Aly Designation: D 3359 - 07 cu Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test! Ui stadt ete Se dsienton D338 the ar ml Fling th dito ine se sot sein esa hose att Asm apna bo Ts dard ar eo pn or iy age ofthe Depron 1. Scope® ofthe user ofthis standard to eptablish fpPlypridte safety ane! 1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the Realth practices and determing if apyRcalftity of regulatory aa reinoving pressure-sensitive tape over outs made in the fii sion oF eoating films to metalic substeates by applying and Note [This tst meshed lis hoea reported boing used to measare auhosion of opine wustngs en soft subate (For example, Wood se lst. asses with plasty sutton are noted in Appendix Xi A similar test method, (50 240), peas let om sot sbstete (fer example, wore al plier), Precision iu blas data ate later i lacking. Test Methods 1339 was developed with msl he sist and. the HRNERSE suppoming precision and Bias ata, 30 mie 1.2 ‘Test Methoul A is primarily intended for use at jeb sites \while Test Method B is more sultable For use jn the laboratory, Also, Test Meibos! B is not considered suitable for fms thicker than 5 mils 25pm Nom 2--Sabjst to agroement betwen the parecer and the Slr Test Methed con be Use for thicker films wider spaced Es ar foyed 1.3 These test mothods are used to establish of adhesion of a coating to a substeate is at a level. They donot dislinguish between higher adhesion for which more sophisticated method ment are required, Note It shouldbe woogniasd! haf itferenes ia Adberaility ofthe eng sce cine affect the results olin] th coatings faving the Some inierent adhesion 1.4 This test metho is similat Loythnt tour not toehni: cally equivalent) @ 18024, 1.5 Th multicast system sathesion failure may accur he- ating systom to the {1a SI units are to be regarded as the ven in parentheses are For information of ASTI Cannio DO on ‘These tes mals ate ar he jah Point and tell Canes, Maat ant "Spcasone an see the sce reac Soy D2? ow Pays Pagetin of Ap Pa Fi “Cronin appv Now. 1, 387. Pishod Desombor 2007, Ogi srgroncl in 74 Last yosous chia appa S02 as D389 Tinutations prior to use 2. Referenced Docupye 2.1 ASTM Stonda D980 Prac, for Tesh Rolated of Cold-Rolled Stee} Panels Comeersion Coatings, and orf Producing Pilms of Unitorm Thickness , and Related Products on Test Pascls ihods. for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive- seo for Electrical and Electeonie Applica: Prac fniaumn-Alloy Surfaces for Painting feos for Preparation of Aluminum and Steet Susfaces for Painting 2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings 1D 33807 3830M Test Method for Pect sensitive Tape Adhesion of fication for Environment for Conditioning sna ‘Festing Paint, Varnish, Lacqer, and Related Materials 1.4060 "Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser 22. Other Standart ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes — Cross-evt te ummary of Test Methods 3.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film 1 the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed, anit adhesion is ussessext qualitatively on the © to 5 scale, 3.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice anu * on a ASTM Costner Serie at reas, hr is 4 ASEM staan vs the ASTM ssi, ws Srdond on Natal Stndade lect (ANSD, 25°W. Al sy Now ord NY TO(fly 0 3359 - 07 then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with Mlosesiptions and illastrations. 48 4.1 TF @ coating is to fulfill Rs function nf protecting or ecorating 4 substente, it must adhere to it for the expected serviee lite, Because the substrate and its sueface preparation ficance and Use (or lack af it} have # drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substraies oF surface treatments, or of different coatings the same substrate and treatment, is of considerable usefulness in the industry 4.2 The limitations of sll adhesion methods and the specific imitation of this test methead to lower levels of adhesion (see L3) should be recognized before using it, The inte and interlaboratory precision of this (est method is simibar to other widlely-aecepted tests Tor coated substates (for example, Test Method D 2370 and Test Method D400), but this is partly the result of it being insensitive 40 all but large dilferences in adhesion. The limited seale of 0 10 5 was selected deliberately te avoid « false impression of beitig sensitive, TEST METHOD A—-N-CUT TAPE TEST Apparatus and Materials 5 Cutting Toa coutting devie Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other In is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition, 5.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other bard metal straightedge te ensure straight cots 3 Tape—35-mn (1.0-n.) wide semitznspasent sensitive tape with an adhesion ste ‘essential dha tape feoem the same batch de used un indifferent laboratories, If thisis not pl method should be used only & Sel Rubber Eraser, om tbe en 5.5 Miumin whether the cuts h substrate ble the test ries of lost ranking afb piu jo determining, infu the tlm to the 6, Test Specimens od is used in the field the specimen is the coated fruit br article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated. 6.2 Fos iy panels of desired 4 bey se apply che materials to be tested 1 Jo/dhnipasision and surface conaltions on which iis ‘ermine the adhesion Nore 4 Applicable est pact description and suetice preparation eds are given in Practice D6 and Practices D 1730) and D 2002, *Permascl 9, manastial by Pammasl Now Branevis, NI OO ad valle fom sao asc taps dete rported ab us forth fnrshorcy tay treo KE: 1-108. es ado he sebonort tthe rn sips set ned Uae thao on til yns corms esl pi ve eheder Nore $ Coatings should be applied in scconlsnee swith Practise pan, m basen the purctaser and the sll Nore 6--LE dese ve specifies, the costed tess pane nsybe subjected to a praliminary exposure sach a water namersion. slt spray. or high humidity before conducting the tope text. The conditions and tine of exposure wil be guxernec tliat costing wre or sll be agreed upon beaseon the purchaser at 7. Procedure 7.1 Select an aren free of blemishes Iinmperfections. For tts in the fekd, eas clean and day, Extremes én temperaturs rniay alfect the adhesion of the tape or 1 TLL For specimens whie immersion, clean and wipe wih an appropriate iy of the coating. Then Frac slot 40 unm (1.3 in.) ir middle with a smaller angle of 5° AWE making the incisions, use the It tfougl tie coating tothe substrate in one incisions for relleotion of fight from the ablish that the coating. film has been Nbstrace has aol been éeation. Da not attempt to deepen a previous is may’ affec cached make another hesion along the incision. Ta At each day of testing, before initation of testing reimove evo complete Laps of the pressure-sensitive cape from the roll and discard. Remove an additional lengtb at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut 4 piece about 75 mm 43 in.) long. 7.5 Phe the center of the tape atthe intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles, Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions and then rub firmly with the eraser on the cnd of 3 pencil, The color under th pe isa solu indication af when good contact has been made, 7.6 Within 90 + 30 5 of application, remove the seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jersea) back upon itself at as close to am angle of TSO" as possible 7.7 Inspect the sebstrate or previons cost lance with the Followi for removal of coating from the and rate the adthesion in accor- scale 5 Ro pening er emova 4&4 Tous poet o Yemoval along soe oa hel uersecon, 2A Jagged removal along incisos upto 1 moe nan ier side, BR Jagged tema! long most tions upto 82 mm (ein) on ether 1A Removal tom moctof he esa of the X undo the tape and © Ramus) Bajo the tee the X 7.8 Repeat the tes! in ovo other locations on each test panel, For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole sucface. 7.9. After moking veveral cuts exanine the cutting edge an, if necessary, remove uny Rat spots ar wire-edae by abrading lightly on a fine olf stone before using again. Discact eutting twols that develop nicks or other defects that tear the fl(fly 0 3359 - 07 8. Report 8.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and range, aid the failure occurred that is, between, frst coat and substrate, between frst and second cual, ete 8.2 For fold tests roport the structare or article tested, the and the environmental conditions at the time of for coating systems, who Focation testing, 8.3 Por test ponels report the substrate employes, the type of coating, the method of cure, and the enviromental conditions al the time of testing. Ra Ifthe adhesion strengih of the tape has been detomsined in accordance with Test Methods D 1008 of B3330:D 330M, report the results With the adheston rating(s). I the sdhesion strength of the tape has not been deteemined, report the specific ‘ape used and its mantizeturer BS IT the test is performed afler intmet sion conditions and method of sample preparation, joa, report immer 9. Precision und Bins 9.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test metho in which, operators in six Inborwories made one ashesioa mensurcment castings covering a wide range of jon, the sithin-loboratories sundard deviation was found und the hetween-lahoratories O44. Based! an these standard deviations, tho Following criteria should be «sed for judging the acceptability oF results at the 95% confidence level: ALL Repearabiliy—Provided auhesion #8 uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be, considered suspect if they dif vo measurements Licates, obtained by different operators should be suspect if they differ by more than 1.5 rating. uty TEST METHOD B—CRORS-CD 10, Apparatus and Materials 10.1 Cutling Too! °—Sharp rapah bs cutie cutting device having . scalpel, knife or ‘angle between 15) 102 Cut cuts are made manually (as opposed te a tmechani edge 6r top 104 Tape, as described ia 5.3. LS Rubber Ereser, on the end of a peel 106 Hla described in 5.8 * Soppating diate ab from ASTM fatal eamars Roque 10.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be ‘used while making individual cuts and examining the test area, M1. Test Speci 11.1 Test specimens shall he as deserihed in Section 6. Te shonld be noted, however, that mulltip cutters? provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that sll gtting edges contact the substrate © the same depree, Che with a straight edge such as that of the 9.2), for flatness ed sol rule 12. Procedure pon subject the spesimens ta preliminary te tig the tape test Note 4. After drying shichhave been immersed After with an appropriare ‘on a firm base, and uncer the illuminated allel cuts as follows: For coatings having a dry fila: thickness up to ancl fe 2.0 mils (50 wen) space the outs E maen apart aad make eleven curs unless othersise agreed upon 12.2.2 For coatings having 8 dry fli thickness hetween 2.0 il (50pm) and its (125 um), space the cus 2 wn par and make sin euts. For films thicker than 5 mals (125 yon), use Test Method A* 12.2.3 Make all cuts about 20 mm (24 1n.} long. Cut through the film to the substrate in one steady totion using just sillicient pressure om the entting tool to have the cutting reach the substrate, When making successive single euty with the aid of a guide, place the guide on the wneat ares. 12.3 After making the required cuts brush the film lightly with a sofl brash or tissue fo remove any detached Makes or ribbons of coatings 124 Examine any Mat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oi Sioue, Make the additional number of cuts at 90: centered on the original cuts 12.5 Brush the aree as hofore and inspect the incisions For reflection of light from the substato, Ifthe metal has not heen reached make another grid in a different location he euiting edge and, if necessary, remove © and 1 sarees fe malin eer fr ed pipe sacs kon wi nei Past N, Gdns Cos HO NE it Ste Poe Bendy FL GW 9 ive artis, pe pro shit ASIN In Heabgewtos Ys ny wil save NcoI ha esa ed ssl hy om poops on seating ting $ mile 13 rem by sping te cts 3 mapa Piven. te prec road Satins bse thst(fly 0 3359 - 07 126 At cach day of testing, before initiation of testi remove wo complete laps of tape and discard, Remow an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 min (3 in.) lo (27 Place the center of the tape aver the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by 9 finger. To ensure good ‘contact with the film rub the tape firmly with the eraser on the enil of 4 pencil. The color under the tape is a useful indication ‘of when good contact has heen made. 128 Within 9% 30 < of application, remove the ape by seizing the tree end and rapidly (aot jerked} back upon itself at ay elose to an angle af TSO” as possible 12.9 Inspect the grid area for removal of coating trom the substrate er from a previous coating using she illuminated aiagnifier. Rate the adhesion in accosdaace with the Following scale illustrated in Fig. 58 Tho cue ot he cts ar comply sath rane lhe sures the [bts is detache 48 Sin hor of the contig are ditched anemone ee fn 6% ‘ft ans ete 28 Small fakes othe cose ae desc slong edness at weesse= Mon cf ie, The ata sated Sw 18% of he lates, 28 The coating has faked org the odors ard on pats he squares 18 Tro costing he ako along the eae iia sites ave detached The ass 08 Flag oe detaeanen worse tan Gade in tg shone and 12.10 Repeat the Lest in (vo other locations on each test panel 13. Reps 3.1 Report the number ef tests, their meai whore the Faiture for coating systems, hhotwen ftst coat and substrate, between tirst ane So ete. Repott the substrate employed, the type the method of cure, 13.3 Ifthe adhesion strength hy b dance with Test Methods D 1660 tho results with the adhesion cati of the tape fhas not been determi 2 adhesion steength rt the specific tape {wo intetlaborwiory tests of his test A operators in six kaborataries made one ating Hage of sadhesion and in the other operators in nade three measurements on two pauls each coatings applied aver two other coatings, the pooled standard deviations for within- and benween: FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results laboratories were found to he 0.37 and 0.7. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should he used for jelging the acceptability of resus at the 98% confidence level: L411 Repeatability Provided aulhesion is uniform over ained by the sante aperator should be Wer by more than one rating unit large strface, results of sod suspect ifthe for two measurements. 14.1.2 Reproducibility —Two results, each the mean of dus plicates or triplicates, obtained by different operators shovkdl be wousidered suspect if they differ by more chin two rating wats. 14.2 Bias catinot be established for these test methods. 15, Keywords 15.1 adhesion: crosscut adhesion test method: tape; tape adhesion test method thesion tost method(fly 0 3359 - 07 APPENDIX |Nommaudatory knfortsation) Xi. COMMENTARY XL Introduction XI.1.1 Given the complexities of the adhesion process, ean adhesion be measured? As Mittal (IY has pointod out, the answer is both yes and no. It is reasonable 49 state dhat at the present time uo test exists that van precisely avsoss the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond. But it can als be saich that a is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion pe XI.L.2 Practical adhesion test methods ate generally of (0. ‘nplied” ana“ direct.” “Tmplied” tests include inden tion oF seribo techniques, rub testing, and wear testing Criticisa of these tests avises when the to quantity the strength of adhesive bonding. But this, in fact, is not th purpose. An “implicd” test should be ascd t© astess coating performnance under actual service conditions, * Dir. oulior hand, aro intended express! icasare adhesion, Meaningiul teste of this type sought after, primarily bocause the results are expressed by a Single discrete quantity. the force required to rupture the ccoating/substrate bond under preseribed conditions. Direct fests inchule the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2), Com- rion methods which approach the direct tests are peel. lap- sheas, ane! tense test, XiL2 Test Methods XIL2.1 In practice, numerous types of tests have {attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bore! dtferent modes, Criteria deemed os biguows procadar peatability and reprodebilitys a meaningtul cating scale for asses he X1.2.2 Test methods used tor Hage adhesion or “tape testing” Gard flexibility testing: and adhesive joint testing includigg-hesellap joiat) and direct tensile (butt joint) texting, (Miese/rests lo not stietly meet all the criteria listed. but qayaQhvating aspect of these tests is that nn metals are: pee able of ean XI23 4 oped over th There ge basics ches that measuze aspects of adhesion ( K difficulty, however, in rolating these tests to a phenomens NL3 The Tape Test XU.R By far the most prevalent test for evaluating voating, ‘adhesion’ is the tape-snl-peel tet, whic has been used! since tho 1930°s. In its simplest version at piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint lm and the resistance to and degree The heii mt pais rf fon vob of film removal vbse ‘ntact film With appreciable adhesion aval, che severity of the test is ust the fila a figure X or a etoss hatched pat and removing the tape. Adhesion is the film removed agaist an established filmy is peeled cleanly by the aay. test methods not distingy stalish whether the adhesion of & a adequate level; however they do h higher levels of tahesion for which nlethous of measurement are reqti fof the cape test we its low sensitivity, ) coatings of relatively Jow bond strengths, tion of adhesion i the substrate where in a single coal, as when testing primers within or berween coats in multicoat systems. For maltiGoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between ‘or seithin coats, the adhesion of the substrate Is not determined. ating systens to the X1.33 Repeatability within one cating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods, with reproducibility of one to two units, The tape test enjoys widespread popular in cost. Applied to metas, it iy economical to perlortn, lends livelf to job site application, ond most importantly. lscades of ase, people feel corfortable with i X13 When a exible adhesive tape is applied to a coated figid subswate surface and th hhas been deseribed in terms of the “peel phenomcnon.” as iMlustrated in Fig. XI X1.3.5 Peeling begins at the “toothed” leading edge (at the right) and proceeds along the coating ahesive/interface or the strengths. [Cis assumed that coating removal cecurs when the fensile force generated along the later interlace, which 1s 0 funetion of the rheological properties of the backing ater than the bond strength at the (or cohesive strength of the coat and is Viewed as “siniple” as well as low ubstrate interface, depending on the relative bond couting-substrate inert ing), In actuality, however, this forve is distebuted over a (0-4) in Fig, X11, which relates dicvetly 1 the properties described, not concentrated at a point (O) in Fig XI.1 as in the theoretical case—thongh the tonsile force is isrcatest at the origin for both, A significant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stroiched. Thus both tensile and compressive forees ar i: uliseretecistam volved in adhesion tape testing(fly 0 3359 - 07 FIG. X1.1 Peel Profile (6) X1.3.6 Close scrutiny of the tape test with respeot to the nature of the tape cmployed and certain aspects of the procedure itseif ors, each or any combination ‘of which can deamatically alfeet the resulls of the test as iscussed (6) X14 Peet Adhesion Testing on Plastic Substrates KIA. Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal, such as plastics. The central isstes are that the (est on plastics lacks reproducibility and dees no} relate © the intended applivation, Both concerns founded: poor precision is a direct ‘nvinsic t the materials employed and the proced More importantly. in this instance beyond is intended scope, These test methods for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal bivstrates, not for coatings (often britle) appliga! © plastic js (7). The uunigue functional requirements (F cogtibas Gn plastic. sub- strates eause the ustial tape teh to measuring adhesion performance IQppufte the test is bel unsatisfactory. for XLS The Tape Comtrove XVS.1 With the witha’ 2 From commeree oF the 710, current test methous ne cifiblape, Differences in tapes used ean a small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive! Some comp standandh suitable fM/gencral market distribution; however, such at lot nay be a source of sorious and unexpected error in assessing, adhesion. One commercially available tape test kit had in cluded a tape with adhesion strength variations oF up (0 50% claimed by the manufacturer. Also, because tapes change on storage, bond strengths of the tape may change over tnte (7, 8) XI5.2 While there ave tapes available that appear to deliver arge changes in the tension area tapes are manufactured 1 meet nupinem fn lot may sngpass these standards and thus be consistent performance, a given tape does not adhere equally ‘voll o all evatings, For example, when the peel removal force ‘of the tape (rom the coating) usec! earlier by Task Group DO1.23.10 ty establish precision af the method, by 3M No. 710 was examined with seven differnt cleetromagnotic ;eguency interference {EMLRFI} coatings it was found that, while peel was indeed consistent for a coating, the value varied by 25% between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings. Several factors that contribute interference/madioy tw these differences include coating composition and topology: fas rest, no single tape is coatings. Further, the tape test does nat g for the force required for bond mnpture, Indicator that some raininnem value for tor exceeded (7, 8) X16 Procedural Problems Jivel By design it was and requires 1 mini materials that must moet xy and precision depend mum of speciatized wertain specication Targely upon th to perform 4 dlveetly ret angle and Bot unexpected that diferent operators nt results (7, 8) ind Rate in peel force approaching 100% as peel angle was changed from 135 to 180, and similar lange differences ean be expected sn peck force as peel rate varies, These elfects are related as they reflect certain theological properties of the hacking and adhesive that ate molacula in origin, Variation in pull tate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values anid must be minimized to assure reproducibility (9) X1.6.3 Visual Assessment The removed from the sp that same specimen 19 X16.) Performance in the tape fest & asec on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale. ‘The exposive of the substrate can be due tw factors other than, coating adhesion, inchding that arising from the eoquirenent that the coating be cut thence the synonym cross-hatch adhosion test”), Justification for the cutting slop is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin, ‘without having woating layer X1.6.32 Cutting might be suit seta substrat the process can lead to a misleading indication oF poor adhesion due to the unique interiavial zone. For evatings on soft substrates, hows deep should this cut penetrate, and is it possible to cut only to the interface” 1.6.3.3 Tn general, if adhasion tast panels are examined microscopically, it is often clearly svident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below’ the interface, inal sep in the lest is visual assesstment of the coating cimon, which is subjective in nature, 50 coatings can vary among inclividuals evaltating the to overcome the cohesive stiength of the Je for coatings applied to applied to plastics ut wood, but for coat(fly 0 3359 - 07 and not from the adhesive failure betwen the cnating and the substeole. Cohesive failure within the coating film is also frequently observed. However, with the tape text, failures within the substeate or coating layers are rare because the tape adhesive is not usually strong cough to exceed the cohesive strengihs of normal subsirates anst organic coatings, Alshoush some rater brittle coatings may exhibit cohesive failure, the lupe test adhesion methexd does not make provision for giving fi REFERENCES, Hie, KL Pall, snd Progpscts” "A ‘hick Films, and Butk Coatings 78 (2).Corcoroa. EM, “Advesion” Chapter $3. Pai Testing Maneal Eh ed. ASTM STP 500, ASTM, 1972, pp. 314-32, urdnet. HA. nd Saad, GG, Paint Testing Boma. 1200 (Chapter 7. Gardaee Laboratry, Reiss. AID. 1962, pp. 158-170, \4) Mia KL dawnt of Adhesion Science eel Techongy, Vol |, No. 3, 1987, pp. 247-259 (S)Stoer. JO. anc! Gada, S. K. American Paine aad Ca ‘otcnal, Nol 70, Nes. 50 ond 31, 1991, 9p. 36-40) aud respectively. Achesion Mensarsnent: Recest Progress, Ussolva sion Meaaurennea ot Thin Fils, ASTM STP oat, ASTM, 1978 pp oo SUMMARY OF Commitige DOI has idenbtied the focgtion of (D 3359-02) that may impact the use of UU Nowe 1 was added to provide a caution statemey who want to use this standard to measure al substrates, 12) Reference to ISO 2409, and here it can Betoun, was ASTI tamara ro pth nssctng he salty any pot ate seceded cm conernaon ofthe walt oa et any traby tho respec ad X16 Use of the test method in the field can toad to variation in test results duet temperature and humidity changes and their effect upon tape, coating and substrate, X17 Conclusion XLT All tho issues aside, these test methods see used within the Scope Section and are performed carefully, some ol at agffesion ean be fnsight into the appeosimate, relaive le gained. (© Soxbeog. Wo, Polymer Ine lence Dak, Ine New York, NY, 12, p. $3 (TYNebion. GL, Gray, K. Coarings, Vol 9S, 4 Nelson. Proceed 1B. New VK L Moh ed Coins Moen Paitt ae The Electochemical Sewiey, 1981, po. GES ected changes 19 this standard since the last issue {Approved Nowermber 1, 2007.3 ‘added for comparison (2) TA and 12.6 were modified for those whe use this test method often during the day (4) Footnove 8 was changed editorially, rei and sb eos evry re years and ‘orion estado or or addons tarda feng or monje copies) ef ts strc may be band Py censctng ASTI at Be above phan, 10-8I2-I598 fh. or sersceBSaIMrG (emma) oF IoWBH te ASTM wedese