BUSCALC

LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS BUSANA2 LECTURE NOTES
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Isagani B. Jos
Functions

Conic
Sections Department of Mathematics
Parabola De La Salle University - Manila
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic Term 1 SY 2017-2018
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Polynomial Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos Definition
FUNCTIONS
The function of the form or reducible to the form
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
y = an x n + an1 x n1 + . . . + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 , (1)
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions where a0 , a1 , . . . , an are real numbers, an 6= 0 and n is a
Logarithmic
Functions
nonnegative integer, is called a polynomial in x of degree n.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
In Equation 1, n is called the degree of the polynomial
Additional Examples
function. The polynomial function is defined at every real
number, thus its domain is the set of real numbers.
 Polynomial Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos Definition
FUNCTIONS
The function of the form or reducible to the form
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
y = an x n + an1 x n1 + . . . + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 , (1)
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions where a0 , a1 , . . . , an are real numbers, an 6= 0 and n is a
Logarithmic
Functions
nonnegative integer, is called a polynomial in x of degree n.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
In Equation 1, n is called the degree of the polynomial
Additional Examples
function. The polynomial function is defined at every real
number, thus its domain is the set of real numbers.
 Special Cases

BUSCALC
LECTURE Remark
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
If in Equation 1, n = 1, then we have a linear function. If we
let a1 = m and a0 = b, then the equation y = mx + b, is a
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR linear function. This is called the slope-intercept form of the
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
linear equation, where m is the slope and b is the
of Functions
Inverse Functions y -intercept.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions Remark
Conic
Sections If in Equation 1, n = 0, then we have a constant function.
Parabola
Ellipse
The function y = a0 is a constant function.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples Remark
If in Equation 1, n = 2, then we have a quadratic function. If
we let a2 = a, a1 = b and a0 = c, then the equation
y = ax 2 + bx + c is a quadratic function.
 Special Cases

BUSCALC
LECTURE Remark
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
If in Equation 1, n = 1, then we have a linear function. If we
let a1 = m and a0 = b, then the equation y = mx + b, is a
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR linear function. This is called the slope-intercept form of the
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
linear equation, where m is the slope and b is the
of Functions
Inverse Functions y -intercept.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions Remark
Conic
Sections If in Equation 1, n = 0, then we have a constant function.
Parabola
Ellipse
The function y = a0 is a constant function.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples Remark
If in Equation 1, n = 2, then we have a quadratic function. If
we let a2 = a, a1 = b and a0 = c, then the equation
y = ax 2 + bx + c is a quadratic function.
 Special Cases

BUSCALC
LECTURE Remark
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
If in Equation 1, n = 1, then we have a linear function. If we
let a1 = m and a0 = b, then the equation y = mx + b, is a
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR linear function. This is called the slope-intercept form of the
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
linear equation, where m is the slope and b is the
of Functions
Inverse Functions y -intercept.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions Remark
Conic
Sections If in Equation 1, n = 0, then we have a constant function.
Parabola
Ellipse
The function y = a0 is a constant function.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples Remark
If in Equation 1, n = 2, then we have a quadratic function. If
we let a2 = a, a1 = b and a0 = c, then the equation
y = ax 2 + bx + c is a quadratic function.
 Rational Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Definition
The function of the form
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS N(x)
Some Special Types y= , (2)
of Functions
Inverse Functions
D(x)
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
where both N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x, is called a
Conic
rational function.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Remark
Eccentricity of a
Conic The rational function is called proper if the degree of N(x) is
Additional Examples
less than the degree of D(x). Otherwise, the rational
function is called improper.
 Rational Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Definition
The function of the form
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS N(x)
Some Special Types y= , (2)
of Functions
Inverse Functions
D(x)
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
where both N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x, is called a
Conic
rational function.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Remark
Eccentricity of a
Conic The rational function is called proper if the degree of N(x) is
Additional Examples
less than the degree of D(x). Otherwise, the rational
function is called improper.
 Rational Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS Remark
AND THEIR
GRAPHS The domain of a rational function is the set of all real
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
numbers where it is defined. This is the set of all real
Exponential
Functions
numbers where D(x) 6= 0.
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Definition
Parabola
Ellipse Functions which are defined in pieces are appropriately
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
called piecewise functions.
Conic
Additional Examples
 Rational Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS Remark
AND THEIR
GRAPHS The domain of a rational function is the set of all real
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
numbers where it is defined. This is the set of all real
Exponential
Functions
numbers where D(x) 6= 0.
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Definition
Parabola
Ellipse Functions which are defined in pieces are appropriately
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
called piecewise functions.
Conic
Additional Examples
 Piecewise Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Example
Some Special Types
of Functions The following are examples of piecewise functions.
Inverse Functions 
Exponential 2x 3 if x 2
Functions 1 y=
Logarithmic
Functions x + 5 if x > 2
 2
Conic
Sections
x 1 if x < 0
2 y=
Parabola
Ellipse
x 1 if x 0
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES Definition
Isagani B. Jos Let y = f (x) be a function, if there exists another function
FUNCTIONS y = g(x), satisfying the property that:
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
x = f (g(x)),
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
and
Functions
x = g(f (x)),
Conic
Sections
Parabola
then g is called the inverse function of f . We will denote the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
inverse function of f by f 1 .
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
Remark
Not all functions have an inverse. Only functions which are
ONE-TO-ONE has an inverse.
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES Definition
Isagani B. Jos Let y = f (x) be a function, if there exists another function
FUNCTIONS y = g(x), satisfying the property that:
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
x = f (g(x)),
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
and
Functions
x = g(f (x)),
Conic
Sections
Parabola
then g is called the inverse function of f . We will denote the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
inverse function of f by f 1 .
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
Remark
Not all functions have an inverse. Only functions which are
ONE-TO-ONE has an inverse.
 One-to-one Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Definition
GRAPHS
Some Special Types The function f is one-to-one,
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions if x1 6= x2 , then f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ),
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic or equivalently,
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) then x1 = x2 .
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 One-to-one Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Remark
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
A function f is one-to-one on an interval I if it is increasing
Inverse Functions
Exponential
or decreasing on I.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Remark
Sections
Parabola
A function f is one-to-one if every horizontal line intersects
Ellipse
Hyperbola
the graph of f in at most one point.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 One-to-one Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Remark
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
A function f is one-to-one on an interval I if it is increasing
Inverse Functions
Exponential
or decreasing on I.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Remark
Sections
Parabola
A function f is one-to-one if every horizontal line intersects
Ellipse
Hyperbola
the graph of f in at most one point.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Finding the inverse of a function, if it exists
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
1 y = f (x) is given;
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
2 Interchange x and y and get x = g(y );
Solve for y , and write the solution as y = f 1 (x). We
Functions
3
Conic
Sections call f 1 , the inverse of f.
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Finding the inverse of a function, if it exists
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
1 y = f (x) is given;
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
2 Interchange x and y and get x = g(y );
Solve for y , and write the solution as y = f 1 (x). We
Functions
3
Conic
Sections call f 1 , the inverse of f.
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Finding the inverse of a function, if it exists
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
1 y = f (x) is given;
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
2 Interchange x and y and get x = g(y );
Solve for y , and write the solution as y = f 1 (x). We
Functions
3
Conic
Sections call f 1 , the inverse of f.
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Inverse of a Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Example
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Find the inverse of the function
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions 2x 1
f (x) = .
Conic
Sections
x +4
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Definition
Some Special Types
of Functions For b > 0, but b 6= 1, then function defined as
Inverse Functions
Exponential

f (x) = bx ,
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections where x is any real number, is called the exponential
Parabola
Ellipse function to the base b.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any exponential function f (x) = bx , where b > 0 and
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
b 6= 1,
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (0, 1);
Conic
Sections 4 If b > 1, then f (x) = bx is increasing; If 0 < b < 1, then
Parabola
Ellipse f (x) is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 bx = bw if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any exponential function f (x) = bx , where b > 0 and
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
b 6= 1,
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (0, 1);
Conic
Sections 4 If b > 1, then f (x) = bx is increasing; If 0 < b < 1, then
Parabola
Ellipse f (x) is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 bx = bw if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any exponential function f (x) = bx , where b > 0 and
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
b 6= 1,
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (0, 1);
Conic
Sections 4 If b > 1, then f (x) = bx is increasing; If 0 < b < 1, then
Parabola
Ellipse f (x) is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 bx = bw if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any exponential function f (x) = bx , where b > 0 and
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
b 6= 1,
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (0, 1);
Conic
Sections 4 If b > 1, then f (x) = bx is increasing; If 0 < b < 1, then
Parabola
Ellipse f (x) is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 bx = bw if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Exponential Functions

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any exponential function f (x) = bx , where b > 0 and
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
b 6= 1,
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (0, 1);
Conic
Sections 4 If b > 1, then f (x) = bx is increasing; If 0 < b < 1, then
Parabola
Ellipse f (x) is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 bx = bw if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Definition
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions The function
Exponential
Functions f (x) = logb x,
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
where b > 0 and b 6= 1, is called the logarithmic function to
Sections
Parabola
the base b, if and only if x = by
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any logarithmic function, f (x) = logb x, where b > 0 and
AND THEIR b 6= 1.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of positive real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of all real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (1, 0);
Conic
Sections
4 If b > 1, then f (x) = logb x is increasing; and if
Parabola
Ellipse 0 < b < 1, then f (x) = logb x is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 logb x = logb w if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any logarithmic function, f (x) = logb x, where b > 0 and
AND THEIR b 6= 1.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of positive real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of all real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (1, 0);
Conic
Sections
4 If b > 1, then f (x) = logb x is increasing; and if
Parabola
Ellipse 0 < b < 1, then f (x) = logb x is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 logb x = logb w if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any logarithmic function, f (x) = logb x, where b > 0 and
AND THEIR b 6= 1.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of positive real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of all real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (1, 0);
Conic
Sections
4 If b > 1, then f (x) = logb x is increasing; and if
Parabola
Ellipse 0 < b < 1, then f (x) = logb x is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 logb x = logb w if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any logarithmic function, f (x) = logb x, where b > 0 and
AND THEIR b 6= 1.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of positive real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of all real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (1, 0);
Conic
Sections
4 If b > 1, then f (x) = logb x is increasing; and if
Parabola
Ellipse 0 < b < 1, then f (x) = logb x is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 logb x = logb w if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Properties of the Logarithmic Function

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
For any logarithmic function, f (x) = logb x, where b > 0 and
AND THEIR b 6= 1.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
1 The domain is the set of positive real numbers;
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 The range is the set of all real numbers;
Logarithmic
Functions 3 The graph passes through the point (1, 0);
Conic
Sections
4 If b > 1, then f (x) = logb x is increasing; and if
Parabola
Ellipse 0 < b < 1, then f (x) = logb x is decreasing;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
5 logb x = logb w if and only if x = w.
Additional Examples
 Distance between two points

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Definition
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Let P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) be two points. The distance
Exponential
Functions between P1 and P2 is given by:
Logarithmic
Functions
q
Conic
Sections |P1 P2 | = (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 .
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Distance between two points

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Definition
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Let P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) be two points. The distance
Exponential
Functions between P1 and P2 is given by:
Logarithmic
Functions
q
Conic
Sections |P1 P2 | = (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 .
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Second degree equations in x and y

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Definition
Isagani B. Jos
A parabola is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR (focus) and a fixed line(directrix).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Remark
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
1 The axis of the parabola is the line passing through the
Functions

Conic
focus and is perpendicular to the directrix;
Sections
Parabola
2 The vertex of the parabola is the intersection of the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
parabola with its axis;
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
3 The latus rectum of the parabola is a line segment
passing through the focus, perpendicular to the axis
and whose endpoints are on the parabola.
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Definition
Isagani B. Jos
A parabola is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR (focus) and a fixed line(directrix).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Remark
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
1 The axis of the parabola is the line passing through the
Functions

Conic
focus and is perpendicular to the directrix;
Sections
Parabola
2 The vertex of the parabola is the intersection of the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
parabola with its axis;
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
3 The latus rectum of the parabola is a line segment
passing through the focus, perpendicular to the axis
and whose endpoints are on the parabola.
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Definition
Isagani B. Jos
A parabola is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR (focus) and a fixed line(directrix).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Remark
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
1 The axis of the parabola is the line passing through the
Functions

Conic
focus and is perpendicular to the directrix;
Sections
Parabola
2 The vertex of the parabola is the intersection of the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
parabola with its axis;
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
3 The latus rectum of the parabola is a line segment
passing through the focus, perpendicular to the axis
and whose endpoints are on the parabola.
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Definition
Isagani B. Jos
A parabola is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR (focus) and a fixed line(directrix).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Remark
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
1 The axis of the parabola is the line passing through the
Functions

Conic
focus and is perpendicular to the directrix;
Sections
Parabola
2 The vertex of the parabola is the intersection of the
Ellipse
Hyperbola
parabola with its axis;
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
3 The latus rectum of the parabola is a line segment
passing through the focus, perpendicular to the axis
and whose endpoints are on the parabola.
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS The general forms of the parabola are:

AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
1 with vertical axis
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0;
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
2 with horizontal axis
Sections

y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos The standard forms of a parabola with vertex (h, k ) which
opens
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
1 to the right:
Some Special Types
of Functions
(y k )2 = 4p(x h);
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
2 to the left:
Logarithmic
Functions (y k )2 = 4p(x h);
Conic
Sections 3 upward:
Parabola
Ellipse (x h)2 = 4p(y k );
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
4 downward:
(x h)2 = 4p(y k );
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS Example
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions Find all important points and draw a sketch of the parabola:
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions y 2 3x 4y + 1 = 0
Conic
Sections
Parabola
.
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos .
...
.........
..
..
FUNCTIONS ..
AND THEIR ... ....
.. .........
GRAPHS ... ..............
.....................
.
..... ..P ( 1 ,3 1 )
Some Special Types ..
..
.... .......... 1
of Functions
4 2
Inverse Functions ... .. ..
.... ... ....
Exponential .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . .
........ ...
. . .
. ............. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
Functions . .. ..
Logarithmic
V (1,2)...... ....F..... ( 14 ,2)
.... ........
Functions ..... ... 1 1
.....P ( , ). .
..........................................................................................2 ......................4 .......................................................................................
.............2
Conic .. .............
Sections ... ........
.........
....... . .
Parabola ..
..
Ellipse ........
..
Hyperbola ..
...
Eccentricity of a ..
Conic ...
..
Additional Examples

Figure: The parabola y 2 3x 4y + 1 = 0

 BUSCALC Example
LECTURE
NOTES Find all important points and draw a sketch of the parabola:
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
x 2 + 8x + 4y + 28 = 0.
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Parabola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
.
Isagani B. Jos ...
.........
.......
...
..
FUNCTIONS . ........
AND THEIR ... ...
. .
GRAPHS ... .........
.. ..
. ..
Some Special Types
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of Functions ... ...
.. .
Inverse Functions
... .........
Exponential .. ..
Functions .. ..
.. ........
Logarithmic
V (4,3) . ...
... .
.........
Functions
............
.........................
....
... .
. .
...
...
...... ..
Conic ........ .
. .. ..
P2 (6,4) ................................. ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ......P (2,4) ........
Sections . .... 1 .
... F (4,4) .
. .... ...
.. . .... .
Parabola
...
... ... .... ........
Ellipse
...
.
. .
.
.
...... ....
. ... .......
Hyperbola ... ... ... ...
... .. ... ..
Eccentricity of a ..... ... .
..........
Conic
...
Additional Examples .
.......

Figure: The parabola x 2 + 8x + 4y + 28 = 0

 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Definition
Exponential
Functions An ellipse is a set of points, the sum of whose distances
Logarithmic
Functions from two fixed points(foci) is constant.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 General Form of an Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
The general form of the ellipse is
GRAPHS

Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
where AC > 0.
Conic
Sections
Remark
Parabola
Ellipse
The ellipse reduces to a circle if A = C.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 General Form of an Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
The general form of the ellipse is
GRAPHS

Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
where AC > 0.
Conic
Sections
Remark
Parabola
Ellipse
The ellipse reduces to a circle if A = C.
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
the foci is the center of the ellipse.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The line containing the foci is the major axis of the
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The intersection of the ellipse with its major axis are the
Functions
vertices of the ellipse.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
4 The line segment (whose endpoints are on the ellipse)
Ellipse
Hyperbola
passing through the center and is perpendicular to the
Eccentricity of a
Conic
major axis of the ellipse is called minor axis of the
Additional Examples
ellipse.
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
the foci is the center of the ellipse.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The line containing the foci is the major axis of the
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The intersection of the ellipse with its major axis are the
Functions
vertices of the ellipse.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
4 The line segment (whose endpoints are on the ellipse)
Ellipse
Hyperbola
passing through the center and is perpendicular to the
Eccentricity of a
Conic
major axis of the ellipse is called minor axis of the
Additional Examples
ellipse.
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
the foci is the center of the ellipse.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The line containing the foci is the major axis of the
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The intersection of the ellipse with its major axis are the
Functions
vertices of the ellipse.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
4 The line segment (whose endpoints are on the ellipse)
Ellipse
Hyperbola
passing through the center and is perpendicular to the
Eccentricity of a
Conic
major axis of the ellipse is called minor axis of the
Additional Examples
ellipse.
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
the foci is the center of the ellipse.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The line containing the foci is the major axis of the
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The intersection of the ellipse with its major axis are the
Functions
vertices of the ellipse.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
4 The line segment (whose endpoints are on the ellipse)
Ellipse
Hyperbola
passing through the center and is perpendicular to the
Eccentricity of a
Conic
major axis of the ellipse is called minor axis of the
Additional Examples
ellipse.
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the ellipse from its center is
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of an
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of an ellipse from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 = b 2 + c 2 .
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the ellipse from its center is
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of an
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of an ellipse from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 = b 2 + c 2 .
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the ellipse from its center is
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of an
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of an ellipse from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 = b 2 + c 2 .
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the ellipse from its center is
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of an
of Functions
Inverse Functions ellipse from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of an ellipse from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 = b 2 + c 2 .
 Standard Forms of an Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Standard forms of an ellipse with C(h, k ) and
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
1 with a horizontal axis:
GRAPHS

(x h)2 (y k )2
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions + = 1;
Exponential
Functions
a2 b2
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
2 with a vertical axis:
Sections
Parabola
(y k )2 (x h)2
Ellipse
+ = 1;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
a2 b2
Conic
Additional Examples
 Standard Forms of an Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Standard forms of an ellipse with C(h, k ) and
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
1 with a horizontal axis:
GRAPHS

(x h)2 (y k )2
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions + = 1;
Exponential
Functions
a2 b2
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
2 with a vertical axis:
Sections
Parabola
(y k )2 (x h)2
Ellipse
+ = 1;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
a2 b2
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
of Functions
Inverse Functions the ellipse:
Exponential
Functions

16x 2 + 25y 2 32x + 150y 159 = 0

Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
.
Isagani B. Jos ...
.........
.......
...
..
FUNCTIONS ........
AND THEIR ...
B . (1,1)
..... . 1 ...................................
GRAPHS ... ............................... .. ............
P3 (2,0.2) .
.... .
........ . ....... P1 (4,0.2)
......................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.. ......... .
Some Special Types
...... ............................................................
of Functions
.... . . ..
.
.
..
.
. . ....
....
.
. ... .
.
. .
. ....
Inverse Functions
....
. ........ ..
. ....
Exponential .... .
. .
. ...
...
Functions .... ... ... ...
... ....... .
Logarithmic .. ... ... ..
.
Functions ....... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ................ .............. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ........
A2 (4,3) ... . .
..
.
.. .
. .... A1 (6,3)
Conic .. F2 (2,3) C(1,3) .. .. F1 (4,3) ....
... ........ ... .
Sections ... .
... ...
... .
. ..
Parabola
....
.... ........ . .
.
. ..
....
.... ... ..
.... ... ....
....
Ellipse
...... .. ..
.......
Hyperbola
................. .......... ....
........
....
. . . . ........

Eccentricity of a P4 (2,6.2) ...................................................................................... P2 (4,0.6.2)
Conic .
Additional Examples B.....2 (1,7)
.

Figure: The ellipse 16x 2 + 25y 2 32x + 150y 159 = 0

 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
of Functions
Inverse Functions the ellipse:
Exponential
Functions

100x 2 + 36y 2 600x + 144y 2556 = 0

Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
..
....
........
......... A 1....(3,8)
Isagani B. Jos
. .............
.......................
................. ... ........
.....
.. ....
.. .... .. ....
FUNCTIONS P2 (0.6,6)... ... ......... .. ......P1 (6.6,6)
AND THEIR ... ........ F1 (3,6) .
. ...
... .. ... ...
GRAPHS .... ....... . ...
.. .
. .
. ...
Some Special Types .... ........ .
. ...
.. .
. .
. ...
of Functions
.. ....... .. ..
.
. . ..
Inverse Functions ... ........ .
.
. ..
.
. . . ..
Exponential .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Functions ... .
. .
. ..
....... . ..
... ..
.
. ..
.
B2 (3,2) .............................................................................................................. B1 (9,2)
Logarithmic
Functions
.. ....... C(3,2) .. ..
.
.. . .
. .
Conic ..
.. ........ ... ..
.. . ..
Sections ..
.. ......... ..
.. ..
..
... .
. . ..
...... .
Parabola ... .. ... ...
... ........ ... ...
Ellipse
... . . ..
Hyperbola ... ........ .
. . ...
... ... .. ..
.... .. ... ...
...
Eccentricity of a
.... .. F2 (3,10)
Conic
P4 (0.6,10) ........... ..
....... P (6.6,10)
.. . . .... 3
Additional Examples .................. ... ......
. .... . ........
........ ................ ...................
. A (3,12)
.
........ 2
..

Figure: The ellipse 100x 2 + 36y 2 600x + 144y 2556 = 0

 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
Inverse Functions
Exponential

4x 2 + 4y 2 24x 16y + 16 = 0.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
.
Isagani B. Jos ....
.........
.......
...
..
FUNCTIONS ........
AND THEIR ...
.
......... ...............
GRAPHS .............. ... ......................
.. ........ ......
. ...... ... ....
Some Special Types
......... ...... .. ....
... ..... ....
of Functions
.. ...
Inverse Functions .. ... . ...
........... ..
. ..
Exponential ...... .. ..
..
Functions .. .
.
........ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .......
Logarithmic .... .
. .
..
Functions ....
. C(3,2) .
. ..
.......... ... ...
... ..... .. ...
Conic . .. . ...
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sections ... ......
........ .. ......
.
.
. .............. ... .....................
Parabola ........ .................
Ellipse
..
.
Hyperbola .........
.
Eccentricity of a
...
Conic .........
...
Additional Examples ..
.

Figure: The ellipse(circle) 4x 2 + 4y 2 24x 16y + 16 = 0

 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Identify the graphs of the following equations:
GRAPHS
Some Special Types 1
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 6y + 10 = 0;
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2

Conic 16x 2 + 4y 2 64x + 24y + 101 = 0.

Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Ellipse

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Identify the graphs of the following equations:
GRAPHS
Some Special Types 1
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 6y + 10 = 0;
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2

Conic 16x 2 + 4y 2 64x + 24y + 101 = 0.

Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Definition
Exponential
Functions A hyperbola is a set of points the absolute difference of its
Logarithmic
Functions distances from two fixed points is constant.
Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
General Form of a hyperbola:
Inverse Functions

Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections
where AC < 0.
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR the foci is the center of the hyperbola.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
2 The line containing the foci is the major/transverse axis
Inverse Functions
Exponential of the hyperbola.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
3 The intersection of the hyperbola with its transverse
Conic axis are the vertices of the hyperbola.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
4 The line segment passing through the center and is
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
perpendicular to the transverse axis of the ellipse is
Conic
Additional Examples
called minor/conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR the foci is the center of the hyperbola.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
2 The line containing the foci is the major/transverse axis
Inverse Functions
Exponential of the hyperbola.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
3 The intersection of the hyperbola with its transverse
Conic axis are the vertices of the hyperbola.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
4 The line segment passing through the center and is
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
perpendicular to the transverse axis of the ellipse is
Conic
Additional Examples
called minor/conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR the foci is the center of the hyperbola.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
2 The line containing the foci is the major/transverse axis
Inverse Functions
Exponential of the hyperbola.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
3 The intersection of the hyperbola with its transverse
Conic axis are the vertices of the hyperbola.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
4 The line segment passing through the center and is
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
perpendicular to the transverse axis of the ellipse is
Conic
Additional Examples
called minor/conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR the foci is the center of the hyperbola.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
2 The line containing the foci is the major/transverse axis
Inverse Functions
Exponential of the hyperbola.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
3 The intersection of the hyperbola with its transverse
Conic axis are the vertices of the hyperbola.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
4 The line segment passing through the center and is
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
perpendicular to the transverse axis of the ellipse is
Conic
Additional Examples
called minor/conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the hyperbola from its
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
center is a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of a
of Functions
Inverse Functions hyperbola from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of a hyperbola from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 + b 2 = c 2 .
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the hyperbola from its
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
center is a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of a
of Functions
Inverse Functions hyperbola from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of a hyperbola from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 + b 2 = c 2 .
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the hyperbola from its
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
center is a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of a
of Functions
Inverse Functions hyperbola from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of a hyperbola from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 + b 2 = c 2 .
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 The distance of a vertex of the hyperbola from its
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
center is a units.
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
2 The distance of an endpoint of the minor axis of a
of Functions
Inverse Functions hyperbola from its center is b units.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
3 The distance of a foci of a hyperbola from its center is c
Functions

Conic
units.
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse Remark
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
For ellipses
Additional Examples
a2 + b 2 = c 2 .
 Standard Forms of a Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Standard forms of an hyperbola with C(h, k ) and
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
1 with a horizontal axis:
GRAPHS

(x h)2 (y k )2
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions = 1;
Exponential
Functions
a2 b2
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
2 with a vertical axis:
Sections
Parabola
(y k )2 (x h)2
Ellipse
= 1;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
a2 b2
Conic
Additional Examples
 Standard Forms of a Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Standard forms of an hyperbola with C(h, k ) and
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
1 with a horizontal axis:
GRAPHS

(x h)2 (y k )2
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions = 1;
Exponential
Functions
a2 b2
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
2 with a vertical axis:
Sections
Parabola
(y k )2 (x h)2
Ellipse
= 1;
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
a2 b2
Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
Example
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
Functions
Logarithmic
the hyperbola:
Functions

Conic
Sections 9x 2 16y 2 + 72x 160y 112 = 0
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
...... ....... 3
.. ...... ... y = x2
Isagani B. Jos ...... ........ ..... ....... ..... 4
............... ......... ....... .....
...... ........
.
. .
. . .......................
...... ........ ........ . . .
.... .......
...... ........ ....
...... ......... .. ....... .....
...... ........ ........ ....... ....
FUNCTIONS ..... ......... ....... ......
........ ......
....................................................F
..
AND THEIR ............................................................................. .......1.......(4,0)
......... .......................................................................................
...........................................................................
..... ......... . ..... ....
GRAPHS ...... ........... .......... .....
...... .... .......... ..... ......
...... ............................. ............ ...........
Some Special Types
...... ................................ .
. ... . ...
of Functions ...... ..... .
.....A..... 1 (4,2) ..... ..
Inverse Functions
...... .
. .. ...... .........
. ........
...... .....
...... ..........
Exponential
..
Functions
B2 (8,5) .........
. . ....... B (0,5)
.... ........ ..... 1
.
Logarithmic
C(4,5) .... ...... ...... . .. .
Functions
.... ......
........ ...... .........
..
.. A (4,8) ........ ....
. ..
Conic .....
.. 2 ........
...... ..................... ..........................
............ ...........
Sections ...... ..................... .......... .... ......
..... ..
Parabola .. . ...... ................ .......... .....
. ..... . ......
.
... ...... ......... .... ........ ......
Ellipse ..................... ........ ....
.
...
.... .......... . F 2 (4,10) . .. ..... ........ .....
........ ......
Hyperbola ..
.
.... ........... ... ....... .....
..
..
. ........ .
... ....... .....
Eccentricity of a .. .
.. . . .. .
. ....... .....
.... .. ........ . ....... .....
Conic
. . .
... .......... .
. ....... .....
... . .
. ....... ....
Additional Examples ..
.. .............. .
.
. ....... .....
.... ..... ...
..
..... ...
y = 43 x8

Figure: The hyperbola 9x 2 16y 2 + 72x 160y 112 = 0

 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
Example
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
Functions
Logarithmic
the hyperbola:
Functions

Conic
Sections 49x 2 5y 2 98x + 30y 241 = 0
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
Example
AND THEIR
GRAPHS The standard form of the given hyperbola is:
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
(x 1)2 (y 3)2
Functions = 1.
Logarithmic
Functions ( 5)2 (7)2
Conic
Sections
Parabola
The important points are: C(1, 3); A1 (3.24, 3) A2 (1.24, 3)
Ellipse
Hyperbola
F1 (8.35, 3) F2 (6.35, 3) B1 (1, 10) B2 (1, 4) P1 (8.35, 24.91)
Eccentricity of a
Conic
P2 (8.35, 18.91) P3 (6.35, 24.91) P2 (6.35, 18.91)
Additional Examples
 Hyperbola

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
Example
of Functions
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Find all important points and draw a sketch of the graph of
Functions
Logarithmic
the hyperbola:
Functions

Conic
Sections 49x 2 5y 2 98x + 30y + 4 = 0
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Eccentricity

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Definition
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
The eccentricity of the conic, denoted by e is the ratio of the
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
distance of a point P on the conic from a fixed point to its
of Functions
Inverse Functions
distance of the same point P from a fixed line.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions Remark
Conic
Sections For central conics, the relation
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
c = ae
Conic
Additional Examples
holds.
 Eccentricity

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
Definition
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
The eccentricity of the conic, denoted by e is the ratio of the
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
distance of a point P on the conic from a fixed point to its
of Functions
Inverse Functions
distance of the same point P from a fixed line.
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions Remark
Conic
Sections For central conics, the relation
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
c = ae
Conic
Additional Examples
holds.
 Eccentricity of a Conic

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
Let d be the distance of a directrix of a central conic from its
Inverse Functions
Exponential
center. Then,
Functions a
Logarithmic d= .
Functions
e
Conic
Sections
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
 Outline

BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Some Special Types of Functions
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR Inverse Functions
GRAPHS
Some Special Types Exponential Functions
of Functions
Inverse Functions Logarithmic Functions
Exponential
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
2 Conic Sections
Conic
Sections Parabola
Parabola
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
Conic
Additional Examples Eccentricity of a Conic
Additional Examples
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
1 The circle with center C(1, 2) that passes through
Isagani B. Jos
the point (2, 3).
2 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3)
FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR and focus (0, 3).
GRAPHS
Some Special Types
of Functions
3 Find the equation of the conic the sum of the distances
Inverse Functions
Exponential
to the points (4, 3) and (4, 3) is 10.
Functions
Logarithmic
Functions
4 Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (1, 3)
Conic and (1, 9) and minor axis 8.
Sections
Parabola 5 Find the equation of the ellipse whose center at (1, 3),
Ellipse
Hyperbola with focus at (1, 1) and major axis 10.
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
6 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (5, 1)
and (5, 1) and transverse axis 6.
7 Find the equation of the conic whose foci are (0, 9) and
(0, 9) and directrices y = 4.
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos 8. Find the equation of the parabola which has a directrix
FUNCTIONS
y = 1, axis x = 2, and passes through the point (5, 6).
AND THEIR
GRAPHS 9. Find the equation of the circle that passes through the
Some Special Types
of Functions points (4, 6), (2, 2) and (5, 1)
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Functions 10. Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are at (2, 3)
Logarithmic
Functions and (2, 7) and the length of the semi-minor axis is
Conic
Sections
two-thirds the length of the semi-major axis.
Parabola
Ellipse
11. Find the equation of the ellipse whose center is the
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a
origin, its foci on the x-axis, the length of the major axis
Conic
Additional Examples is three times the length of the minor axis, and passing
through the point (3, 3).
 Find the equation of the conic satisfying the
given condition(s).
BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos

FUNCTIONS 12. Find the equation of the hyperbola with endpoints of its
AND THEIR
GRAPHS conjugate axis at (0, 3) and (0, 3) and a focus at
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
(5, 0).
Exponential
Functions 13. Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci at (3, 6)

and (3, 0) and passing through the point (5, 3 + 65 5).
Logarithmic
Functions

Conic
Sections 14. Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices at
Parabola
Ellipse (3, 1) and (1, 1) and the distance between the
Hyperbola
Eccentricity of a foci is 2 5.
Conic
Additional Examples
 BUSCALC
LECTURE
NOTES
Isagani B. Jos
1 y 2 3x 4y + 1 = 0
FUNCTIONS
2 x 2 + 8x + 4y + 28 = 0
AND THEIR
GRAPHS 3 16x 2 + 25y 2 32x + 150y 159 = 0
Some Special Types
of Functions
Inverse Functions
4 100x 2 + 36y 2 600x + 144y 2556 = 0
4x 2 + 4y 2 24x 16y + 16 = 0.
Exponential
Functions 5
Logarithmic

x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 6y + 10 = 0;
Functions
6
Conic
Sections
Parabola
7 16x 2 + 4y 2 64x + 24y + 101 = 0.
9x 2 16y 2 + 72x 160y 112 = 0
Ellipse
Hyperbola
8
Eccentricity of a
Conic
Additional Examples
9 49x 2 5y 2 98x + 30y 241 = 0
10 49x 2 5y 2 98x + 30y + 4 = 0