T.R.

ABHILASHI MEMORIAL
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Approved by:AICTE & affiliated to H.P.U, Shimla-05/HPTU, Hamirpur

ASSIGNMENT OF

NCEPG

ASSIGNMENT No.
1

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Er.Kartar Singh Kamal Kishor

Roll. No.:- 115080
Branch :- Civil. Engg.
Sem :- 5th

DATE OF SUBMISSION
6/09/2017

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Q1. Discuss Source wise and state wise estimated potential of
various renewable energy sources in India.

Sol.:- Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE). Newer renewable electricity sources are targeted to grow
massively by 2022, including a more than doubling of India's large wind power capacity and
an almost 15 fold increase in solar power from April 2016 levels. Such ambitious targets
would place India amongst the world leaders in renewable energy use and place India at the
centre of its International Solar Alliance project promoting the growth and development of
solar power internationally to over 120 countries.
India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional
energy resources, in the early 1980s. India's overall installed capacity has reached 329.4 GW,
with renewables accounting for 57.472 GW as of 14 June 2017. 61% of the renewable power
came from wind, while solar contributed nearly 19%. Large hydro installed capacity was
44.41 GW as of 28 February 2017 and is administered separately by the Ministry of Power
and not included in MNRE targets.

Source wise estimated potential of various renewable energy sources in

India 2017.

Source Total installed capacity 2022 target (mw)

(mw)
Wind Power 32279.77 60000.00
Solar Power 12288.83 100000.00
Biomass Power 8182.00 10000.00
Small Hydropower 4379.85 5000.00
Waste to Power 114.08 10000.00

Total 57244.23 175000.00

The figures above refer to newer and fast developing renewable energy sources and are
managed by the Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). In addition as of 31
December 2016 India had 50,017.97 MW of installed large hydro capacity, which comes
under the ambit of Ministry of Power.
In terms of meeting its ambitious 2022 targets, as of 31 March 2017, wind power was more
than halfway towards its goal, whilst solar power was below 13% of its highly ambitious
target, although expansion is expected to be dramatic in the near future. Bio energy was at
just above 80% mark whilst small hydro power was already 85% of the way to meet its
target. Overall India was at 33% towards meeting its 2022 renewable installed power capacity
target of 175 GW.

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 Source wise estimate potential 2017
Waste to Power

Biomass Power

Solar Power MW

Wind Power

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

State wise estimated potential of various renewable energy sources in India.

Bio-
Small Bio-Energy -
Wind Bio-Energy - Energy -
Sl. Hydro Biogas
States/ UTs Power Biomass Waste To Total
No. Power Cogeneration
(MW) Power (MW) Energy
(MW) (MW)
(MW)
Andhra
1 Pradesh 14497 978 578 300 123 16476
Arunachal
2 Pradesh 236 1341 8 NA NA 1586
3 Assam 112 239 212 NA 8 570
4 Bihar 144 223 619 300 73 1359
5 Chhatisgarh 314 1107 236 NA 24 1681
6 Goa NA 7 26 NA NA 32
7 Gujarat 35071 202 1221 350 112 36956
8 Haryana 93 110 1333 350 24 1910
Himachal
9 Pradesh 64 2398 142 NA 2 2606
Jammu &
10 Kashmir 5685 1431 43 NA NA 7158
11 Jharkhand 91 209 90 NA 10 400
12 Karnataka 13593 4141 1131 450 19315
13 Kerala 837 704 1044 NA 36 2622
Madhya
14 Pradesh 2931 820 1364 NA 78 5193
15 Maharashtra 5961 794 1887 1250 287 10180
16 Manipur 56 109 13 NA 2 181
17 Meghalaya 82 230 11 NA 2 325
18 Mizoram NA 169 1 NA 2 171
19 Nagaland 16 197 10 NA NA 223
20 Orissa 1384 295 246 NA 22 1948

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 21 Punjab NA 441 3172 300 45 3958
22 Rajasthan 5050 57 1039 NA 62 6208
23 Sikkim 98 267 2 NA NA 367
24 Tamil Nadu 14152 660 1070 450 151 16482
25 Tripura NA 47 3 NA 2 51
26 Uttar Pradesh 1260 461 1617 1250 176 4763
27 Uttarakhandl 534 1708 24 NA 5 2271
28 West Bengal 22 396 396 NA 148 962
Andaman &
29 Nicobar 365 8 NA NA NA 373
30 Chandigarh NA NA NA NA 6 6
Dadar &
31 Nagar Haveli NA NA NA NA NA 0
32 Daman & Diu 4 NA NA NA NA 4
33 Delhi NA NA NA NA 131 131
34 Lakshwadeep NA NA NA NA NA 0
35 Pondicherry 120 NA NA NA 3 123
36 Others NA NA NA NA 1022 1022
Total Total 102772 19749 17536 5000 2554 147612

Total
Pondicherry
Delhi
Dadar & Nagar Haveli
Andaman & Nicobar
Uttarakhandl Total

Tripura
Bio-Energy - Waste To Energy
Sikkim (MW)
Punjab Bio-Energy - Bagase Cogeneration
Nagaland (MW)

Meghalaya Bio-Energy - Biomass Power (MW)

Maharashtra
Small Hydro Power (MW)
Kerala
Jharkhand Wind Power (MW)
Himachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Chhatisgarh
Assam
Andhra Pradesh
0 50000 100000 150000 200000

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Q.2 Give comparisons of various energy sources.

Sol:- Comparisons of Energy sources:-

Source Pros Cons
Solar energy Non polluting High initial cost
Most abundant Dependent on sunny
energy source weather
available Supplemental energy
System last 15-30 may be needed in low
years sunlight areas
Requires large
physical space for PV
cell panels
Limited availability of
polysilicon for panels

Wind energy Output is proportional

No emissions to wind speed
Affordable Not feasible for all
Little disruption of geographic locations
ecosystems High initial
Relatively high investment/ongoing
output maintenance costs
Extensive land use

Hydropower No emissions Environmental impacts

Reliable by changing the
Capable of generating environment in the
large amounts of dam area
power Hydroelectric dams are
Output can be expensive to build
regulated to meet Dams may be affected
demand by drought

Natural gas Widely available Transportation costs

Cleanest-burning
fossil fuel
Often used in
combination with
other fuels to
decrease pollution in
electricity generation
Made safe by adding
artificial odor so that
people can easily
smell the gas in case
of a leak
are high
Lack of infrastructure
makes gas resources
unavailable from some
areas
Burns cleanly, but still
has emissions
Pipelines impact
ecosystems

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Petroleum Efficient High CO2 emissions
transportation fuel for Found in limited areas
the world Supply may be
Basis of many exhausted before
products, from natural gas/coal
prescription drugs to resources
plastics Possible environmental
Economical to impact from
produce drilling/transporting
Easy to transport

Biofuels Abundant supply Source must be near

Fewer emissions than usage to cut
fossil fuel sources transportation costs
Can be used in diesel Emits some pollution
engines as gas/liquid waste
Auto engines easily Increases emissions of
convert to run on nitrogen oxides, an air
biomass fuel pollutant
Uses some fossil fuels
in conversion

coal Abundant supply Emits major

Currently greenhouse gases/acid
inexpensive to extract rain
Reliable and capable High environmental
of generating large impact from mining
amounts of power and burning, although
cleaner coal-burning
technology is being
developed
Mining can be
dangerous for miners

Nuclear Energy No greenhouse gases Higher capital costs

or CO2 emissions due to safety,
Efficient at emergency,
transforming energy containment,
into electricity radioactive waste, and
Uranium reserves are storage systems
abundant Problem of long-term
Refueled yearly storage of radioactive
(unlike coal plants waste
that need trainloads Heated waste water
of coal every day) from nuclear plants
harms aquatic life
Potential nuclear
proliferation issue

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Geothermal Minimal Geothermal fields
environmental impact found in few areas
Efficient around the world
Power plants have Expensive start-up
low emissions costs
Low cost after the Wells could eventually
initial investment be depleted

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Q.3 Define the following:

Sol.:-
I) Energy:

Energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to

perform work on, or to heat, the object. It can be converted in form, but not
created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy
transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 meter against
a force of 1 Newton.

Energy comes in different forms:

Heat.
Light.
Motion
Electrical.
Chemical.
Nuclear energy.
Gravitational.

There are two type of energy

Stored ( Potential) Energy.

Working (Kinetic) Energy.

Potential Energy
is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other
objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential
energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass
of another object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric
potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in
the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J.
Kinetic Energy
of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as
the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.
Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic
energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is done by the body in
decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.
In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object
1
of mass m traveling at a a speed v is = 2 2 . In relativistic mechanics, this is a good
approximation only when v is much less than the speed of light.
The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule
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II) Power:

Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured
in watts, and represented by the letter P. The term wattage is used colloquially
to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an
electric current I consisting of a charge of Q coulombs every t seconds passing
through an electric potential (voltage) difference of V is

= = =

Where
Q = is the electric charge in coulombs
t = is the time in seconds
i = is the electric current in amperes
v = is the electric potential or voltage in Volts

III) renewable energy sources:

Energy exists freely in nature. Some of them exist infinitely (never run out,
called RENEWABLE),
the rest have finite amounts (they took millions of years to form, and will run
out one day, called NON-RENEWABLE)
You will notice that water, wind, sun and biomass (vegetation) are all
available naturally and were not formed. The others do not exist by
themselves, they were formed. Renewable energy resources are always
available to be tapped, and will not run out. This is why some people call
it Green Energy

Therearefivetypesofrenewableenergy:
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Municipal solid waste
Biomass

i)Solar Energy:

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.
nt source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar
energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use
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of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness
the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing
spaces that naturally circulate air.

ii)Wind Energy:
Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically
power generators for electric power. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil
fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse
gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land.] The
net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable
power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to
the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of
electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas
plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have
less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher.
Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric
power to isolated off-grid locations.
Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but
which has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in
conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply. As the
proportion of wind power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a
lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur Power management
techniques such as having excess capacity, geographically distributed
turbines, dispatch able backing sources, sufficient hydroelectric power, exporting and
importing power to neighboring areas, or reducing demand when wind production is
low, can in many cases overcome these problems. In addition, weather
forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable
variations in production that occur.

iii)Geothermal Energy:
Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy
is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the
Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive
decay of materials (in currently uncertain[1] but possibly roughly equal proportions).
The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of
the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the
form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from
the Greek roots (ge), meaning earth, and (thermos), meaning hot.
Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual
heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the coremantle boundary may
reach over 4000 C (7,200 F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior

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cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions
of the mantle convicting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock
and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 C (700 F).
From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times
and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known
for electricity generation. Worldwide, 11,700 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power
is online in 2013. An additional 28 gig watts of direct geothermal heating capacity is
installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and
agricultural applications as of 2010

iv)Municipal solid waste:

Waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste is the process of generating energy in the
form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form
of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly
through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such
as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

v)Biomass energy:-
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable
source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the
sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, the
chemical energy in biomass is released as heat. Biomass can be burned directly or
converted to liquid Biofuels or biogas that can be burned as fuels.

Examples of biomass and their uses for energy:

wood and wood processing wastesburned to heat buildings, to produce

process heat in industry, and to generate electricity
agricultural crops and waste materialsburned as a fuel or converted to liquid
Biofuels
food, yard, and wood waste in garbageburned to generate electricity in
power plants or converted to biogas in landfills
animal manure and human sewageconverted to biogas, which can be burned
as a fuel

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IV) non-renewable energy sources:

A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not
renew client rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-
frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic
material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or
gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources,
though individual elements are almost always conserved.
In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to
power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely
because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to
humans.

Types of non-renewable Energy:-

Fossil Fuel
Crude oil/petroleum
Gas
Coal
Nuclear

i)Fossil Fuel:
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in
ancient photosynthesis.[1] The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels
is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[2] Fossil
fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural
gas.[3]Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil
fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios
like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of
almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found
in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane
catharses.

ii) Crude oil/petroleum:

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from plants and animals that
lived millions of years ago. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, and it exists in liquid form in
underground pools or reservoirs, in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks, and
near the surface in tar (or oil) sands. Petroleum products are fuels made from
crude oil and other hydrocarbons contained in natural gas. Petroleum products
can also be made from coal, natural gas, and biomass.

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 After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery where different
parts of the crude oil are separated into useable petroleum products. These
petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and heating oil,
jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt.

iii) Gas:
Most people arent aware of the fact that natural gas is comprised largely of
methane that resulted from decaying plants and animals millions of years ago.
Over time the earth built up around this decaying organic matter and trapped the
gasses between layers of earth and rock. An interesting fact here is that some of
the organic material was changed by heat and pressure into petroleum oil and coal
while pockets of natural gas remained trapped within the earths crust which is
where we find it today
iv) Coal:
Although coal is not used in concentrations that it was in years past, it is still the
most copious fossil fuel that is produced within the India. Coal is a combustible
sedimentary rock that takes literally millions of years to create from decayed
plants. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrocarbons and even though
there is currently an adequate supply, there is a limit to this most abundant of non
renewable resources
v) Nuclear:
Uranium that is used in nuclear power plants is not in endless supply. There are
limited amounts of the form of uranium that is used in nuclear fission and fusion, U-
235. Even though uranium itself is commonly found in rocks everywhere around the
globe, U-235 is somewhat rare and must be processed prior to being used to fuel
nuclear power plants. Unfortunately, many people believe that nuclear power is a
renewable energy source but in reality, nuclear power is fueled with one of earths
non renewable resources.
Even though it is a well-known fact that non renewable resources will, one day, be
depleted, there doesnt seem to be enough focus on finding alternative, renewable
resources. Also, non renewable resources carry with them the potential for devastating
effects. The burning of fossil fuels do untold damage to the environment while there
is ever growing concern regarding nuclear power, of which current events in Japan
have been a key example. It is imperative to drastically reduce consumption of non
renewable resources for both these reasons.

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