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BERHAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEAGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
COURSE TITLE WATER WORK CONSTRUCTION
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
C , BLANKET GROUTING
This type of grouting
strengthens an area rather
than forming a curtain as
shown above.The illustration
shows its use at the
Proper Protection against
piping should be made for dam stability
D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during drilling action and
final excavation is called dental treatment.
E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam foundation .
The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete
F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.
3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a dam reservoir?
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide by the following
factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor in the selection of a
reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water losses through absorption
and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is prefered to a shallow one
because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the length of the dam is
minimum.
6. What is mean by Dam? What are the difference materials that are commonly used for dam construction
and what are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
What is a dam?
These purposes may be irrigation, hydropower, water-supply, flood control, navigation, fishing and
recreation.
Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near the dam site to develop hydropower.
Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A Rigid and
B Non rigid
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
Seepage loss is more
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure constructed
around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be done in dry.
TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type of
dam for a particular project ?
Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.
Topography
Availability of materials
Road way
Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc.
1.Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams, low gravity
dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.
designatio dimension Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
Types n horizontal
moment moment
(kn)
of
force
*40*80*24 2/3*40=26.7 1024128
self W1 38400
40+5+7.5/2=48.75
W3 7200 351000
7.5*40*24
-2000 2/3*45=30
V2 *80/3*10*7.5*2
180000
32000 2026634.25
-6000 = .
-1230940
V3 *80/3*10*45 =
stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condition
position of resultant from the toe:
x= 1/ =1949853/58710=33.2m
distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no tension
developed
E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
At the heel
. (.
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/
. .
=
= .
=
= . 1620
-240 13+74/2=15 3600
Uplift V1 18/3*4*10
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50
2/3*13=8.67 3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390
56469
= 1620 = . -20462.1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total
horizontal forces, and moments:
Stability analysis of the dam:
When Reservoir is empty condition
The position of resultant force
=
=53529.6/5280 =10.14m
=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36 kg/m2
at the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
iS.e stable.
1 The difference betewn Full reservoir level and maximum water level and minimum pool level ?
Answer
Full reservoir level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
C , BLANKET GROUTING
This type of grouting
strengthens an area rather
than forming a curtain as
shown above.The illustration
shows its use at the
Proper Protection against
piping should be made for dam stability
D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during drilling action and
final excavation is called dental treatment.
E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam foundation .
The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete
F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.
3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a dam reservoir?
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide by the following
factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor in the selection of a
reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water losses through absorption
and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is prefered to a shallow one
because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the length of the dam is
minimum.
6. What is mean by Dam? What are the difference materials that are commonly used for dam construction
and what are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
What is a dam?
These purposes may be irrigation, hydropower, water-supply, flood control, navigation, fishing and
recreation.
Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near the dam site to develop hydropower.
Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A Rigid and
B Non rigid
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
Seepage loss is more
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure constructed
around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be done in dry.
TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type of
dam for a particular project ?
Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.
Topography
Availability of materials
Road way
Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc.
1.Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams, low gravity
dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.
designatio dimension Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
Types n horizontal
moment moment
(kn)
of
force
*40*80*24 2/3*40=26.7 1024128
self W1 38400
40+5+7.5/2=48.75
W3 7200 351000
7.5*40*24
-2000 2/3*45=30
V2 *80/3*10*7.5*2
180000
32000 2026634.25
-6000 = .
-1230940
V3 *80/3*10*45 =
stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condition
position of resultant from the toe:
x= 1/ =1949853/58710=33.2m
distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no tension
developed
E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
At the heel
. (.
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/
. .
=
= .
=
= . 1620
-240 13+74/2=15 3600
Uplift V1 18/3*4*10
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50
2/3*13=8.67 3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390
56469
= 1620 = . -20462.1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total
horizontal forces, and moments:
Stability analysis of the dam:
When Reservoir is empty condition
The position of resultant force
=
=53529.6/5280 =10.14m
=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36 kg/m2
at the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
iS.e stable.
1 The difference betewn Full reservoir level and maximum water level and minimum pool level ?
Answer
Full reservoir level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
C , BLANKET GROUTING
This type of grouting
strengthens an area rather
than forming a curtain as
shown above.The illustration
shows its use at the
Proper Protection against
piping should be made for dam stability
D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during drilling action and
final excavation is called dental treatment.
E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam foundation .
The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete
F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.
3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a dam reservoir?
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide by the following
factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor in the selection of a
reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water losses through absorption
and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is prefered to a shallow one
because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the length of the dam is
minimum.
6. What is mean by Dam? What are the difference materials that are commonly used for dam construction
and what are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
What is a dam?
These purposes may be irrigation, hydropower, water-supply, flood control, navigation, fishing and
recreation.
Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near the dam site to develop hydropower.
Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A Rigid and
B Non rigid
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
Seepage loss is more
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure constructed
around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be done in dry.
TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type of
dam for a particular project ?
Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.
Topography
Availability of materials
Road way
Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc.
1.Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams, low gravity
dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.
designatio dimension Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
Types n horizontal
moment moment
(kn)
of
force
*40*80*24 2/3*40=26.7 1024128
self W1 38400
40+5+7.5/2=48.75
W3 7200 351000
7.5*40*24
-2000 2/3*45=30
V2 *80/3*10*7.5*2
180000
32000 2026634.25
-6000 = .
-1230940
V3 *80/3*10*45 =
stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condition
position of resultant from the toe:
x= 1/ =1949853/58710=33.2m
distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no tension
developed
E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
At the heel
. (.
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/
. .
=
= .
=
= . 1620
-240 13+74/2=15 3600
Uplift V1 18/3*4*10
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50
2/3*13=8.67 3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390
56469
= 1620 = . -20462.1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total
horizontal forces, and moments:
Stability analysis of the dam:
When Reservoir is empty condition
The position of resultant force
=
=53529.6/5280 =10.14m
=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36 kg/m2
at the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
iS.e stable.
1 The difference betewn Full reservoir level and maximum water level and minimum pool level ?
Answer
Full reservoir level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
C , BLANKET GROUTING
This type of grouting
strengthens an area rather
than forming a curtain as
shown above.The illustration
shows its use at the
Proper Protection against
piping should be made for dam stability
D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during drilling action and
final excavation is called dental treatment.
E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam foundation .
The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete
F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.
3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a dam reservoir?
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide by the following
factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor in the selection of a
reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water losses through absorption
and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is prefered to a shallow one
because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the length of the dam is
minimum.
6. What is mean by Dam? What are the difference materials that are commonly used for dam construction
and what are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
What is a dam?
These purposes may be irrigation, hydropower, water-supply, flood control, navigation, fishing and
recreation.
Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near the dam site to develop hydropower.
Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A Rigid and
B Non rigid
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
Seepage loss is more
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure constructed
around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be done in dry.
TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type of
dam for a particular project ?
Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.
Topography
Availability of materials
Road way
Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc.
1.Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams, low gravity
dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.
designatio dimension Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
Types n horizontal
moment moment
(kn)
of
force
*40*80*24 2/3*40=26.7 1024128
self W1 38400
40+5+7.5/2=48.75
W3 7200 351000
7.5*40*24
-2000 2/3*45=30
V2 *80/3*10*7.5*2
180000
32000 2026634.25
-6000 = .
-1230940
V3 *80/3*10*45 =
stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condition
position of resultant from the toe:
x= 1/ =1949853/58710=33.2m
distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no tension
developed
E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
At the heel
. (.
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/
. .
=
= .
=
= . 1620
-240 13+74/2=15 3600
Uplift V1 18/3*4*10
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50
2/3*13=8.67 3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390
56469
= 1620 = . -20462.1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total
horizontal forces, and moments:
Stability analysis of the dam:
When Reservoir is empty condition
The position of resultant force
=
=53529.6/5280 =10.14m
=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36 kg/m2
at the heel
.
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
iS.e stable.
1 The difference betewn Full reservoir level and maximum water level and minimum pool level ?
Answer
Full reservoir level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.