Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
By:-
Er.
Er. Pramesh Hada
BE Civil, MSC Urban planning
Assistant Professor
Nepal Engineering College,
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
Professor, nec Changunarayan,Bhaktapur 1
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
2
7.1 Basic Definitions in Contouring pu 2010
Contour An imaginary line on the ground surface joining
the points of equal elevation is known as contour.
It facilitates depiction of the relief of terrain in a two
dimensional plan or map.
In other words, contour is a line in which the ground
surface is intersected by a level surface obtained by joining
points of equal elevation. This line on the map represents a
contour and is called contour line.
Contouring is the science of representing the vertical
dimension of the terrain on a two dimensional map.
Contour interval
Er. Pramesh Hada,= 30 m
Assistant
4
Professor, nec
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
5
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
6
Relief or shape of the land is shown by
Contours
Contours are those light
brown or orange lines that can
see on maps.
A contour line is an imaginary
line that joins points of equal
height above sea level.
The lines are numbered giving
the height above sea level in
metres.
On 1:50000 map the contours
will be drawn for every 10
metre rise. Although on this
map they are every 3m so
always remember to check.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
7
Professor, nec
It is important to remember that the closer
together the contour lines the steeper the slope.
Steep slopes
Area that is
flatter with
only a gentle
slope
XXXX
A HILL
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
16
Professor, nec
CONTOURING 14
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
80
vi) A series of 75
closed contour 70
DEPRESSION
A DEPRESSION
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
17
CONTOURING Professor, nec 15
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
vii) Contour line cross ridge or valley line at
right angles. If the higher values
100 are inside the bend or
90 loop in the contour, it
80
indicates a Ridge.
70
60
50
RIDGE LINE
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
18
CONTOURING Professor, nec 16
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
vii) Contour line cross ridge or valley line at
right angles.
If the higher values are
outside the bend, it
100 represents a Valley
90
80
70
60
50
VALLEY LINE
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
19
CONTOURING Professor, nec
17
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
40 30 20 10
OVERHANGING CLIFF
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
CONTOURING
Professor, nec
21
19
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
x) Contour lines
50
never run into one
40
another except in
30 VERTICA
the case of a CLIFF
vertical cliff. In 20
contours coincide
and the horizontal
50
10 20 30 40 50
equivalent becomes
zero.
OVERHANGING CLIFF
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
CONTOURING
Professor, nec
22
20
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
XI) Depressions between
summits is called a saddle. It
is represented by four sets of
contours as shown. It
represents a dip in a ridge or
the junction of two ridges. 70 SADDLE 70
And in the case of a mountain 80 80
range ,it takes the form of a 90 90
pass . 90
100
110
200
150
100
50
XXXX
Sparrow
point 227
200
. 76
150
100
50
29
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
30
Professor, nec
PURPOSE (uses) OF CONTOURING/CONTOUR MAP
13 14 15 16
98.00 98.00
98,00
97.45 99.25 98.75 99.40
9 10 11 12
by measurements
98.00
from the corners. 98,00
98.00
SQUARE METHOD
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
CONTOURING
Professor, nec
52
33
2. Indirect Method:
By Cross- Sections:
This method is most suitable for the surveys of long narrow
strips such as a road, railway or canal aignment etc.
In this method cross sections perpendicular to the centre
line of the area are set out.
The spacing of the cross-section depends upon the contour
interval, scale of plan and the characteristic of ground.
The common value is 10 to 20 m in hilly country and 20-30m in
flat country.
The centre line and cross sections are plotted along with
important features on the desired scale and their RLs are
entered.
The contours are then interpolated with respect to these RLs.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
53
CONTOURING Professor, nec 35
Indirect Method:
By Cross- Sections:
The levels of the points along the section lines are plotted on
the plan and the contours are then interpolated as usual as
shown in the fig. 70
69 69
RD 580 70.6 70 69.1 68.8 69.1 70.8
71
RD 540
71.2 70.8 66.3 70.6 70.8
67
71
68
69
70
RD 520 71.6 71.2 70.6 72.4 71.7
71 71
Fig. X-Section Method
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
54
CONTOURING Professor, nec 34
2. Indirect Method:
arithmetical method 60
2
60m
and also the results
obtained are accurate.
Out of several
1
graphical methods, the 55 55m
most common is as
given below:
A 51.5m
50
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
CONTOURING
Professor, nec
62
42
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
Graphical method:
As shown in the fig.
suppose the contour interval is
5m, then on a piece of tracing
cloth or tracing paper, a number of
parallel lines spaced at 0.5 m
(usually 1/10th of the contour
interval) are drawn. Every tenth
line being made thick.
Suppose it is required to
interpolate contours between two
points A and B of elevation 51.5m
and 62.5m respectively.