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Electronics
3
Cu Si
4
SiSi SiSi
5
Doping - Add impurities such as
Si Si Si Si Boron or Phosphorus
Si Si Si B
Si
Si Si Si Si
6
P-Type and N-Type Semiconductors
Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si B Si Si Si Si P Si
Si Si Si B Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si P Si Si Si
7
PN Junction Energy heat or light
makes electrons at
the junction diffuse
to fill nearest holes
Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si B Si Si Si Si P Si
Si Si Si B Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si P Si Si Si
P-Type N-Type
8
PN Junction
E
- +
- +
- +
- +
+
-
- +
Depletion Region
9
PN Junction: Conducting
E
- +
- + cathode
anode
P -Type - + N -Type
- +
+ -
+
-
+
-
E
+ -
10
PN Junction: Conducting
Positive charge
i
E
- +
- + cathode
anode
- + N -Type
- +
P -Type
+ -
+
-
+
-
E
+ -
11
PN Junction: Not Conducting
E
- -- ++ +
- - + +
cathode
anode
- +
++ N -Type
- - --
P -Type
+
- - - + +
- - +
- +
- - -- + + +
E Region
Depletion
- +
12
Summary of Behavior
Conducting Not Conducting
i>0 i0
anode cathode anode cathode
p n p n
+ - - +
V V
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Diode
iD iD
anode cathode
p n
VD
+-
VD
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Summary
Semiconductors become better conductors when
Doped
Exposed to heat or light
PN Junctions (Diodes)
iD iD
anode cathode
p n
VD
+-
VD
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Remainder of Module 3: Diodes
16
Diode Behavior and
Models
18
Lesson Objectives
Analyze diode behavior
Introduce diode applications
Describe different operating regions
Introduce simple diode models that approximate the
actual device
19
Background Circuit Symbol:
iD
D
p n
anode cathode
+ VD - anode cathode
Uses:
in a specific direction
(AC to DC conversion)
and (protection)
(LEDs)
20
I-V Characteristics
iD iR 1
Breakdown
region R
VD VR
Reverse Forward
bias region bias region
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Simple Diode Models
iD iD iD
VD VD VD
Vf Vf
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Ideal Diode
iD iD
VD VD
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Summary
Diodes have three operating regions
Forward bias, iD > 0
Reverse bias, VD< 0
Breakdown
Ideal diodes only allow current to flow in one
direction
Three models: ideal, ideal + voltage source,
ideal + voltage source + resistor
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Ideal Diode Model
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Ideal Diode Model
Ideal
Ideal ON
Ideal
ON iD iR
OFF 1
Actual R
VD VR
Reverse Forward
bias bias
27
Ideal Diode Model
iD
D
Two possible states: ON and OFF
VD
ON (conducting): if iD > 0
(short)
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Example
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Summary
Diodes act as a short or an open, depending on the bias
30
Assumed States
Method
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
32
Assumed States Procedure
1) Identify all possible diode state combinations
1 diode 2 states
2 diodes 4 states
3 diodes 23 = 8 states
2) Analyze each state by replacing the diodes with the corresponding
open or short.
3) Determine which state is consistent:
ON: iD > 0
OFF: VD < 0
33
Example States D1 Consistent?
R A OFF
10 V 2V B ON
R -10 + VD + 2 = 0, VD > 0
A) OFF: 10 V 2V (not consistent)
34
Two Diode Example States D1 D2 Consistent?
A OFF OFF
Find V1
B OFF ON
C ON OFF
D ON ON
A)
KVL: -5 + VD2 = 0 VD1 = 5 > 0
(Not consistent)
35
Example continued States D1 D2 Consistent?
A OFF OFF No
B OFF ON
C ON OFF
B) D ON ON
KVL: -10 + VD1 + 5 = 0, VD1 = 5V > 0
(Not consistent)
C)
VD2 = 5V > 0
(Not consistent)
36
Example continued States D1 D2 Consistent?
A OFF OFF No
B OFF ON No
C ON OFF No
D) D ON ON
37
Summary
Diodes act as a short or an open, depending on the bias
When solving a circuit, assume each possible state, and
check to see if the behavior is consistent with that state
38
Ideal Diode +
Voltage Source
Model
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
40
Ideal Diode with a Voltage Source
iD
iD
Vf VD
+ VD -
iD V f iD
+ VD - + VID -
41
Example
1k D1
D2
10 V 5V
2k
States D1 D2 Consistent?
A OFF OFF
B OFF ON
C ON OFF
D ON ON
42
Example
+
Vs(t) VR R
-
Vs(t)
t (sec)
43
Summary
Ideal diode + voltage source model has
threshold voltage that must be surpassed
before the diode is turned on.
0.7 V Silicon
0.3-0.4 V Germanium
1- 4 V LED
Replace diode with ideal diode + voltage
source and analyze using ideal diode
methods.
44