Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
General Information
1
1
Lecture
L t 5:
5
Spread spectrum, wireless receiver
Overview
S
Spread
d spectrum
FHSS, DSSS
Distortions
Channel estimation, equalizer
2
2
Outcomes
Learning Resources
Rappaport. T. (2001). Wireless communications:
principles and practice. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice
Hall
Hall.
Chapter 6
Stallings, W. (2005). Wireless communications and
networks. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Chapter 7
3
3
Wireless
A rough communication:
breakdown into areas Challenges
4
4
Spread Spectrum cont
What can be gained from apparent waste of spectrum?
Immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath
distortion
Can be used for hiding and encrypting signals
Several users can independently use the same higher
bandwidth with very little interference
5
5
Spread Spectrum cont
On receiving end, digit sequence is used to demodulate the spread
spectrum signal
Signal
g is fed into a channel decoder to recover data
signal
Width of each channel corresponds to
scheme
At each successive interval, a new carrier
frequency is selected
Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication
6
6
Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
Channel sequence dictated by spreading code
Receiver, hopping between frequencies in
synchronization with transmitter, picks up message
Advantages
Eavesdroppers hear only unintelligible blips
7
7
FHSS Using MFSK
MFSK (multiple FSK) signal is translated to a new frequency
every Tc seconds by modulating the MFSK signal with the FHSS
carrier signal
For data rate of R:
duration of a bit: T = 1/R seconds
8
8
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
9
9
DSSS Using BPSK
Wireless Receiver
10
10
Physical Channel Distortions
11
11
Distortions of multipath channels
Reflective Objects
Transmitter Receiver
12
12
Distortions of Multipath
Channels
Multipath and ISI is a big concern because it works as a
bottleneck in high
g speed/mobile
p wireless communication
13
13
Optimal receiver A first intuitive approach
14
14
Optimal receiver- The AWGN channel
15
15
Optimal receiver
Interpretation in signal space
Combating ISI
16
16
Equalization
The term equalization can be used to describe any signal
processing operation that minimizes ISI.
Equalization Techniques
Equalizer is usually implemented at baseband or at IF
in a receiver
17
17
Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication
Equalization Techniques
s(n) is the signal that you transmit through the communication channel, and x(n)
is the distorted output signal. To compensate for the signal distortion, the
adaptive channel equalization system completes the following mode.
18
18
Combating ISI : Equaliser Filter Design
MLSE is for optimum receiver design and is
computationally expensive, but used in many GSM
cellular receiver.
ZF Equaliser filter
In linear TSE, equaliser filter input can be given as:
d[n] c u s n u
i 0,i u
cis n i f (i) w[n i]
i 0
19
19
ZF Equaliser filter Cont..
Output of ZF filter can be given as:
d[n] c u s n u f (i) w[n i]
i 0
MMSE Equaliser
In MMSE design, mean square error (MSE) between
d[n] and sn-u is minimised.
| d[n] s n u |2
20
20
OFDM Equaliser
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
(OFDM) uses multiple carriers modulation (MCM)
each subcarrier uses a low symbol rate
reduce symbol rate and reduce ISI
for N parallel subcarriers, the symbol time can be N
times longer
21
21
Thank You
22
22