Problem:1

Asteelstoragetankofdiameter32m&height11.5mistobefoundedonthesubsoilshownin
thefigure.

Treatthesoilsuitablywith0.8mdiastonecolumns.Comparebetweenrectangular&triangulargrid.

TakeI atcorner=0.64&I atcenter=1.0

E 500 700c ; 0.5

c 39 kgcm
E c c N;Formediumsand c 4.5 kgcm N
N 15

SOLUTIONS:

Assuming2 : 1 dispersionofload,

Diameterofdispersionarea

1. Atgroundlevel:S 32 2 1 33
2. AtmiddepthofLayerI:S 32 2 1.5 34.5
 3. AtmiddepthofLayerII: S 33 2 8.5 41.5
4. AtmiddepthofLayerIII: S 33 2 19.5 52.5

Settlementofuntreatedsoil
A. Consolidationsettlement:

.
Netfoundationpressure q 2t 1
m

12.8

WeassumeGWTtobebelow25m.
C
Layer H(m) P t m P tm PP C P P
H log
1 e P

12.8 33
I 3 3 4 4.33 0.08 3 log 1 4.33
1.8
2 34. .5 0.174
4
2.7 11.7
3 1.8
II 11 11 12.8 33 0.547 0.15 11 log 1 0.547
2 41.5 0.313
1.7 8.07
14.75
3 1.8
III 11 11 12.8 33 0.144 _
1.7 52.5
11 5.06
2
2
35.1


B. Immediatesettlement:
1. ForsandLayer(LayerIII):
E C C N
39 4.5 15 kgcm

106.3 kgcm

1065

P 35.1 tm

Shownearlier
P 5.06 tm

2.3 P P
log
P

2.3 35.1 35.1 5.06

11 log
1065 35.1

0.049

Forclaylayers(layersI&II):

3 3t 11 2t
Average value m m
14
2.21
E~600 C 600 2.21 1328 t
m
B
1 I
E
.
1 0.5 1[Sincesettlementatcentreis
higherso atcentreistaken]
0.238
SinceWThasbeenassumedbelow25 ,thereisnoporewaterpressurecorrection.The
finalsettlementvaluesare
Layer m m
I }0.238 0.174
II 0.313
III 0.049

Total settlement of untreated soil 0.238 0.174 0.313 0.049 0.774 774mm

Depthofstonecolumn:Settlementreductionoftreatedgroundlargelydependsondepthof
stonecolumn.Fromsettlementvalues,itisclearmaximumsettlementoccursinlayerII.Thisisalso
evidentfromOPvalues.SoweextendstonecolumnsuptoendoflayerII,i.e.Uptoadepthof14
belowGL.

Bearingcapacityoftreatedground:
A. Assumingtriangulargridpattern:

Diaofstonecolumn=0.8

Areaofstonecolumn A 0.8 0.5m

Spacingofstonecolumns 2d 2 0.8 1.6

 Soinfluencearea 0.525 1.6 m

0.866 1.6 m

2.217m

Capacityofstonecolumn 25C 25 3t
m

75 t
m

Perstonecolumn 0.5m 75 t
m

37.5

Q .
=Q Perstonecolumn 18.75
FOS

Bearingcapacityoftreatedground
N
. A A
FOS

. . .
.

.

Bearingcapacityoftreatedground 14.03 t 12.8 t

m m
,

[Henceok]

Sowecanadopt0.8mdiastonecolumnsinatriangulargridof1.6mspacing.

B. Assumingrectangulargridpattern
spacing 2d 2 0.8 1.6
Radiusofinfluence 0.902 2.568m
Bearingcapacityoftreatedground
. . .
. t
. m
12.8 t
13.12 t
[Henceok]
m m
Sowecanseebearingcapacityoftreatedgroundislessinrectangulargridpattern(ifweuse
samespacing)thaninrectangulargridpattern;sinceeachstonecolumnhastocoverlarger
influencearea.
However,hencewecanuse0.8 diastonecolumnsinarectangulargridpatternof1.6
spacingalso.
Settlementoftreatedsoil:
Diaofstonecolumn 0.8m.
 Areaofstonecolumn 0.5m .
A. Assumingtriangulargridpattern:
Influencearea 2.217 (shownearlier)
.
Arearatio a 0.226
.
Settlementreductionfactor

[nvaluevariesfrom3to6.Weassumedn=5]
.
0.525
Settlementoftreatedground
I II III
0.525 0.238 0.174 0.313 0.049
0.525 0.725 0.049
0.430m 430mm
B. Assumingrectangulargridpattern:
Influencearea 2.558 (shownearlier)
.
Arearatio 0.195
.
Settlementreductionratio
.
0.561
Settlementoftreatedground I II III
0.561 0.725 0.049
0.455 455
Comparisonbetweenrectangular&triangulargridofsamespacing:

Triangular Rectangular
Radiusof 0.525& 0.564&
influence =0.84m =0.902m
Areaofinfluence 0.866& 0.999&
=2.217 =2.558
Bearingcapacity 14.03 13.12
oftreatedground
Settlementof 430mm 455mm
treatedground
Settlement 52.5% 56.1%
reductionratio()

Itisseentriangulargridarrangementismoreeffectivethanrectangulargridofsamespacing;
inbothbearingcapacityincreasingandsettlementreduction.
Itisevident,becauseforsamespacingaparticularstonecolumninrectangulargrid
arrangementhastocovermoreinfluencearea.

ProblemNo2
Designa12ft.highgeotextileswallthatistocarryastorageareaofequivalentdead
loadof200lbft .Thewallistobebackfilledwithagranularsoilhavingpropertiesof
110 lb , 36 &c 0 lb .Awovenslitfilmgeotextileswithultimatewidewidth
ft ft
tensilestrengthof250lb andT 485 lb ftisintendedtobeusedintheconstruction.
in
Thepropertiesoffoundationsolis 110 lb , 15 ,c 0 lb ,C 0.8C.Take
ft ft
frictionanglewithwallas2 3 forbackfillmaterial&0.95 forfoundationsoil.Forbearing
capacityanalysistakeN 10.98 0.95,N 2.65 0.7where0.95&0.7denotethe
adhesionfactors.

ThetotalhorizontalearthpressureatanydepthZisgivenby
Px z
K z K q
R
L
Where =Activeearthpressurecoefficient
tan 45 2
tan 45 36
2
tan 27 0.26
Axleloadisabsenthere.
Givenq 200 lb
ft
& 110 lb forbackfill.
ft
0.26 110 Z 0.26 200
52 28.6Z
T
Weknow s
F.S.
UsingF.S.=1.3;S
. Z . . Z
373 12
S in inches Z inft
52 28.6Z

Z(ft) S inches
12 11.28
11 12.24
10 13.20
9 14.52
8 15.96
7 17.76
6 20.04
5 22.92
4 26.88
3 32.52
2 40.92
1 55.56

Letstake10layersasshownbelow.Thisarrangementsatisfiesthespacingrequirementat
differentdepthsasshownearlier.

. .

. .
[Note tan
Z 2 36 24 and ]
3 3
. . Z S

. Z
.
0.38 (1)
Z

LR H Z tan 45 2
` 12 Z tan 45 36
2
12 Z 0.509
6.11 0.51Z(2)

Theminimumadoptedvaluefor is3 .Herethemaximumvalueof fromeqn1isatZ=1&

.
thisvalueis 0.38 1.43 3.So valueatalldepthsaretakenas3 .
Z(ft) L ft LR ft L L LR ft L ft
1 3 5.60 8.60 10
2 3 5.09 8.09 10
3 3 4.58 7.58 10
4 3 4.07 7.07 10
5 3 3.56 6.56 10
6 3 3.05 6.05 10
7 3 2.54 5.54 10
 8 3 2.03 5.03 10
9 3 1.52 4.52 5
10 3 1.01 4.01 5
11 3 0.50 3.50 5
12 3 0 3.00 5

ExternalstabilityAnalysis:
A. Safetyagainstoverturning:

C.g.distanceofforcepolygon1aboveA, 4 8ft
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon2aboveB, 4 8 6.67ft
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon3aboveC, 2.0ft
. .
C.g.distanceofforcepolygon4aboveD,
. .
2.13ft

Alltheseforcesactonthe10 or5 longsoilwedgeatfrictionangleof2 3 2
3 36

24
Earthpress. Value lb ft Dist.Ofpt.of Horz.Component Vertical
component actionaboveof F cos 24 lb ft component
(toe)ft. F sin 24 lb ft
F 52 8 416 8.0 380.0 169.2
F 1 6.67 836.1 372.2
8 228.8
2
915.2
F 52 4 208 2.0 190.0 84.6
F 4 2.13 1045.1 465.3
2
228.8
343.2
1144


Sototaldisturbingmoment
380 8 836.1 6.67 190 2 1045.1 2.13
11222.9 lbft
ft
Weightofsoilwedgeattop 8 10 110 lb ft 8800 lb ft
Weightofsoilwedgeatbottom 4 5 110 lb ft 2200 lb ft
Sototalresistingmoment

10 5
8800 2200 169.2 10 372.2 10 84.6 5 465.3 5 200 10 5
2 2

67663.5 lbft ft

MR .
F.S.againstoverturning MO

.

6.03 3

[Hencesafe]

B. Safetyagainstsliding:
Totalverticalforce 169.2 372.2 84.6 465.3 8800 2200 200 10

14091.3 lb ft

Totalhorizontalforce 380 836.1 190 1045.1

2451.2 lb ft

tan tan 0.95 tan 0.95 15 tan 14.25

0.259
F . .
F.S.againstsliding FA

.

1.46 1.5

[Hencenotsafe]

Letsincreaselengthofthebottom&geotextileslayersto10 also.

Thenweightofsoilincreasesto8 10 110 4 10 110

13200 lb ft
Totalverticalforce 13200 169.2 372.2 84.6 200 10 465.3 16292 lb ft

F .
F.S.againstsliding FH

1.69 1.5[i.e.justsafe]

C. Safetyagainstbearingcapacityfailure:
L MR M
e
2 W
MR 13200 5 169.2 10 372.2 10 84.6 10 465.3 10 200 10 5

86193.0 lbft ft
M 11222.9 lbft ft(Remainssameasbefore)
10 86193 11222.9

2 16292
0.35 ft
L 10
6 6 1.67 ft
[Ok]
16292 6 0.35
q 1
10 10
1971.3

Noq eN 0.5 L 2e N [N , N includes]

0.5 115 12 2 0.35 2.65 0.7 400 10.98 0.95
5377.7 lb
ft
.
F. S. 2.73 3[Hencenotadequatefactorofsafety]
.
Letsincreaselengthofallgeotextilesto12 .
Thentotalverticalforce
12 12 110 200 12 169.2 372.2 84.6 465.3 19331.3

12 12 110 6 169.2 372.2 84.6 465.3 12 200 12 6 122535.6

L MR MO
e
2 FV

12 122535.6 11223

2 19331.3
12
0.24 2
6
 193313.3 6 0.24
q 1
12 12

1804.3

0.5 2

0.5 115 12 2 0.24 2.65 0.7 400 10.98 0.95

5401.15

5401.15
. . 2.994~3
1804.3

[Hencejustsafe]

Problem3
Designa6mhighgeotextilewall.Thewallistobebackfilledwithasoilhaving

16 kN
m

32

Thepropertiesofthefoundationsoilare

16 kN
m

20

C 30 kN
m

TakeF.S.=1.5

2
3

AndT 15 kN m

Given,for 20 ;N 14.83,N 5.39

Thetotalhorz.earthpress.atanydepthZ,

P Z
K Z K q
R

K Z[Here]sincenosurchargeoraxleloadarepresent

K tan 45 tan 45 32 tan 29 0.307

2 2
 0.307 16 4.91
T
So, S
F.S.

GivenF.S.=1.5&T 15 kN m

15 2.03

1.5 4.91

Z(m)
0.5 4.06
1.0 2.03
1.5 1.35
2.0 1.01
2.5 0.81
3.0 0.68
3.5 0.58
4.0 0.51
4.5 0.45
5.0 0.41
5.5 0.37
6.0 0.34

SumofS at0.5 interval 12.6 6

SumofS at1 interval 4.97 6

Letusprovidegeotextilesat0.4 spacinginthebottom2 i. e. 4 to6 andat0.8 spacinginthe

top4 .
Z
Soinall 5 5 10 layers.
. .

S F. S.
L
2 c Z tan 2 3

4.916Z 1.5 S

2 0 16Z tan 2 3 32

0.59S Z

LR H Z tan 45 2 0.55 6 Z 3.32 0.55Z

Layer Depth(m) S m L m L min m LR m L L(adopted)(m)

L
LR m
1 0.8 .8 .38 1 2.88 3.88 5
2 1.6 .8 .75 1 2.44 3.44 5
3 2.4 .8 1.13 1.13 1.99 3.12 5
4 3.2 .8 1.51 1.51 1.55 3.06 5
5 4.0 .8 1.89 1.89 1.10 2.99 5
6 4.4 0.4 1.04 1.04 0.89 1.93 2
7 4.8 0.4 1.13 1.13 0.66 1.79 2
8 5.2 0.4 1.23 1.23 0.44 1.67 2
9 5.6 0.4 1.32 1.32 0.22 1.59 2
10 6.0 0.4 1.42 1.42 0 1.42 2

EXTERNALSTABILITY:

A. SAFETYAGAINSTSLIDING:

Totalverticalforce

1
V 16 4 5 16 2 2 19.65 4
2
sin 26.3 19.65 2 sin 21.3 39.30 sin 21.3

320 64 39.30 sin 21.3 9.85 sin 21.3

416.15

39.3 cos21.3 39.3 cos21.3 9.85 cos21.3 80.8

V tan 416.15 tan 21.3

F. S.
H 80.4
 2.01 1.5

[Henceok]

B. SAFETYAGAINSTOVERTURING:
5
MR 5 4 16 2 2 1 16 39.3 sin 21.3 5 2 9.85 sin 21.3 2
2
971.1 kN m
n
M 39.3 cos 21.3 3.33 1 9.85 cos 21.3 0.67

164.7 kN m
n
.
F. S. 5.9 3[Henceok]
.
C. SAFETYAGAINSTB.C.FAILURE:
Sinceadhesionfactorsarenotgiven,LetscalculatebygeneraleqnofMeyerhof.
q cN S d i 0.5BN S d i [Since valuenotgivenothertermnot
considered]

S S 1.Here
6 20
d 1 0.2 tan 45 2
2
1.856

6
d 1 0.1 tan 45 2
2
1.428
V Largecomparedto H
i i ~1
q 30 14.83 1.856 0.5 18 2 5.39 1.428
964.3

L MR MO
e
2 V
971 164.7
0
2 416.2 6
Soletsincreaseallgeotextileslengthto5 .
MR 5 6 16 39.3 sin 21.3 5 5 9.85 sin 21.3 5
1360.6 kN m n
MO 164.7 kN m nasbefore
V 5 6 16 39.3 2 9.85 568.5
5 1360.6 164.7

2 568.5
0.40
 568.5 6 0.4
q 1
5 5
841.4
168.3
5
Now 1 0.2 tan 45 2 1.34
6
1 0.1 tan 45 2 1.17
5
q 30 14.83 1.34 0.5 18 2 5.39 1.17
709.6 kN
m
.
. . 4.21 3[Henceok]
.

x
m
H
Z
n
H
CaseI:m 0.4
H 0.28n

QP 0.16 n
, cos 1.10

Z(ft) Z X(ft) x H lb
n m cos 1.1
H
H ft
QP

WHEEL1&WHEEL2
2 0.167 1.177 40.87 9.03
4 0.333 1.562 54.24 11.99
6 0.50 3.0 0.25<0.4 1.016 35.28 7.80
8 0.667 0.563 19.55 4.32
10 0.833 0.312 10.83 2.39
12 1.0 0.179 6.22 1.37
WHEEL3&WHEEL4
2 0.167 1.177 40.87 16.39
4 0.333 1.562 54.24 21.75
6 0.50 4.33 0.36<0.4 1.016 35.28 14.15
8 0.667 0.563 19.55 7.84
10 0.833 0.312 10.83 4.34
12 1.0 0.179 6.22 2.49
WHEEL5&WHEEL6
2 0.167 0.133 4.62 3.52
4 0.333 0.357 12.40 9.46
6 0.50 9.0 0.75>0.4 0.459 15.94 12.16
8 0.667 0.428 14.86 11.33
10 0.833 0.344 11.94 9.11
12 1.0 0.258 8.96 6.83
Wheel7&wheel8
2 0.167 0.080 2.78 2.25
4 0.333 0.235 8.16 6.61
6 0.50 10.33 0.861>0.4 0.337 11.70 9.48
8 0.667 0.350 12.15 9.84
10 0.833 0.308 10.69 8.66
12 1.0 0.248 8.61 6.97
EARTHPRESSUREDUETOWHEELLOAD
Z(FT) lb
ft
0 0
2 40.87+9.03+40.87+16.39+4.62+3.52+2.78+2.25=120.33
4 178.85
6 141.79
8 99.44
10 68.79
12 47.67
K tan 45 tan 45 36 0.2596
2 2

EARTHPRESSUREDUETOWEIGHTOFSOIL:
K Z 0.2596 110 Z 28.6ZatanydepthZ.
&EARTHPRESSUREDUETOSURCHARGE
K q 0.2596 200 51.92atalldepths,
 S F. S. T
S ft inch inch(1)
. .

Graph1

Depth(Z)ft lb S 4477 n
ft
(inch)fromeq (1)
1 140.68 31.8
2 229.45 19.4
3 287.31 15.6
4 345.17 13.0
5 383.84 11.7
6 422.51 10.6
7 401.34 11.2
8 380.16 11.8
9 393.44 11.4
10 406.71 11.0
11 424.75 10.5
12 442.79 10.1

Soletsprovide6layersat10spacingforthebottom5ft&7layersat12spacingforthetop7ft.

6 10 7 12 144 12 NowLR H Z tan 45 2

 12 tan 27 0.51 12 (2)

S FS 2TL
S . S
L 0.0133 (3)
Z Z

Layerno. DepthZ(ft) fromeqn min(ft) eqn

(3)(ft) (2)

1 1 1.87<3 3 5.6 8.61 12
2 2 1.52<3 3 5.10 8.10 12
3 3 1.27<3 3 4.58 7.58 12
4 4 <3 3 4.07 7.07 12
5 5 <3 3 3.56 6.56 12
6 6 <3 3 3.05 6.05 12
7 7 <3 3 2.54 5.54 12
8 7.833 <3 3 2.12 5.12 12
9 8.667 <3 3 1.69 4.69 12
10 9.50 <3 3 1.27 4.27 12
11 10.333 <3 3 0.85 3.85 12
12 11.167 <3 3 0.42 3.42 12
13 12.00 0.41<3 3 0 3.00 12

CHECKFOROVERTURNING:
Resistingmoment MR

Weightofsoil 12 12 110 15840 lb ftactingat6 fromtoe.

15840 6 281.37 574.62 767.68 802.67 786.87 849.50 sin 24 12

114869.4 lb ft
ft

MO 281.37 cos 24 10.79

574.62 8.93 767.68 6.97 802.67 5.02 786.87 2.99 849.5
0.99 cos 24

18948.1 lb ft
ft
MR
F. S. 6.06 3[Ok]
MO

CHECKFORSLIDING:
V C L
F. S.
H
 15840 4062.71 sin 24 tan 0.95 15 0.8 400 12

4062.71 cos 24

.
2.23 1.5[ok]
.
CHECKFORBEARINGCAPACITYFAILURE:
HR MO L 114869.4 18948.1 12
E
V 2 15840 4062.71 sin 24 2
0.52 [Ok]
15840 4062.71 sin 24 6 0.48
q 1
12 12
1807.5 lb
ft
q CN 0.5 L 2e N
400 10.98 0.95 10.43 0.5 115
12 2 0.48 0.7 2.65 1.89
5371.7 lb
ft

.
F. S. 2.98~3[Canbeconsideredjustsafe]
.
S F. S.
L p length L
4 c Z tan
L
3 inalllayers
LO 3ftprovidedinalllayers

e.g.ofatrapeziumasshowninfig(frombottom)

h 1 h
ah h b a
2 2 3
b a h
ah
2

Frombottom

Sothee.g.softrapezium(1)to(6)areasbelow
. .
(1) 10 10.79ftfrombasegeotextileswall
. .
 . .
(2) 8 8.93ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(3) 6 6.97ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(4) 6 5.02ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
. .
(5) 2 2.99ftfrombasegeotextileswall
. .
. .
(6) 0.99ftfrombasegeotextilewall
. .
Areaoftrapezium(1)to(6)isasbelow:
(1) 51.92 229.45 2
2 281.3716perft
(2) 229.45 345.17 2
2 574.6216perft
(3) 345.17 422.51 2
2 767.6816perft
(4) 422.51 380.16 2
2 802.6716perft
(5) 380.16 406.71 2
2 786.8716perft

(6) 406.71 442.79 2 849.5016perft

2

15840 4062.71 sin 24 6 0.48

q 1
12 12
1807.5


15840 4062.71 sin 24 6 0.48
q 1
12 12
1107.9 lb
ft

0.5 2
400 10.43 0.5 115 12 2 0.48 1.89
5371.7
.
. . 2.98~3[canbeconsideredjustsafe]
.
SV F. S.
Lep Length L
4 C Z tan
3 inalllayers
3 providedinalllayers.

PROBLEM:4
Designasuitablepreloadingsystem.

Given 0.5 E 600C

AndI 1.0; I 0.76.

Letusassume2 : 1H loaddispersion.

20 kN
Letunitweightofcompactedsandpad m 3

Sonetfoundationpressure q 1 20

121.75 20

141.75 kNm

Forbearingcapacitycalculationletsconsiderthetoptwosofterlayers.

Cu 26.7 kNm

q 26.7 2 kNm
.
q 64.1 kNm q Hence preloading needed
.

Letsconsiderpreloadingwithembanksandbagshavingdensity 18 kNm

Forembankmenttypeloading(fromB.M.DasFig.3.16)

Andforb z ratio 30
2.5 ; I 0.5

forb z ratio 30
10 ; I 0.49

soforacentralpointinthefirstlayer,PI 2 0.5 H 18H

andforacentralpointinthesecondlayer,PII 2 0.49 H 17.69H

.
NowP q H m 3.56

Soletprovide3.5mheightofpreloadinginthefirststage:

PI 18 3.5 63 kNm
PII 17.64 3.5 61.74 kNm

NoweknowincreaseinshearstrengthduetoconsolidationusingtoexcessverticalpressurePisgiven
by

C K A K

P A

C
Generallywetake 0.3
P

CuI 0.3 63 18.9 kNm

CuII 0.3 61.74 18.52 kNm

CuI 40 18.9 58.9 kNm

CuII 20 18.52 38.52 kNm

. .
new avrage vallue of Cu

q 45.31 6 271.9 kNm

.
q 108.75 kNm q so further preloading needed
.

Sofurtherallowablepreload q previosly given preload

108.75 63 45.75 kNm

.
we can go for a height 2.54m

Soletusprovide2.5mpreloadingfurtherin2ndstage.

PI 18 2.5 45 kNm

PII 17.64 2.5 44.1 kNm

CuI 0.3 45 13.5 kNm

CuII 0.3 44.1 13.23 kNm

CuI 58.9 13.5 72.40 kNm

CuII 38.52 13.23 51.75 kNm

. .
Cu 58.63 kNm
 q 58.63 6 352 kNm

q 141 kNm q
.

Hence3.5mand2.5mheightofpreloading(total6m)istobedoneintwostagesrespectivelywithsand
bagshavingdensity 18 kNm .

Calculationofsettlementwithoutgroundimprovement

Immediatesettlement:

avg Cu 35 kNm .

E 600Cu 600 35 21 10 kNm

B
1 29 I
E

.
1 0.5 1

0.157m 157mm.

Consolidationsettlement
Layer m m H m P kNm m HP m
kN

Ist 0.0003 5 141.75 31 0.182

121.38
33. 5
IInd 0.0007 10 141.75 31 0.567
81.04
412
IIIrd 0.0002 5 141.75 31 0.058
57.91
48. 5
I,II,III
0.807m

0.807m

807 15.7 964mm

Timeforconsolidationunderpreload(withoutanyverticaldrainspreloading
Noradialdrainageorconsolidationtakesplacei. e. U U
C
LetknowT
H

For90%consolidation
TU 1.781 0.933 log 100 U%

T 1.781 0.933 log 100 90

0.848

LetsassumeC 0.933 m day.

ThenconsideringthatmustoftheconsiderationistotheplaceinthesafeclaylayerorlayerII,wetake
H 15 .

H T
t
C

.
9540 days 26.1 years !
.

Sowehavetoprovideverticaldrainagetospeeduptheprocess.Letsassumethegroundimportanthas
bypreloadinghastobecompletedwithin1month.

Finingupdiaandspacingofsandwicks
Letsprovide75mmdiaandwicksintriangulargridarrangement.

Letsstartwitha2mspacing.

Thendiaofinfluence d 1.05 2 2m

n 28.

F ln n 2.587

Assumingcoefficientofradialcondition.

C 0.04. m day.
C .
T 0.272
.

.
T
U 1 exp 1 e . 0.569
F

C .
T 2.67 10
H

U%
SinceU 53% T

.
U 0.0058
 UT 1 1 U 1 U

1 1 0.569 1 0.058

0.594 0.9

Sowehavetodecreasespacingtoachieve90%consolidation.

Letsreducespacingto 1600 mm

d 1.05 1600 m 1680 mm

n 22.4

. .
F ln 22.4 2.366.
. .

C .
T 0.425
.

.
U 1 exp 0.762
.

U remains as before

UT 1 1 0.762 1 0.058 0.776 0.9

Sowehavetofurtherdecreasethespacing.Letspacingbe1500mm.

d 1.05 1500 1575 mm

n 21

F ln n 2.302

C .
T 0.484
.

.
T
U 1 exp 1 e . 0.814.
F

U . as before 0.058

UT 1 1 U 1 U 1 1 00.814 1 0.058 0.825 0.9

Soletsfurtherreducespacingin1400mm.

d 1.05 1400 1470 mm

n 19.6
 . .
F ln 19.6 2.234
. .

.
T 0.555
.

.
U 1 exp 0.863
.

UT 1 1 0.863 1 0.058 0.871 0.9

Sospacingistobefurtherreduced.

Usespacingof1.3m.

Thend 1.05 1.3 1.365m.

n 18.2

F ln n 2.161

C .
T 0.644
.

.
U 1 0.908
.

UT 1 1 0.908 1 0.058 0.913 91.3% 90%

Two stage prelaoding

1st stage 3.5m ht.
so we provide
2nd stage 2.5m ht
with send bags of kNm

15 long, 75 mm dia
at triangular grid
along with sand wicks
arrang, ent with
spacing of 1.3

Settlementduringpreload
SincesadwicksareextendedtotheendoflayerII,91.3%consolidationsettlementoflayerIandIIare
completeduringpreloading.Alsoimmediatesettlementduringpreloading

1 0.5 1 0.119 m

Consolidationsettlementduringpreloading
.
182 567 0.684 m.
 total settlement during preloading 0.119 o. 684 0.803m 803 mm

Settlementafterremovalofpreloadandconstructionofstoragebank

964 803 mm 161 mm.