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What Is to Be Covered?
Electrical Shock - Why Have GFCIs?
How GFCIs Operate
Proper Installation of a GFCI
Wiring Errors
Grounded Neutral Detection
Testing GFCIs
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
30.0 600
GFCI's (millions)
25.0 500
Electrocutions
20.0 400
15.0 300
10.0 200
5.0 100
0.0 0
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
# of GFCI's # Electrocutions
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
4A
50mA
30mA IEC RCD Standards Breathing Difficult, Fibrillation in
children
15mA Muscles Freeze in 50% of the Population
10mA Let-Go Threshold
4-6 mA 4-6 UL 943 Class A GFCI Trip Level
1mA Perception Level
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
The same amount of current flow from line to load and returns
from load to line.
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
L 12A
N 6A
EGC 5.94A
Ground-Fault
.06 A
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
.1 A
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
If the current out = current back, the differential current transformer shows no
output.
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
IIN
L1 120/240V
N
L2 Load
IOut
If I-out does not equal I-in, the differential current transformer creates an output signal.
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Reset Button
Test Button
Cover
Bridge
Face Contacts
Middle Barrier
Terminals Terminals
Printed Circuit Board
Base
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Face
Hot
Load
Hot
Face
Load Terminals
Line Terminals
Load
Neutral Neutral
EGC
Receptacle Face
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Panel Neutral
Trip
wire
Mechanism
Load Power
Terminal
Primary
Current-carrying
Contacts Sensing Coil
Trip
Mechanism Sensing Coil
Load Neutral
Primary Terminal
Current-carrying
Contacts
Panel
Neutral
wire
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Electro-
Mechanical
Latching
Device
Current
Imbalance and
Grounded
Neutral
Sensors
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Load Hot
Load Neutral
EGC
Circuitry with
Open and
Grounded
Neutral
detection
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
1-POLE CIRCUIT
120 BREAKER WITH 120
GFCI
120
240
NEUTRAL
N
EQUIPMENT GROUND
GND
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Line
Terminals Load
Terminals
N
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
2-POLE CIRCUIT
120 BREAKER WITH 240
GFCI
120
240
HOT A
N
EQUIPMENT GROUND
GND
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
2-POLE CIRCUIT
120 BREAKER WITH 120/240 VAC
GFCI LOAD
120
240
N
EQUIPMENT GROUND
GND
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
1A
L
120V
N
1A
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Multi-Wire Circuits
One leg of multi-wire circuit in use
1A
120V 1A
120V
0A
Switch Open
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Multi-Wire Circuits
Both legs of multi-wire circuit in use
1A
120V 0A
120V
1A
120
2-POLE CIRCUIT
120 BREAKER WITH NEUTRAL
GFCI HOT A
120
240 120
N NEUTRAL DUPLEX
RECEPTACLE
EQUIPMENT GROUND
GND
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Separate Neutrals
T R
R T
GFCI Receptacles
Downstream Downstream
Receptacles Receptacles
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
N
?
6A
L2
To Panelboard
To Downstream
Receptacle
1-POLE CIRCUIT
120 BREAKER WITH
GFCI
120
DUPLEX
240
RECEPTACLE
N NEUTRAL
EQUIPMENT GROUND
GND
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
EGC ?
Equipment
UL GFCI Tests
Every GFCI must pass the following end-of-
line manufacturing tests:
1. no trip below 4mA (no load)
2. must trip at 6mA (no load)
3. no trip below 4mA (with load) at rated voltage
4. must trip at 6mA (with load) at rated voltage
5. must trip with 2 ohm grounded neutral
6. must trip within 25 ms with a 500 ohm fault
7. must trip with test button at +10/-15% rated
voltage
8. must not trip with noise test of GFCI Standard
9. calibration test at +10/-15% rated voltage
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
GFCI Testers
Why are testers used?
verify operation of the GFCI
check protection of downstream receptacles
Will not test:
GFCI calibration
ALL types of improper installation
Danger on 2-wire circuits
Will test for some types of improper installation:
line/load reversal
which outlets are protected by GFCI
reverse polarity
presence of the equipment ground
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
Push-to-test Button
Reset Button
The Association of Electrical and
Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers
GFCI Testers
Summary
GFCIs have contributed significantly to the reduction in the
number of deaths due to electric shock
GFCIs look at the current going out and compare it to the
current coming back
Remember that GFCIs detect ground to neutral
connections downstream
Test the GFCI by using the test button and a load
GFCIs will not protect between line and neutral
Only Class A GFCIs (6mA) protect from electrocution from
let-go situations