5G: A Paradigm Shift of Cellular Networks

Zhisheng Niu
Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University
Tsinghua National Lab for Information Science and Technology
Dec.4, 2014 @ MHI, USC
 Migration of Mobile Communications

Coopers Law: The data rate available to a wireless

device doubles roughly every 30 months (Martin Cooper)
This has held for over 50 yrs, leading to 1,000,000x increase
Technology: 1G (80s) 2G (90s) 3G (00s) 4G (10s)

What does 5G look like?

What will the enabling technologies be for 5G?

People always over-estimate things for 3 years scope,

but under-estimate things for 10 year scope
Bill Gates
2
To answer this question, we need understand

Whatre the technologies that mostly

contributed to this success?
1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Availability

FDMA TDMA OFDM+MIMO

CDMA 5G
E3G 4G
GSM
cdmaOne 3G 3G IMTA
3G Enhanced Evolution
1G 2G HSDPA LTE 802.11ac
HSUPA
WCDMAR99/R4
1xEVDO
AMPS TDSCDMAR4 MBWA+
cdma20001X
TACS MBWA 802.16m/mWiMAX
802.16e/WiMAX

WLAN
802.11/WiFi Data Rate
DSL FTTx
<10kbps <200kbps 300kbps10Mbps 100M1Gbps 1Gbps10Gbps
 In fact, it is Cellular!

1800
WirelessCapacityGains 1600x
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 25x 5x 5x
0
widerspectrum dividingthe better reducedcellsizes
spectruminto modulation
smallerslices scheme

Source: William Webb, Ofcom

Cellular was invented for spectrum-efficiency

But,isitreallyenergyefficient?Isitsmart
enoughtosupportmassive M2Mconnections?
5
This has not been a major concern

Energy of firewood:16.2 megajoules/kg

Only one bit: invasion or no-invasion
Extremely energy inefficient, yet needed 6
 But, it is a big concern today
Energy consumption and cost increased dramatically
Globally, #BS > 5 million, #Users>5 billion, EC> 100bn KWh (2012)
As 4G/5G deploys and IoT boosts, EC & Connections grow dramatically
Energy cost is also increasing (price and environmental impact)

7
 EE as a key decision-making factor
VerizonsTEEER(Telecom Equipment Energy Efficiency Rating) since2009
EquipmentType TEEER Formula Min.TEEERAllowable
Transport log (Ptotal /Throughput) 7.54
opticalandVideo 7.54
P2PMicrowave 5.75
Switch/Router log (Ptotal /ForwardingCapacity) 7.67
Media Gateway log (Ptotal /Throughput) 6.54
Access (AccessLines /Ptotal )+1 2.50
Power (POut Total /PIn Total )X10 9.20
PowerAmplifier (TotalRFOutputPower/TotalInput 1.05
(Wireless) Power)X10

BaseStation ? ?

Ptotal = 0.35 x Pmax + 0.40 x P50% load + 0.25 x Psleep

www.verizonnebs.com/TPRs/VZ-TPR-9207.pdf 8/30
Smartness was also not an issue, but

Coverageoriented Densely andrandomly deployed

2G/3G/4GCoexisting(HetNet)
J. Andrews, Seven Ways that HetNets are Cellular Paradigm Shift, IEEE ComMag, March 2013 9
 Diversified Needs for 5G
Mobile traffic will have another exp. growth by 2020
Capacity-hungry video dominates: higher SE and EE (Green)
Control-intensive massive connections access should be Smarter

How to carry 1000X traffic/connections by limited spectrum & energy?

10
 5G Cellular: Greener and Smarter

Traffic
Volume Energy
Traffic Volume or Energy Consumption

Consumption

4G
5G
3G+ Green
3G
&
2G Smart

2000 2010 2020

Coverage Capacity- Energy- Time
oriented oriented oriented

11
PHY approach only is no more enough

GREEN
LTEA

LTE

Energy-Spectrum Tradeoff in Wireless Transmissions

12
 5G: A Paradigm Shift of Cellular Architecture

1G (80s): Analog, Voice, FDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)

2G (90s): Digital, Voice, TDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)

3G (00s): Digital, Data, CDMA, Micro (SE-oriented)

4G (10s): Digital, Video, OFDMA, Pico/Femto (SE-oriented)

5G (20s): Digital, Video/M2M, BDMA?, ????? (SE/EE-oriented)

Cell densification (small, phantom, soft, HetNet, ) is trying

to further improve SE, but is it good for EE and smart
enough to support M2M?
13
 Energy Waste in Existing Cellular

80% of the BSs are quite lightly loaded for 80% of the
time, but still consume (waste) a lot of energy

100
3 sector HSPA Site
Other
90 Fans
RU3
80
RU2
RU1

DC Power Consumption [%]

70
Base band
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 25 50 75 100
Load [%]

Traffic data from 319 HSPA cells in a European capital city measured
from Jan. 1-22 2009 (Ericsson)
14
Energy Waste in Existing Cellular

5 am 8 pm

Real measurement data from China Mobile (Zhejiang), Feb. 2013

15
WhysomanyBSsunderutilized,whilestillneedto
bedensely deployedinsomearea?
- Mobile traffic is highly dynamic!
WhylightlyloadedBSscantbeswitchedoff(sleep)?
- BSs need to provide data services as well as
network coverage simultaneously

Existing cellular is neither smart nor green

16
 Ways to Reduce Energy Waste

Exploiting traffic dynamics (reduce energy consumption when traffic is low)

Targeting THROUGHPUT rather than CAPACITY per joule
Exploit energy model (much energy is consumed at BB/PA/AC rather than RF,
therefore BS sleeping is the most efficient way for energy saving)
Targeting TOTAL ENERGY rather than RF power reduction only
Exploit cell collaboration (cell densification and HetNet make cell
collaboration possible, helping to turn more BSs off)
Targeting NETWORK rather than LINK/CELL performance

GREEN: Globally Resource-optimized & Energy-Efficient Networks

GREEN should be a holistic approach with paradigm shift
5G Cellular networks should be Smarter and Greener
Key idea: Reduce Energy Waste by Adapting to Real-traffic
Dynamics (REWARD) 17
 5G Cellular: Adapt to Traffic Dynamics
(Traffic dynamics can provide opportunities for energy saving)
Tango: Traffic-aware network planning & green operation
- Adapted to traffic distribution (temporally and spatially non-uniform)
- Adapted to traffic characteristics (unicast, multicast, broadcast)
- Adapted to QoS requirements (realtime, nonrealtime)
Usual Power Consumption (non-adaptive)
Power

Power
Adaptation
Reduced Consumption
BSSleep
Traffic

0:00 12:00 24:00 t

Key challenge: How to guarantee the coverage and QoS?

How to model and predict traffic dynamics?
Z. Niu, TANGO: Traffic-Aware Network Planning and Green Operation,
IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., Oct.2011 (invited article) 18
 Example: Cell Zooming

Cell Zooming for Smart Cellular Network

Centralcellzoomsinas Centralcellzoomsoutas Centralcellsleepsas

trafficloadincreases trafficloaddecreases trafficloadgettingquitelow

Z. Niu, Y. Wu, J. Gong, Z. Yang, Cell zooming for cost-efficient green cellular
network, IEEE ComMag, Nov. 2010 (IEEE APB Best Paper Award 2014)
19
 A Dynamic Programing Approach for BS Sleeping

Low Load

2500

y-axis (m) 2000

Sleeping cells

1500 Medium

1000

500

Active cells High Load

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

x-axis (m)

J. Gong, S. Zhou, Z. Niu, A Dynamic Programming Approach for Base Station Sleeping in
Cellular Networks, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E95-B, No.2, pp.551-562, Feb. 2012
E. Oh, B. Krishnamachari, X. Liu, and Z. Niu, Towards Dynamic Energy-Efficient
Operation of Cellular Network Infrastructure, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.49, no.6, June 2011
20
 5G Cellular: Adapt to Environment
(BS collaboration can provide opportunities for energy saving)

CHORUS: Collaborative & Harmonized Open Radio Ubiquitous System

Open Radio: spectrum in HetNet are shared by multi-modal terminals (software defined radio)
Globally optimized: cross-layer cross-node cross-network/system (software defined network)

cross-network/system design
HetNet

cross-layer cross-node design

Challenges: 1) How to detect the NSI? (information explosion and incompleteness?)
2) How to virtualize the network resources? (self-optimizing networks)
[1] S. Zhou, Z. Niu, S. Tanabe, CHORUS: Collaborative and Harmonized Open Radio Ubiquitous
Systems, 4th Intl. Conf. Commun. Sys. & Nets. (COMSNETS), Bangalore, India, Jan. 2012 (invited)
[2] S. Zhou, Z. Niu, S. Tanabe, and P. Yang, CHORUS: Framework for Scalable Collaboration in
Heterogeneous Networks with Cognitive Synergy, IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag, 2012 21
 Example: BS Sharing

B. Leng, P. Mansourifard, B. Krishnamachari, Microeconomic Analysis of Base-Station Sharing

in Green Cellular Networks, IEEE INFOCOM 2014, Toronto, Canada, April 2014
22
 5G Cellular: Deal with the Dilemma

CapacityhungryApps ControlintensiveApps
(e.g., mobile videos) (e.g., M2M, social networking)
Higher SE Faster Connectivity

Higher EE Higher Reliability

Smaller cells ? Larger cells

Less signaling overhead

C-plane larger Global optimization
decouple
Coverage-on-demand
Smart
D-plane smaller
Densely deployed
Green
23
 Hyper Cellular for Green and Smart

Decouple control and data coverage so that data cells

could be more adaptive to traffic dynamics and network
state, and control cells can take global optimization

3G

Broadband Narrowband
Micro

Trafficanalysis
GSM
Macro

Signaling
Control
Hyper

24
 Hyper-cellular: Virtual (Elastic) Coverage
Decouple of signaling coverage and traffic coverage
Signaling coverage is seamless and traffic coverage is
reconfigurable
Challenge: unified signaling for virtualized cellular NWs

CPlane

Seamless
UPlane

Elastic

25
 Hyper-cellular: Virtual Cells
Decouple of antennas and AI processing
No. of antenna is independent of computation units

Node C1 Node C2
Node A
V-NodeB2 MT1

Cable/Fiber
MT2

VCell V-NodeB1

Node C3 Node C4

26
 Hyper-cellular: Virtual (Cloud) Computing
Decouple of AI functions and computational resources
The AI functions are processed in any unit, and
computed offloading

27
Combine Cellular with Cloud

CONCERTS:CONvergence ofCloudandcEllulaR sysTems

J. Liu, T. Zhao, Y. Chen, S. Zhou, Z. Niu, CONCERT: A

Cloud-Based Architecture for Next-generation Cellular
Systems, IEEE Wireless ComMag, 2014 (accepted)
CRAN 28
 5G: Deep Convergence of
Computation and Communication

Huawei Whitepaper, 5G: A Technology Vision, http://www.huawei.com/5gwhitepaper/

29
 Technical Challenges
How to decouple signaling from data coverage? How to integrate the
signaling functions of HetNets?
Complete decoupling may lead to new bottleneck and delays due to frequent
visits to signaling-BSs (main difference from BCG2), but which functions
should be left into the data-BSs?
How to guarantee signaling coverage highly reliable?
Need new protocol for S-BSs. Also, tradeoff between reliability and delay
How to detect user behaviors, QoS requests, terminal capability,
and provide services in an EE manner?
Data mining, cognitive radio, on-line learning,
How to locate users and associate them to the best D-BS?
The best cells may be in sleeping state, activate or not?
How to balance the EC of network parts and user terminals?
User terminals need to keep associations with S-BS in a wider scope

Z. Niu, S. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhong, J. Wang, A Hyper-Cellular Paradigm for Globally Resource-
optimized and Energy-Efficient Networks (GREEN), Science in China, Sep. 2012 (in Chinese 30
 Global Research Activities on 5G

BDMA and Relay with group cooperation (Korea, 2008)

5G Communications Research Lab (Univ. of Dresden, 2012.5)

Jointly funded by National Instruments
35m for 5G Research Centre (Univ. of Surrey, 2012.10)
jointly funded by UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and
a consortium of Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories
Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International
China launched a WG on 5G (China Academy of Telecom Research,
2012.11)

Huawei invests $600m for 10Gbps 5G network (2013.11)

Korea to spend $1.5 billion on 5G mobile network (2014.1)
China Mobile joined NGMN 5G Alliance (MWC2014, 2014.2)

31
 Global Research Activities on 5G
50m EU research grants to develop '5G' technology
(EC, 2013.2)
METIS: Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for Twenty-twenty (2020)
Information Society (SWE Ericsson, 29 partners) specifies 5G should provide
1000X highermobiledatavolumeperarea
10100X higherNo.connecteddevicesforInternet of Things
10100X highertypicaluserdatarate
10X longerbatterylifeforlowpowerM2M Communications
5X reducede2e latency(current4Gisabout15ms)
5GNOW: 5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (GER)
iJOIN: Interworking and JOINt Design of an Open Access and Backhaul Network
Architecture for Small Cells based on Cloud Networks (ESP)
TROPIC: Distributed computing, storage and radio resource allocation over cooperative
femtocells (ESP)
COMBO: joint optimisation of fixed and mobile access (GER)
MOTO: Mobile OpportunisTic Traffic Offloading (FRA)
PHYLAWS: PHYsical LAyer Wireless Security
"5GrEEn - Towards Green 5G Mobile Networks (EIT ICT
Labs. 2013.9) 32
 Green Activities in China
Globally Resource-
optimized and Energy-
Efficient Networks
(National 973 Program,
2012~2016)

End-to-End Energy
Green Radio
Efficient Networks
(National 863 Program,
Excellent in Arch. 2012~2015)
and Tech. (Huawei
Program, 2010 ~ )

2014.3.7 ZhishengNiu@TsinghuaUniversity 33
 5G Study in China
(863 Program, $26m in 2014, 2nd phase in 2015)

5GOverallDescription
&Standardization
(China Academy of Telecom Research, MII)

5GPHY 5GNET
(Massive Distributed MIMO) (Hyper, Cognitive, Dense)

(Southeast University) (THU, BUPT, Huawei)

5GTestingandVerification
(Wireless Communication Research Institute, Shanghai)
34
Some Research Progress
How much energy can be saved by Separation?

Traditional Cell Hyper Cell

Pin k Pout b

36
How much energy can be saved by separation?

Total power consumption of a cell: more than 50% saving

Average power consumption of a cell: robust to cell size
Z. Wang, W. Zhang, The Capability of A Separation Architecture for Achieving
Energy-efficient Cellular Networking, IEEE TWC, 2013 (accepted)
37
 How to Separate? - Principle
Separation is not easy!
Challenge 1: difficult to categorize (millions of signal types)
Challenge 2: Difficult to separate (complicated signal
interactions)
Challenge 3: difficult to manage (synchronization)

Standard Categorize & Separate Signal Types

State Signal Types

Functionality Functionality Standard

2014.3.7 Separation? ZhishengNiu@TsinghuaUniversity 38
How to Separate? State Definition

X. Xu, G. He, S. Zhang, Y. Chen and S. Xu, On Functionality Separation for Future
Green Mobile Network: Concept Study over LTE, IEEE ComMag, 2012 (accepted)
39
How to Separate? - StateFunctionality Mapping

Network Functionalities
State UE Activities Broadcast of
Syn. System Paging Multicast Unicast
Information
Detached Cell Selection
Acquisition and Update of

System Configuration
Monitoring of Upcoming
Idle Transmission Notification

Cell Reselection
Receiving of MBMS
Acquisition and Update of

System Configuration.
Monitoring of Upcoming

Transmission Notification
Active
Cell Handover
Receiving of MBMS
Transmission of UE-Specific

Data
How to Separate? - FunctionalitySignal Mapping

Signal Types
Network System Paging Multicast Unicast
Frame
Functionality Syn. Pilot Info. Info. Info. Info.
Control
Bearer Bearer Bearer Bearer
Syn.
Broadcast
of System
Information
Paging
Multicast
Unicast
means this relationship may change among different standards. For example, in GSM/UMTS system, the
location of system information bearer is pre-defined and the frame control signal is omitted. However, in LTE
systems, the location of system information bearer will be dynamic and the frame control signal is mandatory.
How to Separate? - Mapping to 3GPP Standard

3GPP Standard
Signal Types
GSM UMTS LTE
FCCH
Synchronization SCH
SCH PSS/SSS
CPICH
Pilot TSC DPCCH RS
S-CCPCH
PICH
PHICH
MICH
AGCH PCFICH
Frame Control SACCH
AICH
PDCCH
DPCCH
PMCH
S-CCPCH
Paging Inform.
PCH S-CCPCH PDSCH
Bearer
System Inform. BCCH PBCH
P-CCPCH
Bearer SACCH PDSCH
Multicast Inform.
CBCH S-CCPCH PMCH
Bearer
SDCCH
Unicast Inform. SACCH S-CCPCH
PDSCH
Bearer FACCH DPDCH
TCH
A Lab Demo using USRP and OpenBTS

T. Zhao, P. Yang, H. Pan, R. Deng, S. Zhou, and Z. Niu, Software Defined Radio
Implementation of Signaling Splitting in Hyper-Cellular Network, ACM SIGCOMM
Workshop of Software Radio Implementation Forum (SRIF 2013), Hong Kong, Aug. 2013.
43
 How densely should D-BSs be deployed?

Problem: ForgivenQoS,howdensely shouldtheDBSbedeployed

foragivencoverageandQoS guarantee?
BS density should adapt to traffic dynamics (e.g., cell zooming, BS sleeping)
Deploying more smaller BSs may save energy ?!(increasing sleeping
opportunity)
-4
x 10
0.25 4

6
3.5
0.2
5 3

0.15 4 2.5

2
3
0.1
1.5
2
0.05 1

1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Temporal Dynamics Spatial Dynamics Insufficient Zooming Sufficient Zooming

[1] Z. Niu, Y. Wu, J. Gong, Z. Yang, Cell zooming for Green cellular networks, IEEE Com Mag, Nov. 2010
[2] X. Weng, D. Cao, Z. Niu, Energy-Efficient Cellular Network Planning under Insufficient Cell Zooming,
IEEE VTC2011-spring, Budapest, Hungary, May 2011
44
 How long should a BS sleep?
Energy-Delay Tradeoff (EDT) in BS Sleeping Control
Longer sleep can save energy, but bring delays to customers
Wake-up Policies
N-Policy: wake up whenever N new requests come during sleep
SV-Policy: wake up after a random sleep and then keep awake
MV-Policy: wake up after a random sleep and sleep again if find no requests
Challenge #1: Both energy and delay concepts need to be extended
Energy = transmitting power + circuit (processing) power + basic power
Delay = transmitting delay + queueing delay + sleeping period
Challenge #2: EDT should be evaluated in the whole network wide
EDT on link-level single-cell level multi-cell level

1. Z. Niu, Jianan Zhang, Xueying Guo, Sheng Zhou, On the Energy-Delay Tradeoff in Base State Sleep
Mode Operation, IEEE ICCS2012, Singapore, 21-23 Nov., 2012 (invited)
2. X. Guo, S. Zhou, P. R. Kumar, Z. Niu, Optimal Wake-up Mechanism for Single Base Station with Sleep
Mode, 25th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC25), Shanghai, China, Sep. 2013. (Best Paper Award) 45
 Summary

Whats 5G?
5G should be a paradigm shift of cellular architecture for Green and Smart
Major approaches towards 5G
Reduce Energy Waste by Adapting to Real-traffic Dynamics (REWARD)
Traffic-Aware Network Planning and Green Operation (TANGO)
Collaborative and Harmonized Open Radio Ubiquitous Systems (CHORUS)
A novel Hyper Cellular architecture for 5G
Decoupling signaling functions from data services to make cellular more
adaptive and intelligent
Always-on hyper cells for coverage guarantee and on-demand data cells
Enabling technologies for 5G
Separation of control and data coverage
Resource/network virtualization and network dimensioning
Traffic adaptation technologies, including cell zooming, BS sleeping,
coverage extension,
Energy-delay tradeoff can help to shift the peak and therefore save energy 46
 Concluding Remark

from World-Wide-Web to World-Wide-Wireless

for World-Wide-Watch & World-Wide-Wisdom

but definitely should not World-Wide-Wait

and World-Wide-Waste!

: Smart IT for Low-carbon Environment

47
Formoreinformation,
visithttp://network.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/niulab/?category_name=publications