Oscillatory Motion renParodie mation 's motion of an object that regularly repeatthe object returns to a {given porition afer fixed time interval. Wit a litle thought, we can idenfy several Iype ef periodic union im everyday fife. Your car returns to the dries each after ‘neon. You eta to the dinner tbe each night to eat. A bumped chandelier ings tack and forth, returning to the sme postion ata regular rate. The Earth returns the same postion in its orbit around the Sun each year, resulting in the variation among the four veawone. The Moon returne to the sume relationship with the Earth and the Sun, resulting ina full Moon approsimately once a month. Ta addition to these everplay examples, meri other spieass exhibit periodic motion. For example, the molecules i a aol oscillate about ther equilibruen posi tons electromagnetic wave such a ight waves sada, and raco aes, are caracter teed by owillating electric and magnetse field vectors nd in alternatingcusrent elec tual creat, voltage, current and eleewie charge way periodically with time ‘A special kind of periodic motion orcursin mechanical ystems when the force ace ing on an object is propestional t the postion of the object relative to some equi ‘tim position. [f thi force is abeaydiected toward the equilibrium position, the o> ‘om called simple harmonic maton, whic is he primary focus ofthis chapter. 15.1, Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring As model for simple harmonic motion, consider block of mass m attached to the fend of a spring, with the block free to move on a horizontal, icionles surface (fig. 15.4). When the spring i neither stretched nor compresedl the block i at the postion called the equilibrium position of the system, which we identify ax 2 0. We [know from experince that ich sytem oacilates back andl forth if liad from its ‘equibeian position, ‘We can tinderatind the motion in Figure 151 qualitatively by fit secaling that when the block i displaced to'a position = the spring exerts on the block a force that is proportional to the position and given by Howk’s law (ce Section 74): ie os We call this restesing free became itis abmay directed tomard the eqn posi tion and therefore opie the displacement from equilibrium. That wher the block fs dplaced tothe right of x = On Figure 151, then the portion ix pentive and the restoring force i directed tothe left When the block is displaced to the left of x= thes the pe gale id Un esgic a vected Wo the Hight. Applying Newton's second law 2, = ma, to the motion ofthe lock, with Equation 15, previ the wet Severin te dineetion, oe obeain r= may say B seine active Figures ink tps worapeet.com, you ‘Gan choose the spring constant ‘and he intial position ane velocities ofthe block to see the resulting simple harmonicA PITFALLPREVENTION 181 The Osiontation of the Spring Fie 15.1 shows + vata nig, th an tached Blk [any on 2 fa sorte ‘note posi a ck ange om whalpring AL Phe Nee bt we cece for Soda oping il edhe cine te cel ing Shr a when ihe ek iced om the serial ping. Sei ome te peng oe Siam admmed ares oe es of hich ppp {oiayenkal cm se. Ay PITFALL PREVENTION 182 ANonconstant Notice thatthe acceleration of ‘he pute in sple hare 15cm teas wh pak sion = Tins we conn opi the moma cqpai of apr? Tat ithe acelerton i proportional to the pono ofthe block an ite direction tps the direction ofthe Gnglcerect fen eqn, Spas tha trae in livery are cad wo exist sip harmanie muda, An object mores with sine btrmatic motion whenever ite acoleation is propertional tote partion sad cppesiely directed tothe displacement from equibriem. ifthe Hock tm Figure Il dipaced ors pontion x= Aan eles fom et, ss tia scclertion a hA/m When the block pes throug the iba pon tion 0 acceleration sera, At thin tan pee a main bean the Sekeaion changes ga. The back then cosine save w delat of gui Sila pore aclration and Sil ences = =~ Al hac Ean steers E-+Li/mand iu speed i again sero, as diced in Stowe 74 and 86, The block comple Gl piso cin bp romring toga po, ein ping {inet 10 mith usin sped. Than we sce that he blk ails beteeen the terning point ~ =. In the abnence officio, Doce the force exerted by the ‘pric comervatne thie lined motion wl onenne ore: Rel see te gene ‘rally ject to ction, so they do not onic Fore: We explore the deta ofthe Sation wil rc n Section 13 ‘e Fiall Prevention 15.1 points out the principe that we develop in ths chapter ae al id for an sje angi naa settling, bone recog hat the weight ofthe object wil etch dhe spring toa ew eit poston == 0 To [owe thie statement etx repewent the total extension of the spring or ste equi ‘om poo wll! the hanging objec. Then, = ~ (mg/l) # = where —(ng/B the elem ofthe spring eae to the weigh of the hangin cect and wis the sane taneous exction of the spring due tthe spe harmonic room, The mine Ct the net force a the object then = Fy A= (mg/8) 9) mg = The tet fave onthe object tame that ns Mock commen tare ping ‘sin Eqution 15.10 the same imple harmon moti esl. Quick Quiz 18.1. stickon te ent ata spring pulled wo psion = eee ce eter eee eed (3) 4720) AC BACH AA 15.2 Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion Let wow deel 4 mathematical representation ofthe motion we decribed in the frecedng veel We model the Block mn parle nagjert sot force Eqn TS Wen! pocrly come 17 the aso wbichehe eae scour nen, wr wil dep the micipes notion in tnt ducmnion, Reval that, by debeason, wn aya and oe can expres Eaton 328 oes ewe tw denote the rato K/h the pmb a (ne cone of rater than wi oe mie the mation ter we denelop Blow tpl a for, then 183) 5.4 sand Equation 15.3 cam be written inthe form x Bnet 158)‘What we now equie 4 mathemati solution to Equation 15.5 i, nee tion 0) thal saison hin sconehorder diferent eation. This 4 suathmatcal prem of the penis the pce a ct fae, We ska Eon 1) woe meme devoting te ane te nigh mets wah agate ge nul multiplied hy «The trigonometric fncions sine and coxne exit this hehe ior so we can bl slo round one or boll ofthese. The felloning cone nee ion nahin tthe diffrent eatin a) = Acont +) (356) ‘where A, a, and 6 are constants. To see explicitly that this equation satisfies Equation 15.5, note that| at Bx 1 Lcasles +6) = ~eadsintot + 6) (sn) “ 4 Ee nat Zaintar tg) = maFt coer &) (ssa) Comparing Equations 15.6 and 15.8, we see that dx/d® = =uxand Equation 15.5 ‘atid. The parameters A, a, and gare constnts of the motion. In order to ive: physical significance to these constants, i s convenient to form a graphical representation of mn by ening rors ins ofan Pg 1a Pe ee at Aad ons are occurring—the more owillations per unit time, the higher isthe vale of From Equation 13.4 the angular frequency fey om (18.9) The conta angle di called the plite cenatant (or ntl phase angle) and, slong wah the tapi Am trained mney bythe pcsion mal vteciy of the Puce at #0 the panicle tat fu maximus postion v= at = 0. the hase coments $= Oa the graphical rpremettion of the stom barn Figure 5a. The quaniy (a 49) scaled the pha ofthe motion, Noe that {85 facts 0 pone mdi ai the ce ene Ecru by er maian apation 151,155,156 fre thet of the mathematical of simple harmonic motion. Ime are nang tation ana fed atthe ence fn partici of the mathematical for of Egon 151, we Know that the mation Site tha af simple harmonic altar thatthe position the parle “escribe y Equation 15% we anaye a sytem an that i dese by a diferent eqation of te form of Equation 153, the motion wl be that aa sie ple harmonse ovine, Iweanalyee' sma ane fed tht the postion of 2 fice deserted by Bquaion 156 we Know she perils undone sample Coen cen, 1 Weave sen many examples in cater cape in wich we tate iganametic Function of an ange. The pens os tgonomeste fon, sch a ue cone, mune a pre me ‘Theadan sa pte nude became arab of legs Anges in dyes ate pseu p> ean de degree la comply arial wt ite ot ed ‘tle. The ‘toe of teig 2 pure nue for wou func kpestant a Eaton, hee ‘Sean kesprened im trmsol other mesurements Thun» be expend ards (200 nt, {er example, in revoblon per end) ic expreed in conde Pardee oer peso fae. ‘Senearh lnm expen! Knee ole ange theta pre mutes tien Simple hamenic A PITFALL PREVENTION 153 Where's the Triangle? Equation 15.6 includes a gone smewie funcion, = mutematica Joni hat canbe wed whether ‘refers to a tangle of not. In Ippems io he the eorrect be: anor far representing the post sono aie amp hae © sine act rues ok SF sirontated pat an ate pap ope ‘Sencation and see te resting Simple harmonic mation ofthe. ‘Block ia Figure 181.Figure 15. An experimental Pima tirea coarser Soe ees one Apee ‘othed isthe oniiaing get Eason aime pele on the moning chart paper [5 perineal eager npc Nete tacnse an in Figure’ 153, An object mcillating vertically on a spring has a pen attached to i While the object i owing, asheet of paper iemowel perpendicular to the direction ‘of motion ofthe spring, anal the pen traces out the cosine curve in Equation 136. Quick Quiz 15.2 comiders graphic rprsenaton (ig. 1.) of smpie et ee ee stray be oes Ta eee oe tat eae ee eee ee al ae eke tes eee a ee eee ee ee ee eee peopewen bee sere @ [Figure 154 (Quick Qui 15.2) An raph for an objec undergoing simple hanno ‘motion. Ata partir tine, the ojees postion ie indiated by onthe rap Quick Quiz 18.3 gure 155 som ow carves representing objec undeng> pple nga te el ail pees Sete et at ae hee ee Se epee eee eee ea et ated chee Cae ee ot a any Ge a ep Ca pan SoA Et ote Spe easy cele ra, - objec Figure 15.5 (Quick Quis 15.5) Two auyrape fr objects undergoing simple harmonic ae Te spf mr en ag Let es bert fitter i ematical deepen Of seple erent makina ‘The periad T ofthe motion the sine interval required for tae particle to go Unrough fone full gel of its motion (Fig. 15.2). That i, the values of rand vfer the puricle at time tequal the values of x andl wat time + T: We can relate the period tothe angular Seequency by unig the fet thatthe phase mnereasex by? radians ina time interval of Z Late 1) +) ~ (ont) = 2 ‘Sipping this cepecssn we ake that b= Bor ao (15.10)The inverse of the period i called the frequency ff the motion. Whereas the pe= sod ithe time interval per owilation, the Requency represent the mumber of oxti- ations that the particle undergoes per unit tite intervals petee asin The emits of fare eles per second, or hert (Ha). Rearvanging Equation 15:1 gives wo tae cvs.) We can we Equations 15.2, 15.10, and 15.11 to expres the peiodand frequency of the socton Sor the particle-eptingeptem in teres of te charateiatcs mand ofthe == eae asin ptetyE ose That ithe period and frequency depend only on the mass ofthe particle and the force constant of the spring. and not on the parameter of the motion, sch at Aor d An we might expect the fequency i larger fora siller spring (anger value of 8) ad decane with teres ma of the partic We can obtain dhe velocity and avceleraton® ofa panicle undergoing simple har sorte motion from Equations 15.7 and 1 fe ra vo Bw -etsinlar t 8) c1s15) an Ee -ettcatat 6) (is16) From Equation 15.15 we ace that, because the sine and corine functions onllte beeen = 1 the extreme tales of the velocity ware wl, Likewise, Equation 15.16 tell us thatthe extreme values ofthe acceleration aare * aA. Therefore, dhe masic ‘mam valus ofthe angpitres ofthe velocity and acceleration are nneute fbn osm (vse) tee PAS Figere 15. plots positon vers tne for an arbitrary valee ofthe plume comstant. The anointed velocity-tine ard arveleratioe-tinne carves are Hhntrted in Figures {fy and 15.6. They show thatthe phave ofthe velocity differ from the phase ofthe position by 7/2 rad, oF 90. That ix, when sis a maximum or a minimum, the velocity ‘ero Likewise, when xis 2er0, the speed ia maximum. Parthersore, note tha the 4 nec the mation of dle harness tale pace none lend, we wl dence veloc at + and accent wh dhe decom ince by pve a negate ge A PITFALL PREVENTION, 154. TwoKinds of Frequency We identify 10 Binds of fee (quency For simple harmonic (Slisorf called snp the fc (gurcy mame here ed Frequency Yotoaty ofan object in simete ‘Acceleration ofan object in Simple harmonic motion Maximum magnitudes of speed bd scceleration i singeFigure 18 Griptical eprewantion of ‘ample harmonic muon (a) Fasiuon verses Sime (b) Velcayverse ue. (e) Aceleration versus nine, Note that any specie tne he Tecey 20 ou af pase tach poison Ta te acer si 190 ont of plane th pa phase of the arceleraion difers from the phase of the pesition by x radians, oF 1" For example, when x is 2 maximum, @ has a maximum magnitude in dhe opposite ‘Seta. Quick Quiz 15.4 considera graphical representation (Fig. 15.4) of simple ele ee eer ee se Prion on the graph, (2) velocity and acelerainn ar bh pone (3) wel ee tea (ees ee ee ion argent eget ed eee pees QUVKeK Chie 15.5 a onject of mam m eng = pring ad mt no ‘ection. The period of the xin mee unl recone ne The bert eee ee ee {nto excitation, the perio ofthe motion is (a) 2T (by YET (c) F(a) 1/E (e) 772. igen 15.6 dace seaple hareionde’celnh of a pastiche fn gira Le ws ‘bw one hw te erate the eran of dae hain, The angular Ereqoeney aie ahr ated using Equation 15.9. The constants and g are evaluated from the iil conde tows, that isthe state of the onillator at (= 0. ‘Suppose we initiate the motion by paling the particle from eqn by a die tance And releasing stfrorn rest a 0, ain Figure 15.7. We must then require that Active Figure 187 A beckoapring meters at begin te motion om enh the Bockats= ast =0, le irene, 60 parpapsiy pipe ‘At the Active Figures Tink at wea pset.com, you cam compare the exclotions oftwo blocks staring frome eferent nial positions fe see that the frequency independent ofthe ‘ampitude,Figure 158 (2) Poon lacy and acceleration vem ime fora bck undergoing ‘Spl harmonic mon under the nal condos dat t= 0) = And 0 = 0. (0) Foon eb and acrlraion ver tra frock andor emp ha ‘monic osu heal concn a at =O, 0) = ad 0) = ty fur solutions for x(t) and o(2) (Eq. 15.6 and 15.15) obey the initial conditions that 10) = Aand (0) = 0: 30) = Aenea 0) = alsin d= 0 ‘These conditions are met ifwe choose $= 0, giving x Acos uf a8 our solution. To check this solution, note that i sasfies the condition that (0) =A, becanse como 1, ‘The ponition, velocity, and acceleration vermis ime are plotted in Figure 158% for this qpecal case. The acteleation reaches extreme wales of Fa7A when the pion hus extreme values of # A. Furthermore, the velocity has extreme values of ai, ‘which both occur at= 0, Hence, the quantitative solution agrees with our qualtaine define (= Oa the instant that the particle pastes through the unstretched position of the spring while moving to the right (Fig, 159) In this cae we mt require that four solutions for (0) and 20) obey the initial conditions that x(0) = 0 and 10) 0) = Aca p= 0 10) “The fet of thee conatons tls we that $= # 2/2 With these choices fo 4, the second condition tells us tha A'= 5 war. Because the inal velocity i snd tae amplnade smn e ponte, we mat have = — 4/2 Hence, he soto rem by wating = 2 ‘The graphs of position, velocity and acceleration vera time for this choice of ts 0 are shown in Figare 15th. Nole that these carves ave the same as thine fn Figure 1583, but shifted to the sight by one fourth of a ejele. Thin described ‘mathematically by the phase constant 4 = ~ 2/2, whicle i one fourth of a full cle ofan © A tne ctv res tok hapinamnge gor tan coer te ectionAw object owillates with simple harmanic motion along the {raise postion varies with ime according tothe eeation saya where fis in seconds and the angles in the parentheses are ina. (A) Determine dhe amplitude, frequeney, and period of the Solution By comparing this eqntion with Equation 156, eo Aeon(altg), we see that Ae 100m and we ere, Therelone, fo a/tem x/2— 0.800 He sed T= f= 2008 (©) Catealate the velocity and acceleration ofthe object at any met Solution Diserensiating to find ane wt Bnd we obtain = =(.00 m4 sin (1 + 2) aoe av cra = untae) (©) Using the results of part (B), determine the posion, telainy and acceleration of the ject at t= 1.00 ‘Solution Noting dnt the angle in the eigonometic fan Sor are in radia, we obtain, at f= 1.00 (41029 co (2+ Z) = 4.000) com( 22) = (400m)(=0707) = =285m Acarvcth a maw of 1300 kgs constructed so that it fame ‘is supported by four springs. Fach spring has 3 foree cate sont af 29 000 N/m. It people scing inthe car have a ‘Combined! mase of 160 bg ind the frequency of vlbraion of the caraficr it iecien overs pothole i the road Solution To conceptntize this protien, think about your experiences with atomottles Whew you sit in a can i fuer downward 2 small distance because yous weight Compressing the springs funder I you prs Gowen the ‘mont bumper and weleac, the font of the car ola tamara) ~-tusorweni-aar = sta 2 == tua aon) == (4.0088 m/s8\(=0.707) = 7.0.ms (©) Determine the maximum speed anc maximum acceler: ‘tion ofthe object ‘Solution In she general expressions for w and a found! in Dae (8), we ute the fact that the masinne wate of the ‘Tne and cenine funtions are unity. Therefore, 9 varie bee ween = 003 m/s, and a varies berwoen = 4.002! mm/s Tos, Sem LOO rm/s = 126 m/s Se 008 mys! = 385 m/s We oan the ae ele hg the slain te =a wean i cere = D0 and om wn (EH apace of tee ree 1 0 and reine Solaton Te pon st = 08 1 (4.0m) coe (0) = (4.00 (0707) = 285 m Jn jst (©, we foun at the pin at 100 1=2h8 ms therefore, the daplarement between = 0 ane Fo 10 Are ays 7-285 m= 283m = 5.66 ecame the cijeesvelociy changes sig during the fist sec nel the magritde of Sure not the me the dieance a ithe Bet necone (By the time the Gt second i over, ‘object has cen thous the point x= 2b once, ‘couple of times, We can model the cara being supported ‘yang spring and categorie this as an oxilaton prob [Kim hed om ont simple spring model Toanalyae the probe Term. we ft need to coenider the elect spring cota ovces frm de nda springs Fiat = Ete (24).‘Sie for all our spring. We oe tha the effective spring Constant for de conned pings the am of the ee ‘al spring constants: sag k= 4 20000 N/a = 80 000 N/a Hence, the frequency of vibration from Equation 15.14, ele EE oe Teta he ren, eh he ma we we ee toveacen pape em thera a “tebe muon ofthe ear tfan tans ween A 20g lock conmected to a light spring for which the force conta 3.00 N/m fre to once on horizon tal tonlen surface. The block ix diplaed 5.00 ex rom ‘qiiritm ad elemed from rest, an Figure 157. (A) Find the period ofita motion. ‘Solution From Equation 15:9 and 15.10, we know thatthe “angular Frequency af blockespring stem i a az _as a” Bovead (©) Deseemine the mannan sped of the Block. ‘Solution Wie me Equation 15.17: Se 7 2 (5.0 r/516.00 X 10-Fan) = 0250 m/s (© Wat athe maximum aceeration of the Bock? ‘Solution Wie me Equation 15.18 Bae HL (5.00 /3}96.00 X WE) = 195 mst (©) Espen the posi, speed, and acceleration a Fane ‘Solution We fal de pase constant rom dhe inal conde Som that <= att 20) = Aecosd 4 which tee that 6 = 0. Thu, ur sosion i x= Acoma {sing this expresion and dhe rer fom (Q(B) and (Owe find hat sm Aconat= (0.050 0 mpeon5.00t jm tin at (0.250 m/s)cin 5.001 wtAconat= = (125 m/s%)con 5.008 spe he bck ed er do he ener Wat lf? Suppose the two people exit the car onthe sie: the road. One of them pushes dowrird on the eae nd {elences 20 tet # caclstes vertically ie the frequency of the cncilation the sare a the value we hist eased? Answer The suspension stem af the car isthe same, bt {he mas that i oselating fe smaller o longer nclades the mane ofthe two people. Thus, the fequeney should be tiger Lotus eaelate the new frequen ER ase Ae we predicted concept, the fiequency ic bit higher. I What 1 What the block Se elased from the same intat Dining Equation (2) by Eqion (1) gies the pine catsing em de mee 010m “aay 7 7 aoa) (00500; enone ‘Now Equation (1) allows ust ind A: Ted” con(02e) “The new maximum sped ie ee at = (6.00 ra /0) (39% 107 my = 0.20. / “The new magninc of the maximum acceleration tea ~ oF = (3.00 al/)*(5.39 107% my = 1.35 m/s? “The new expresions for poson,velciy. and acceleration > (00589 m)eonG.001 + 0129) o> = (0209 m/s)in(3.00 + 0.125) == (135 my/stheon 5.00 + 0425) ‘An we xa in Chapter 7 and §, many problems are caer sebbe wih an nen approach ther than one bated or tare NG ce motion, Tae parear What If? ect se from a energy approach. Therefore, ithe net secon we ‘Sollinveigts dhe energy of the spe karmonic eatermonconchator Potential energy of a simple harmonic oveilator| Semone Seciator 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Lets examine the snechanical energy of the Moc-apring sytem Mlastrnted im Figure 15.1. Became the surace is frictionless, we expect the tofal mechanical energy of the system to be constant, a was shown in Chapter 8. We assume a mates spring, so the ned eneegy ofthe aptem corresponds only to that of the block. We can wee Equa tion 15.15 to expres the kinetic enengy of the block as Keo brat = bat a atte + 9) (519) ‘la ani poten emery stone the opting Bow sy abana x be yinm by Yat (oe Eq. 811). Using Equdon 156, we obi Um bist = bat costar 8) (1520) We see that K/and Uare alaays postive quantities Because w= hm, we can expeest the wtal mechanical energy of the simple harmonic osillator as Ea K+ Um Lastfeint (at + 9) + con an + 6) From the identity sin? 6 + cont 6 1, we sce thatthe quantity in aquare brackets ts tunity: Therefore, this equation reduces 10 ee bee sa) ‘That i the total mechanical energy ofa simple harmanic oscillator is a constant of the motion and is proportional to the square of the amplitude, Note that Uis small when Kis large, anel vie ver, beeause the sue must be constant. sft the toe tal abeckaiteal eaergy ib ei ts Ue aia neal ene aived ta the ag, when r= #Abecaue » = Oat these points and thus there ino Kinet energy At the ‘equiltium position, where U= 0 becaune = 0, the total energy all i the form of netic energy agsin AAA. Thats, fmoda stmt ate im Ate bet Gere 0 lots ofthe kinetic anc potential eneagies vers ime appear in Figure 15.104, where we fine taken 0. Ae sreay mentioned, both K and {arc alway pose, and at all times their sum isa constant equal to $447, the total energy of the system, {Te warnions of Kana Cw the potion ofthe Bock ae plotted Figure 15-10 Es {Aetive Figure 18.10 (2) Kinetic encopy and potential energy vermin fra simple ‘harmonic tnllatoe wth b= 0. (b) Kine enengy and pesca energy vem pnton fora simple harman oto. In ether plot nate hat K+ U'= canst BD ace Active Figures unk 2tntp-//wnenpees.com, you can compere the Shrsicalaxclation ofa block with enerav araohs inthis faure as walla withTangy 5 coninooaly Welag canaloral bemeoes peaewial caogy aed suing and Kinetic energy ofthe Block, Figure 15.11 illustrates dae postion, velocity, acceleration, kinetic energy, and poe tential enery ofthe block-pringaatem for one fl period ofthe motion Ment af the Seas daca far are importa igure. Stayt eaefll. nally we can we the princple of conmereation of energy to cbttn the velocity for sn sitar postion by xpresing the toe energy st ume arhitety position ras Bm K+ Um bs? + Ha? = bet vas (Eao = FF sm ‘When we check Equation 15.22 to see whether it agrees wih known cases, we find that it vere the fact thatthe speed isa maximum at x= O and i seve at the turning pina eA. ay wd why we ae spent a svc te staying inp Irene ow iltaora We do a0 becuse they are goed model ef a wide warty of physial phenom eu For eaample, recall the Lennardejones potential discused in Example 8.11. This ‘complicated faction describes the farcesholling atoms together: Figure 15.128 shows ‘tat for small duplacements om the equiibriam positon, the potential energy care Veloaty as atunction of Postion for simple harmonic —_—. h |e AAAI ° nets [en ms ee | om \ |eeenorennone ' oa ‘Active Figure 18.11 Sinpe harmonic mation fara bckoring tm and it aalogy {ie mother of spl pendulum (Section 158). The paren the ble athe "ht efer othe Morkespin sem, asanig at a= 0,3 Atha x= Ao @ + te stv gure tok ip: gut com you cen et te ial Seaensth oc and ane boca stn tod sagesFigure 19.12 (a) te aiomsin a molecule do not mone to far fm tek equiie ‘sum pasion, a grap of potential ener Vers xpurationctance betwee ni ‘milarto she graph of potendal energy vents poston fr ample harmonic eile (Gia curve) (b) The forces eeween atoms in sad cam be modeled by maging, sings between neighboring stra for this fimetion approximates a parabola, which represents the potential energy fonction Sor 9 siple hareocate emeTaice: Time chm mailed the cone stoente ‘binding forces a being cue wo tiny springs as depicted in Figure 15.12. "The bem promated in this chipser apply not only 10 Moch-epring spteres and atoms, but abo to aide range of situations that indude bungee jumping. tuning in a television staion, and siening the ight enited by a ser You will see more examples of simple harmonic esaillators a you work Uorough this book. A-O50ig cari connected to light spring for which the orce cantant 0 20.0 N/om onclates om a homo fice, ‘ones ir track, (A) Cleat the toa energy of the tem ancl the ma Ses ped te ore cee ak a a 300 cm Solution ‘Using Equation 15:21, we obesin E> past = e200 /my(s.00 = 500x103) Whew the cart ic located at = 0, we Root hat (= td Em dee therefore, Febe~ voe lel Bao K oy 0500 kg (8) Wha i the welocty of the car whem the postion ix 2.00 en ase e190 m7 ‘Solution We can apply Equation 15:22 dives ¥ vo 2 yeut- BON, 3500 kg {40.0300 m)* = (0.0200 0) = L018 m/s ‘The prsive and negative sign indicate hat the cart conde tbe moving to cither the right ov the lea this inset, (©) Compute the kinetic and potential energies ofthe ys tem when the position i 200 cm ‘Solution Using the result of (2), we find that Ka foe? = Jo05004g)(0.181 m/o® = 5.00% 1079 = fas = }(90.0 N/mm) (0.0200 ms = 0051079 Nove that K+ I= (What i? The motion of the cart inthis example could have been inated by releasing the cart trom rest at postion, but with an initial velocity of w= —0.100 m/s? West are the new amplitude and masimum speed of Anwar Tis te nme pe of question owe mike at he fend of Toample 153, but heve we apply 3 energy pe pros Ft leven calcula te ol energy of the tome which corns of bah Kinesc energy and poe ener Eada! + baat = 10.5005 g)4-0.100 m/s)? + 2200 Ne (0.080 0)? Lis x 0-8]