Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

General Information

Lecturer: Dr Iftekhar Ahmad

Office: Room 5.218, Joondalup Campus
Phone: +61 8 6304 5458
Email: i.ahmad@ecu.edu.au

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

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 Lecture 6:
Mutiple Access Techniques in Wireless
Communications

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

Overview

Multiple
l i l access techniques
h i
FDMA, TDMA, SDMA, CDMA, CSMA,
ALOHA

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 Outcomes

At the completion of this topic, You will become familiar

with:
ith
Multiple access techniques like ALOHA, CSMA,
CDMA, FDMA, TDMA, SDMA

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

Learning Resources
Rappaport. T. (2001). Wireless communications:
principles and practice. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice
Hall
Hall.
Chapter 9

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 Wireless
A rough communication:
breakdown into areas Challenges

Whenever resources are in short

supply, they will have to be shared.

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

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 FDMA cont
How it works:
Bandwidth divided into sub-bands.
Each station can transmit simultaneously.
Channel placed adjacent to each other.
If wide easy filtering, however, bandwidth inefficient.

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

FDMA cont

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 FDMA cont
FDMA key features:
FDMA channel carries only one circuit at a time.
When an FDMA channel is not in use, it sits idle.
Bandwidth of each channel is narrow.
Complexity of FDMA system is lower than TDMA system.
Fewer overheads.
C t high.
Cost hi h
Requires tight RF filtering to avoid interference.
Less flexible

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Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

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 TDMA cont

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

TDMA cont
TDMA key features:
TDMA shares a single frequency carriers with several users.
Low battery consumption
Handoff process is much simpler.
Requires guard time to avoid interference.
High synchronization overhead.
UL/DL adjustable
dj t bl tot users demand
d d

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 Spread spectrum for multiple access

The term spread spectrum

refers to expansion of
bandwidth when a keyy is
attached to the
communication channel

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Spread spectrum for multiple access cont

Two types of SSMA:

Frequency hopped multiple access (FHMA)
Direct sequence multiple access (DSMA)

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 FHMA

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FHMA cont

Collisions can be avoided through intelligent code design

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 FH codes example

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Code-division multiple access (CDMA)

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 CDMA cont

Let us assume:
W - spread bandwidth in Hz
R = 1/Tb = Date Rate
S - received power of the desired signal in W
J - received power for undesired signals like multiple access
users, multipath, jammers etc in W
Eb - received energy per bit for the desired signal in W
N0 - equivalent noise spectral density in W/Hz
Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

CDMA cont
J NW WT b W R
0
S E b Tb E b N 0 E b N 0

J W R

S max E b N 0 min
What is the tolerable interference over desired signal power?

J W E
Jamming g ((db)) (db ) b (db )
g margin
S max R N 0 min

In conventional systems W/R 1 which means, for satisfactory

operation J/S < 1

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 CDMA cont

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Impact of delay dispersion

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 Rake Receiver Multipath fading

Rake receiver mitigates multipath fading effect

Multipath
p fadingg is a major
j cause of unreliable
wireless channel characteristic

x(t)

y(t) = a0x(t)+a
x(t) 1x(t-d1)+a
) 2x(t-d2)

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

Rake Receiver - Functions

Ideally the function of rake receiver is to aggregate
the signal terms with proper delay compensation

y(t) = a0x(t)+a1x(t-d1)+a2x(t-d2)

Rake receiver

tdelay tdelay
r(t) = a0x(t-t
x(t tdealy)+a1x(t-d
x(t d1-d
dest1)+a2x(t-d
x(t d2-d
dest2)
= (a0+a1+a2) * x(t-tdelay)

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 Rake Receiver
Scan the received signal in frame buffer while
y [ n ] a 0 x [ n ] a 1 x [ n d 1 ] a 2 x [ n d 2 ]

computing correlation with scrambling code sequence.

Correlation
Received signal
window

y[n] a0 x[n] a1 x[n d1 ] a2 x[n d 2 ]

Correlation Result
a1
a2
a0

0 d1 d2

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Rake Receiver Overall Architecture

Detects delay spread

Compensates propagation delay recombine signal terms without delay

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 Break

Iftekhar Ahmad Wireless Communication

Space division multiple access

SDMA
In this structure the bandwidth can be reused within each cell.
The base station is equipped with an antenna array and with
digital signal processing that allows to separate the signals
from multiple users sharing the same frequency band and time
slot.
Thee users
use s have
ave only
o y a single
s g e antenna
a te a giving
g v g a reduced
educed impact
pact
over the system cost.
Spatial diversity exploitation is preferred over beamforming
because of the strong multipath propagation.

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 SDMA cont

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PDMA cont

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 SDMA and PDMA

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Packet radio and multiple access

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 Principle and application

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ALOHA

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 ALOHA

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Carrier sense multiple access

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 Performance comparison

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Fixed vs Random access

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 Fixed vs Random access

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Reservation protocols

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 Reservation protocols

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