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within a 220-degree
D is tanc e
O n-s c re e n T im e
5 00
5
4 4 00
O cc urren c e
D is ta n c e (ft)
3
2
cone to the front of the 3 00
Sensor Shirt
Wearable Sensor 1 individual. Since the 2 00
1 00
-1 0
80 81 82 83 84 85 0 3 6 9 12
Tim e(m in)
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2017 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS)
Real-time analytics for intervention: The sensor system min 30 sec to 20 min 45 sec the video recording and
can produce child-specific interaction analytics and sensor data show agreement that the dyad was engaging
reports in real-time so that a teacher Green - Yellow
can provide immediate and
individualized intervention to 3.5 Interaction(HLI/LLI)
Distance
children with ASD. Using the 3 On-screen Time
Distance(ft)
duration, initiations, and
2.5
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2017 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS)
video) to the total sample count. The final column in [4] U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2016).
Digest of Education Statistics, 2014 (NCES 2016-006), Chapter 2.
Table 1 shows a consistent match of around 80% and up
[5] Christensen, D.L., Baio, J., Braun, K.V., Bilder, D., Charles, J.,
across all the dyads. Costantino, J. N., . . . Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and
To get further insight to the systems performance, the Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8
Years Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network,
number of samples in each major classroom activity and 11 Sites, United States. MMWR Surveillence Summary 2016; 65(No. SS-
the number of correctly classified samples (using video 3): 123. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6503a1
data as ground truth) are shown in Fig. 4. The primary [6] Boyd, B. A., Conroy, M. A., Asmus, J., & McKenney, E. (2011). Direct
reason for loss of accuracy was found to be sensor observation of peer related social interaction: Outcomes for young
children with autism spectrum disorders. Exceptionality, 19, 94-108.
blockage, which prevents the line-of-sight ultrasound
[7] LeDoux, M.W., Yoder, N.N., & Hanes, B. (2010). The use of personal
signal to reach across the badges in a dyad. Such data assistants in early childhood assessment. Computers in the Schools,
blockage most often occurred when a childs badge was 27, 132-144.
at the same level as an object such as a table. This [8] Marcu, G., Tassini, K., Carlson, Q., Goodwyn, J., Rivkin, G., Schaefer,
explains why the maximum loss of accuracy in Fig. 2 K. J., Dey, A. K., & Kiesler, S. (2013, April). Why do they still use
paper?: understanding data collection and use in Autism education. In
happened during activities involving tables. Upon Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
analyzing the video it was found that whenever a child Systems (pp. 3177-3186).
did not sit upright, the sensor windows in the badge was [9] Milfort, R., & Greenfield, D. B. (2002). Teacher and observer ratings of
head start childrens social skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly,
temporarily blocked. After this study concluded, we 17(4), 581-595.
identified a new sensor placement higher on the T-shirt to [10] Dykstra, J., Sabatos-DeVito, M. G., Irvin, D. W., Boyd, B. A., Hume, K.
ameliorate the blockage problem in most instances. A., & Odom, S. L. (2012). Using the Language Environment Analysis
(LENA) system in preschool classrooms with children with autism
V. SUMMARY AND ONGOING WORK spectrum disorders. Autism, 17(6), 582-594.
In summary, our preliminary study demonstrates the [11] Baard, S., Kozlowski, S., DeShon, R., Biswas, S., Braun, M., Rench,
wearable IoT systems ability to monitor interactions for Piolet, Y. (April 2012) Assessing Team Process Dynamics using
Wearable Sensors: An Innovative Methodology for Team Research. In
children with acceptable accuracy in a preschool Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial
classroom setting. We are now in the process of Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
developing a data processing system for run-time [12] Datavyu Team (2014). Datavyu: A Video Coding Tool. Databrary
Project, New York University. URL http://datavyu.org
detection of anomaly in children interaction and behavior [13] Bauminger, N. (2002). The facilitation of social-emotional understanding
pattern, so that feedback can be provided to teachers and and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism:
parents for timely interventions. A number of neural Intervention outcomes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
32(4), 283-298.
network and other classifier training mechanisms are
being explored for this purpose. We are also working on
developing the next generation IoT hardware with
reduced form-factor for better clothing integration.
VI. References
[1] Bellini, S., Peters, J. K., Benner, L., & Hopf, A. (2007). A meta-analysis
of school-based social skills interventions for children with autism
spectrum disorders. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 153-162.
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