mirror To enable a wider view and sharper image
 Greater reflectivity of material
Place at the sharp road corner , at
bending road
Small roof
54. Detemine and explain the build of Astro disc using appropriate physics concepts.
Suggestion
Choose convex curve parabolic
All signal are focus on focal point
Smooth surface of disc
Locate the disc at high and facing towards
satellite
Clean surface of disc, no water drop or dirt
55. Modified the slide projector that need to be place in school hall and can be seen by many
student with clearer image.
suggestion
Use higher power bulb
The filament of the bulb is at the focus
point of the concave mirror
More curvature
Lens between f and 2f
Increase the distance or further away the
screen
Electric fan operates during and after the
lamp is switches on
Use condenser mirror
Use a concave mirror instead of plane
mirror
Place the filament at centre of curvature
of the converging mirror // use high
powered lens
Use heat filter
56. Determine and explain the build of telescope using lens J and K with lens K is thicker than lens J
which produce bigger and clearer image.
Suggestion
C hoose lens K as eyepiece lens
Lens K is thicker than lens J
Choose lens J as objective lens
Use bigger diameter lens as objective
lens
Use low power convex lens as the
objective lens
Use high power convex lens as the eye
lens
Use bigger diameter of objective lens
CHAPTER 6
Clearer image even in bad weather
To minimize from accident occur, to enable
motorist see the oncoming traffic
Protect from rain drop for better image
Explanation
The signals come can be focus at one point
Better reception
Better reflection
No obstacle, better signal
Better reflection, almost 100% reception
receive by feed horn
Explaination
Higher intensity of light or more light produced
The light focuses at one point. // parallel ray
can be obtained after reflection by concave
mirror
More light to be reflected (upward) // less light
toward other direction other than upward
To produce real ang enlarge or bigger images
Larger image produced
Cooling system to stabilized the temperature
(heat energy produced by filament bulb) to
increase the projector lifetime
To concentrate more light to the slide
Focus the light directly to the lens // increase
the intensity og light
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect
back on the same path // increase the intensity
of light toward the transparency // to get
brighter image
To absorb excess heat to the transparency
Expalanation
Light ray is refracted more in lens K than
lens J, focal length of lens K is shorter than
lens J
Therefore the thickerthe lens, the greater
the refraction of light and with that the
shorter the focal length of a lens will be
Characteristics of objective lens for telescope
is
Has larger surface area which allow
more light enter
Has a longer focal length
Magnification of telescope =f0/fe
Low power lens has a longer focal length ,fo
higher, magnification higher
High power lens has a shorter focal length,fe
higher, magnnification higher
More light permitted to enter the telescope
and a clearer image is seen
57. Design a good beach
Suggestion
near the bay
High retaining walls
Wall from concrete
Concrete barrier structure with a gap
Tambak laut supaya lebih cetek
More number of tree
Uneven surface of retaining wall
58. Suggest and explain how ordinary fishing boat can be upgrade to the new boat which complete
equipment to detect the crowd of fish.
Suggestion
Attach radar system to the ship
a) Ultrasonic transmitter
a) Microfone reciever
b) CRO
Use ultrasonic wave
Use high energy wave
59. Explain the suitable design or method to build quality concert hall.
Suggestion
Cover the hard wall with soft board or
thick curtain
Place the wall with hole or egg carton
design
Fixed 2 loud speaker in concert hall
Arranged the sit at antinodal place
Use glass or mirror hall which is the type
which are not easily broken
Use special computer to generate sound
wave which produce destructive
inteference
60. Explain the suitable design of retaining wall to protect the ship at the harbor
Suggestion
Build concrete retaining wall
Retaining wall should be curved and
uneven surface
Build retaining wall in front of the bay
Retaining wall has gap
The gap at retaining wall is
narrow( smaller than wave length)
There are slope at the bottom of retaining
wall
Retaining wall should be build higher
Build the jetty at bay
Explanation
divergence of the waves energy /calmer
Over flow
To reflect the waves from the shore
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the
shore
reduce erosion are built
Waves passing through the gap will be
diffracted in the childrens area.
-reduce amplitude
Reduce speed
Diffraction occur will reduce tha amplitude
Reduce energy
Explanation
This equipment needs to detect crowd of fish
and for measurement the depth of the crowd
of fish
-Use to produce ultrasonic pulses
To detect ultrasonic pulses
-To measure the depth of fish by calculating
d=vt/2; d=depth, v=velocity, t=time
-Ultrasound not produce sound
-Ultrasonic wave has higher frequency, more
energy, so it can move further
The penetrating power is higher
Explanation
Soft surface can absorb sound and reduce
reflection of sound
Can reduce reflection of sound so sound will
be clearer/reduce echo
Loud speaker can act as coherent sources for
constructive inteference
Strong sound can be heard
Sound with high frequency might break the
glass
Audience can enjoy better presentation
without disturbance
Explaination
Can withstand impact of the wave, difficult to
crack
Prevent reflection of wave back to the ship
The wave are calmer at thr region
Diffraction will occur
The greater the curvature of wavefront will
occur. Amplitude after passing gap is smaller
At shallow region, the wavelength of wave is
smaller, so the velocity of the wave smaller
To ensure no spill over of wave
The wave at bay is calmer
61. Explain the characteristics of parabolic radar system to detect signal from satellite
communication.

Suggestion
Large diameter size of parabolic disc
Type of wave transmited is Microwave
The distance of the signal receiver from
the centre of parabolic disc is the same as
the focal length
Place parabolic disc higher from the
ground
Place parabolic disc at clearplace
Explanation
Able to receives more electric signal
Has high frequency, high energy, short
wavelength so it is easy to be reflected
The signal can be focus to the centre of the
parabolic disc
The signal with not be block by trees or
anything and the signal easy to be detected
No signal disturbance

CHAPTER 7

62. Suggest the suitable lamp that can be use in the library, cheaper yet become the room
brighter

Suggestion Explanation
Lamp with parallel circuit If any lamp were burn out, others can still be
used
Attach shiny reflector Can reflect light more, no need to install more
lamp, the room will become brighter.
Low power lamp Safe cost
High efficiency lamp // fluorescent The room looks brighter
Long life span lamp No need to replace often
Low price lamp Save money

63. Explain the modification of menthol bulb lamp to efficient lamp to be use in study room.

Suggestion
Use the fluorescent lamp not a
filament bulb
Bigger cover with white colour
Use the adjustable stand or portable
Connect with the earth wire
Use an energy saver lamp
Explanation
Fluorescent lamp use less power and economic
(consume less power) compare to filament bulb.
Less reflection on eyes and absorb less heat
energy and good heat reflector
The height of the lamp can be adjusted can be
used anywhere
Avoid short circuit and damage on the bulb
Produce same brightness with less power
consumption

64. Suggest the suitable design of fuse to protect an electrical equipment which is label
240V,2400W

Suggestion Explanation
Thin fuse wire Less space/to carry a limited electrical current/less
mass hence low heat capacity/shorter time to
heat up to melting point and blow
Ceramic cartridge Can withstand higher temperature because spark
created by high voltage.240V can be huge
Fuse rating is 13A Maximum rating must be sligthly higher than
normal current
Low melting point For fast blow/melting faster when excessive
current flow/easy to cut the current flow
Low specific heat capacity The fuse wire easily heated,melt and break the
circuit
Metal is used Good electric conductor
Resistance to oxidation Does not interface with other function

65. You have to choose one of the cables to be used in the National Grid Network. Explain the
suitability of each of the characteristics of the cables.

Suggestion Explanation
Diameter should be large To reduce the resistance of the cable
density should be low The cables will be lighter and can be
 supportedsecurely
The rate of expansion should be low So thre is less expansion and less sagging in the
cables during hot days
The melting point should be high So the cables does not melt in high temperature

66. Explain the characteristic of electric pylon and the cable taht been use for electric transmission

Suggestion Explanation
Material: steel alloy Strong,will not break easily
V shape steel alloy Not too heavy
Trust and supprt join Can support bigger weight
Made from small diameter and laminated Reduce addy current
wire
Cable made from low density material Cable is not heavy/ light weight

67. Investigate the characteristic of electric oven that can toast more cupcakes at less time

Suggestion
The space inside oven is build bigger
Increase the number of resistance heater
at the top and bottom
The wall is made of good insulator
Fix a fan inside the oven
Internal space of oven is painted silver
Fix the step up transformer
Explanation
It can fil up 180 slices of bread
So it can supply enough heat
Tyhe heat will not lost to surrounding
Heat energy releaswed can spread uniformly
in oven
So the heat will radiated at wall and reflected
back completely
Oven can receive higher voltage and can
function with higher power

68. Explain the designof electric kettle

Suggestion Explanation
Material of heating is made from nichrome To produces high heat energy
High number of loop To increase surface area so that more heat is
released
Use high power To produce more heat energy in the coil
High melting point coil Nit easy melt under high temperature
Low rate of rusting Does not get rust easily
Use thermostat When temperatures reach 100oC
3 plug in If short circuit the overload current flows to
earth(for safety reason)

69. Design incubator used to hatch eggs

Suggestion Explanation
Parallel circuit When one bulb damage the another bulb still
function/heat can distributed uniformly
Multi storey rack More eggs can be arranged
Using fan heat can distributed uniformly
Bulb with same brigthness and heat can distributed uniformly
power
Using alarm To ensure that correct timing is employed in the
hatching of eggs

70. Design circuit for cabin or house

Suggestion Explanation
connected in parallel Allow each electric appliances to be switched on
and off independently
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse To stop the flow of current by melting when a
box high voltage of electric current flows through the
circuit // switches itself off very quickly if the
current exceeds e.g. 15A (for 15A mcb)
Earth connection to the metal case of Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault
electrical appliances occurs and a current flows through the live wire
 and the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will
blow and cut off the supply. It will protect a person
who may touch a faulty or live appliance
Use low power lamps / install To save the energy
fluorescent lamp
Regularly cleaning and removing dust To save the energy
from the air filters of air conditioners//
Do not put more water in a kettle
than needed for hot drinks

CHAPTER 8

71. Suggest modification that need to be done on dc motor to increase efficiency of the motor.

Suggestion
Low density material
Increase the number of
turns in the coil
Use high strength of
magnets/ Add more
magnets
More segments
Increase the magnitude of
current
Explanation
Coil hass smaller mass/ lighter
Can increase magnitude of force/ higher electromagnetic field
strength
Increase the strength of magnetic field
Coil rotates smoothly
Can increase the magnitude of force/ can increase the
strength of magnetic field

72. Investigate the design and the characteristic to improve the efficiency of transformer.

Suggestion Explanation
Use soft iron core Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Laminated core Less eddy current or reduce energy lost
Use thick wire Reduce the resistance or more current flow
Use copper wire to make coil Low resistance or reduce the lost of heat
Wind the secondary coil on top of the Reduce leakage of field lines
primary coil

73. How to design a moving coil ammeter that can function better and able to detect small change
of current?

Suggestion
Use stronger magnet
Use curve magnet or concave
Use cylindrical core
Use soft iron core
Use linear scale
The sensitivity of moving coil
galvanometer can be increased
by increasing the strength of the
radial magnetic field
Using hairspring of lower
stiffness
Use lighter pointer
Use a coil of a lighter mass
Increase the area of coil
Explanation
Strong magnetic field or larger rotation
Produce radial magnetic field/to get linear scale
To supply uniform magnetic field
To concentrate the magnetic field
The angle of rotation is linear
Increase the force between the current carrying coil and
magnetic field
Smaller opposing force to stop turning of coil
Smaller inertia easier to move
Smaller inertia able to move easily
More changes of magnetic flux,a bigger force are
produce

74. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply.

Suggestion Explanation
Use step down transformer Able to reduce voltage
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Use four diodes Full wave rectification
Full wave rectifier To convert au current to dc current
Using a capacitor To smooth output current (steady direct current

CHAPTER 9
75. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply

Suggestion Explanation
Use step down transformer Able to reduce voltage
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Use four diodes Full wave rectification
Full wave rectifier To convert au current to dc current
Using a capacitor To smooth output current (steady direct
current

76. Consult and modified the automatic switch light (diagram A) above which can switch on at
night and switch off during morning to be automatic switch on fire alarm when there are fire ,
explain using diagram and the function of component.

Suggestion Explanation
Change R1 to termistor Thermistor can be detect heat from fire
Change LED with alarm// siren Able to produce sound of alarm if fire is
detected
Change LDR with R1 During fire, R1 has greater resistance compare
to LDR so, no current flow
When the temperature is high, the resistance of thermistor is low. This will increase the voltage
acroos R1. So, currnt will flow to the base of transistor , than the transistor is switch on followed by
greater increase in collecter current. The alarm will switch on.

12V,24W

77. Suggest the modification need to be done to the circuit in Diagram C so that it can function as
automatically fire alarm switch that need high voltage.

Suggestion Explanation
Replace LDR with thermistor To detect heat when temperature is high
Replace bulb with siren/bell To produce sound
Connect relay switch to output transistor To switch on the siren
Interchange the position of resistor R and To increase base voltage//voltage across
thermistor R//base current
Use 240 V power supply Siren is function as high voltage

78. Modified the circuit 240V and Np = 4000 turns circuit to switch on 12V d.c radio.

Suggestion Explanation
Step-down transformer Capable of reducing potential difference /
voltage
Ratio of turns 20 :1 // 240:12 Np = 4000 Reduce potential difference 240V to 12V
turns and Ns = 200 turns
Using four diodes Full wave retification
Using a capacitor To smooth out output current // produce
output to steady direct current.

79. Moving coil microphone

 Suggestion
use thin diaphragm
Use strong material
More number of turns of coil
Thicker diameter of wire of coil
Using more powerful magnet
Explanation
Easy to vibrate
Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //
The magnitude of the induced current or is also
increased
reduce the resistance of the coil
to increase the strength of the magnetic
field.//Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage//The magnitude of the induced current or
induced electromotive force is also increased

CHAPTER 10

80. Explain the suitability of characteristic of radioisotopes to be used as treatment in brain tumor
radiotherapy?

Suggestion Explanation
Short half life Radioactive is dangerous substance,
short half lfe can decay faster
Gamma ray radiation Gamma can kill cancerous cell and can
penetrate skin of patient
Low ionozing power Minimum damage to tissue organ
Liquid state of matter Easy to dissolve
High penetrating power Can penetrate easily

81. Suggest and explain the safety ways, which are required when handling radioactive substance.

Suggestion Explanation
Use thick lead box Radioactive rays evem gamma cannot pass
through
Use forceps / robotic hand Avoid direct touch
Wear photographic film Able to detect exposure radiations
Wear plumbum safety suit To protect the body from expose to radiation
Use siren Faster warning when leakage
Packed into concrete drum and buried Prevent the radioactive waste discharge to
underground environment
Always place GM detector nearby To detect the amount of radioactive nearby,
for safety
Label the radioactive container with Easy to detect radioactive substance
symbol

82. Explain the suitability of characteristic odf radioisotope to be use in controliing the population
of pest

Suggestion Explanation
Use gamma ray Able to mutate the insect
Solid state of matter Easy to handle
Long half life Last longer
High penetrating power Able to penetrate thick object/material
High ionizing power Able to change// mutate the biology of insect

83. . Explain the suitability of characterisitc of radioisotopes to be used in th trace of water

pipeline.

Suggestion Explanation
Short lhalf life Radioactive is dangerous substance, short half
life can decay faster
Few hour half life - Enough time for worker to detect the
pipe leakage
- Radioactive uis dangerous
Beta particle or Gamma ray radiation Can penetrate pipe and soil, can be detected
Liquid state Can be inject and dissolve into water

84. Suggest the design of nuclear reactor.

 Suggestion Explanation
Use uranium-235 Use as nucler fuel
Nuclear fission A lot of heat will produce
Boron or Cadmium rad use as control rods To control the rate of nuvlear fission and to stop
the radiation
Use moderator (graphitr) To slow the motion of neutron to the best reaction
rate. So the rate of nuclear fission can be
controlled
Bulid thick concrete wall Lead or thick concrete wall can prevent the
escape of radioactive rays, keep the radiation
inside the reactor
Coarbon dioxide or water is use as coolong To remove heat of reaction for turbine generator.
agent This produce steam as heat carrier
Use steam To turn the turbine and able to generate current

85. Explain the suitability of charactersitic of radioisotopes to be used in sanitiza medical equip,ent

Suggestion Explanation
Gamma ray Able to kill ant virus/ bacteria
Longer half life No need to change radioactive frequently
Silid state of matter Easy to handle
High penetrating power Able to penetrate any equipment to sanitize

86. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be used in detecting the position of
blood clot in veins (Deep vein thrombosis)

Suggestion Explanation 87.

Use liquid state of matter Able to inject into patient body, dissolve easily E
Short half life Active in body in short time
Use beta ray Able to penetrate skin
Low ionizing power Minimum damage to tissue organ

xplain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in the trace of blockage in the
kidney patient.

Suggestion Explanation
Use Iodine-123 Used as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate
the anatomic and physiologyc function
Gamma ray Able to penetrate trough body, bones and be
detected
Low energy Do not cause serious damage in cells
Liquid state of matter Easy to inject to patient body
Short half life Active in body in short time

88. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of
paper in factory
Suggestion Explanation
Long half life Can be used for long time, no need to replace
frequently so, it save cost
Beta ray Can penetrate paper and be detected
Solid state of matter Easy to handle

89. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of
aluminium sheet in factory.

Suggestion Explanation
Long half life Can be used for long time, no need to replace
frequently7 so, it save cost
Gamma ray Can be penetrate aluminium sheet and be
detected
Solid state of matter Easy to handle, does not spill
MAKING DECISION-SECTION C
90. The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables. You are
assigned to study the characteristics of cables which could be used as transmission cable.
Table 12 shows the characteristics of four transmission cables. Determine the most suitable
transmission cable to be used and give reasons for your choice.
Resistivity /m-
Cable 1 Density / kg m-3
Cost Rate of thermal expansion

P 3.0 x l0-7 5 x l05 Low High

Q 1.8 x l0-8 2 x l03 Medium Low
R 7.5 x l0-7 8 x l02 High Medium
S 7.0 x l0-8 4 x l03 Medium High

Jawapan
Characteristic Explanation
Low resistivity To reduce heat loss in the cables
Low density The cables will be lighter
Low cost Cost of project will be lower
Low rate of thermal expansion The cables will not expand under hot weather
Cable Q Low resistivity, low density, medium cost, low rate
of thermal
expansion

91. You are required to build a hydrometer that can be used to measure densities of
concentrated acids.Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of 4 types of hydrometers L, M, N and
O. Decide which hydrometer is most suitable and give reasons.

Hydromet Type of Diameter of Density of Diameter of

er material of capillary tube/ shots/ kgm-3 bottom bulb/ cm
hydrometer cm
L Plastic/Plastik 0.5 1000 1.0
M Plastic/Plastik 2.0 1300 3.0
N Glass / kaca 0.5 9800 3.0
O Glass/ kaca 2.0 8000 1.0

Jawapan
Characteristic Explanation
Material made from glass Glass does not corrode with acid
Small diameter of capillary tube To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
High density of shots Makes the hydrometer stays upright
Big diameter of bottom bulb To obtaine a bigger upthrust.
Choose N N is made from glass, has small diameter of
capillary tube, high density of shots and a big
diameter of bottom bulb

92. As a researcher , your duty is to study the characteristics of a material to make a water
heater. You are given four choices of metal type T, U,V and W. The table below shows the
characteristics of the four metals.Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material
to make the heater and give your reasons.
The cross sectional Melting Specific Heat Length
Metal area Point Capacity
T Smaller Low High Long
U Larger High Low Short
V Smaller High Low Long
W Larger High Low Short
Jawapan
Characteristic Explanation
Smaller surface area the resistance is higher
High melting point not easy to melt
Low specific heat capacity the temperature arises shortly
Long (coiled) metal to increase the resistance
Choose V because it has,smaller surface area, high melting
 point, low specific heat capacity and long metal

93. You are given four choices of metals P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the characteristics
for the four metals. Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material to make the
boat and give your reasons.

Specific Heat
Metal Shape Density Strength
Capacity
P Streamlined 900 Low High
Q Oval 452 High High
R Circle 387 Low High
S Streamlined 500 High High

Jawapan
Characteristic/cirri Reason/Sebab
Streamline / larus reduce the resistance of water/
Density /ketumpatan rendah higher buoyant force/ daya apungan
tinggi
Specific heat capacity high / absorbs heat slowly/serap haba dengan
perlahan
High strength / Kekuatan tinggi Difficult to damage / sukar rosak
Choose S because its streamline,low density, high
specific heat capacity and high strength

94. A student plans to fix a lamp in his room. Table 12.1 shows the features of 4 different types of
lamps. Explain the suitability of each feature in Table 12.1 and then determine the most
suitable lamp to be used. Give a reason for your choice

Type of lamp Power Efficiency Life Span Price

Compact fluorescent 18 W 50 % 7000 hours High
lamp
Filament lamp 75 W 12 % 1000 hours Low
Long fluorescent lamp 20 W 45 % 14000 hours Medium
Round fluorescent lamp 24 W 40 % 10000 hours High

Jawapan
Characteristic Explanation
Low power lamp Safe cost//electric bill
High efficiency The room looks brighter//high output power//less
power wastage
Long life span No need to replace often
Low price Save money/cost
Long fluorescent Low power with highest efficiency, long hours of
life span and low price

95. Table 11.1 shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre. You are asked to
investigate the characteristics of the materials in Table 11.1 which could be used to make the
optical fibre.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material
to be used to make the optical fibre. Give a reason for your choice.

Material Refractive % of light energy Rigidity Strength

index absorbed
P 1.75 2% Strong Weak
Q 1.80 10 % Weak Strong
R 1.70 2% Weak Strong
S 1.52 3% Strong Strong
T 1.48 10 % Weak Weak

Jawapan
Characteristic
High refractive index
Small amount of light energy being
absorbed by the material
Material with weak rigidity
Explanation
Total internal reflection can occur easily
The object under observation can be seen clearly //
more light can be transmitted
The optical fibre can be bent easily
 Material with great strength The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil
Material R High refractive index, low % of light energy
absorbed, weak rigidity and great strength

96. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of hot air balloon as below. Explain the
suitability for each characteristic for the hot air balloons and then determine which hot
balloon will move up the fastest into the air. Give a reason for your choice

Jawapan
Characteristic Explaination
Volume of the balloon is high Displace a larger amount of air/
Produce a higher buoyant force.
Density of the balloon material is Lower mass/Light
low
Gas temperature is high Produce a maximum expansion of balloon.
Total of mass is low Upwards resultant force is higher/ Balloon move
upwards faster.
Because it has a high volume,the density of the balloon
Choose Q material is low,the gas temperature is high and the
total mass is low.

97. Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of five types of materials that can be used for making the
soles of the trekking shoes. You are asked to study the characteristics of the materials shown in
Table 11.1. Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 11.1 and then determine the
most suitable material to be used. Give a reason for your choice.

Type of Density Number of studs x Area Expansion Ability to

material (Kg/m -3) of 1 stud effect stretch
P 820 6 x 30 cm2 Low Good
Q 700 8 x 30 cm2 Low Good
R 720 5 x 30 cm2 Medium Average
S 750 4 x 30 cm2 High Poor
T 880 3 x 30 cm2 High Poor

Jawapan
Characteristic
Low density
Many/fewer/very few studs
Expansion effect is low
Ability to stretch is good
The most suitable material is Q
Reasons
Small mass/light
Gives extra/higher grip
Always fits/Does not loosen when hot.
Less stress on the feet/Can be pushed in all directions/
Can walk on uneven surface.
Because it has a low density,many studs,low
expansion effect and good ability to stretch.
98. Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T. As a factory
engineer, you are required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the
system to ensure the volume of guava juice is uniform.Study the characteristics of all 5
radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects.Determine the most suitable
radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.

Radioisoto
State of
pe Half life Ionising power
Types of ray matter
Radioisoto Separuh Kuasa
Jenis sinar Keadaan
p hayat pengionan
jirim
P 7 hours alfa solid high
Q 10 days beta liquid moderate
R 100 days gamma solid low
S 10 years gamma liquid high
T 30 years beta solid low

Jawapan

99. You are assigned to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats and the
characteristics of the retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based on the following aspects:
- the location to keep the boat
- material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and
determine the most suitable design to keep the boat safely.

Characteristics Explanation
Has a long half-life Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Emits beta Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Solid form Easy to handle and contain.
Low ionising power Does not change the state and taste of juice.
Radioisotope T It has long half life, emits beta, in solid form and has low
ionising power.

Jawapan
Characteristic Reasons
Bay Wave is calmer
Concrete retaining wall Stronger/ / lasting
High wall Prevent high wave
Smaller opening/aperture / slit of Diffraction obvious //low wave energy
retaining wall
At bay, concrete retaining wall , high wall and smaller
Choose P
slit
100. Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of Newtons Cradle, P, Q, R, S and T, with different
specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the
end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study all the five designs from the following
aspects:
The arrangement of the balls The type of material used to make the
balls
the number of string used to hang the balls the position of the ball to start the
oscillation

Jawapan
Characteristic
The balls touch each other
The type of material used to
make the
balls is steel
Two strings used to hang each
ball
High position of the ball
The most suitable design is Q
Reasons
This will reduce losses of energy which will reduce the
speed of the
balls
Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision.
Energy can
easily propagates through the intermediate balls.
This string arrangement restricts the balls movements to
the same plane. the position of the ball to start the
oscillation
High potential energy and will change to high kinetic
energy. The last end ball will swing at bigger speed.
because the ball s touch each other, made from steel, use
two strings attached to each ball and the initial position of
the ball is high