Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Zhisheng Niu
Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University
Tsinghua National Lab for Information Science and Technology
Dec.4, 2014 @ MHI, USC
Migration of Mobile Communications
WLAN
802.11/WiFi Data Rate
DSL FTTx
<10kbps <200kbps 300kbps10Mbps 100M1Gbps 1Gbps10Gbps
In fact, it is Cellular!
1800
WirelessCapacityGains 1600x
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 25x 5x 5x
0
widerspectrum dividingthe better reducedcellsizes
spectruminto modulation
smallerslices scheme
But,isitreallyenergyefficient?Isitsmart
enoughtosupportmassive M2Mconnections?
5
This has not been a major concern
7
EE as a key decision-making factor
VerizonsTEEER(Telecom Equipment Energy Efficiency Rating) since2009
EquipmentType TEEER Formula Min.TEEERAllowable
Transport log (Ptotal /Throughput) 7.54
opticalandVideo 7.54
P2PMicrowave 5.75
Switch/Router log (Ptotal /ForwardingCapacity) 7.67
Media Gateway log (Ptotal /Throughput) 6.54
Access (AccessLines /Ptotal )+1 2.50
Power (POut Total /PIn Total )X10 9.20
PowerAmplifier (TotalRFOutputPower/TotalInput 1.05
(Wireless) Power)X10
BaseStation ? ?
2G/3G/4GCoexisting(HetNet)
J. Andrews, Seven Ways that HetNets are Cellular Paradigm Shift, IEEE ComMag, March 2013 9
Diversified Needs for 5G
Mobile traffic will have another exp. growth by 2020
Capacity-hungry video dominates: higher SE and EE (Green)
Control-intensive massive connections access should be Smarter
Traffic
Volume Energy
Traffic Volume or Energy Consumption
Consumption
4G
5G
3G+ Green
3G
&
2G Smart
11
PHY approach only is no more enough
GREEN
LTEA
LTE
12
5G: A Paradigm Shift of Cellular Architecture
80% of the BSs are quite lightly loaded for 80% of the
time, but still consume (waste) a lot of energy
100
3 sector HSPA Site
Other
90 Fans
RU3
80
RU2
RU1
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 25 50 75 100
Load [%]
Traffic data from 319 HSPA cells in a European capital city measured
from Jan. 1-22 2009 (Ericsson)
14
Energy Waste in Existing Cellular
5 am 8 pm
Power
Adaptation
Reduced Consumption
BSSleep
Traffic
Z. Niu, Y. Wu, J. Gong, Z. Yang, Cell zooming for cost-efficient green cellular
network, IEEE ComMag, Nov. 2010 (IEEE APB Best Paper Award 2014)
19
A Dynamic Programing Approach for BS Sleeping
Low Load
2500
1500 Medium
1000
500
x-axis (m)
J. Gong, S. Zhou, Z. Niu, A Dynamic Programming Approach for Base Station Sleeping in
Cellular Networks, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E95-B, No.2, pp.551-562, Feb. 2012
E. Oh, B. Krishnamachari, X. Liu, and Z. Niu, Towards Dynamic Energy-Efficient
Operation of Cellular Network Infrastructure, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.49, no.6, June 2011
20
5G Cellular: Adapt to Environment
(BS collaboration can provide opportunities for energy saving)
cross-network/system design
HetNet
CapacityhungryApps ControlintensiveApps
(e.g., mobile videos) (e.g., M2M, social networking)
Higher SE Faster Connectivity
3G
Broadband Narrowband
Micro
Trafficanalysis
GSM
Macro
Signaling
Control
Hyper
24
Hyper-cellular: Virtual (Elastic) Coverage
Decouple of signaling coverage and traffic coverage
Signaling coverage is seamless and traffic coverage is
reconfigurable
Challenge: unified signaling for virtualized cellular NWs
CPlane
Seamless
UPlane
Elastic
25
Hyper-cellular: Virtual Cells
Decouple of antennas and AI processing
No. of antenna is independent of computation units
Node C1 Node C2
Node A
V-NodeB2 MT1
Cable/Fiber
MT2
VCell V-NodeB1
Node C3 Node C4
26
Hyper-cellular: Virtual (Cloud) Computing
Decouple of AI functions and computational resources
The AI functions are processed in any unit, and
computed offloading
27
Combine Cellular with Cloud
31
Global Research Activities on 5G
50m EU research grants to develop '5G' technology
(EC, 2013.2)
METIS: Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for Twenty-twenty (2020)
Information Society (SWE Ericsson, 29 partners) specifies 5G should provide
1000X highermobiledatavolumeperarea
10100X higherNo.connecteddevicesforInternet of Things
10100X highertypicaluserdatarate
10X longerbatterylifeforlowpowerM2M Communications
5X reducede2e latency(current4Gisabout15ms)
5GNOW: 5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (GER)
iJOIN: Interworking and JOINt Design of an Open Access and Backhaul Network
Architecture for Small Cells based on Cloud Networks (ESP)
TROPIC: Distributed computing, storage and radio resource allocation over cooperative
femtocells (ESP)
COMBO: joint optimisation of fixed and mobile access (GER)
MOTO: Mobile OpportunisTic Traffic Offloading (FRA)
PHYLAWS: PHYsical LAyer Wireless Security
"5GrEEn - Towards Green 5G Mobile Networks (EIT ICT
Labs. 2013.9) 32
Green Activities in China
Globally Resource-
optimized and Energy-
Efficient Networks
(National 973 Program,
2012~2016)
End-to-End Energy
Green Radio
Efficient Networks
(National 863 Program,
Excellent in Arch. 2012~2015)
and Tech. (Huawei
Program, 2010 ~ )
2014.3.7 ZhishengNiu@TsinghuaUniversity 33
5G Study in China
(863 Program, $26m in 2014, 2nd phase in 2015)
5GOverallDescription
&Standardization
(China Academy of Telecom Research, MII)
5GPHY 5GNET
(Massive Distributed MIMO) (Hyper, Cognitive, Dense)
5GTestingandVerification
(Wireless Communication Research Institute, Shanghai)
34
Some Research Progress
How much energy can be saved by Separation?
Pin k Pout b
36
How much energy can be saved by separation?
X. Xu, G. He, S. Zhang, Y. Chen and S. Xu, On Functionality Separation for Future
Green Mobile Network: Concept Study over LTE, IEEE ComMag, 2012 (accepted)
39
How to Separate? - StateFunctionality Mapping
Network Functionalities
State UE Activities Broadcast of
Syn. System Paging Multicast Unicast
Information
Detached Cell Selection
Acquisition and Update of
System Configuration
Monitoring of Upcoming
Idle Transmission Notification
Cell Reselection
Receiving of MBMS
Acquisition and Update of
System Configuration.
Monitoring of Upcoming
Transmission Notification
Active
Cell Handover
Receiving of MBMS
Transmission of UE-Specific
Data
How to Separate? - FunctionalitySignal Mapping
Signal Types
Network System Paging Multicast Unicast
Frame
Functionality Syn. Pilot Info. Info. Info. Info.
Control
Bearer Bearer Bearer Bearer
Syn.
Broadcast
of System
Information
Paging
Multicast
Unicast
means this relationship may change among different standards. For example, in GSM/UMTS system, the
location of system information bearer is pre-defined and the frame control signal is omitted. However, in LTE
systems, the location of system information bearer will be dynamic and the frame control signal is mandatory.
How to Separate? - Mapping to 3GPP Standard
3GPP Standard
Signal Types
GSM UMTS LTE
FCCH
Synchronization SCH
SCH PSS/SSS
CPICH
Pilot TSC DPCCH RS
S-CCPCH
PICH
PHICH
MICH
AGCH PCFICH
Frame Control SACCH
AICH
PDCCH
DPCCH
PMCH
S-CCPCH
Paging Inform.
PCH S-CCPCH PDSCH
Bearer
System Inform. BCCH PBCH
P-CCPCH
Bearer SACCH PDSCH
Multicast Inform.
CBCH S-CCPCH PMCH
Bearer
SDCCH
Unicast Inform. SACCH S-CCPCH
PDSCH
Bearer FACCH DPDCH
TCH
A Lab Demo using USRP and OpenBTS
T. Zhao, P. Yang, H. Pan, R. Deng, S. Zhou, and Z. Niu, Software Defined Radio
Implementation of Signaling Splitting in Hyper-Cellular Network, ACM SIGCOMM
Workshop of Software Radio Implementation Forum (SRIF 2013), Hong Kong, Aug. 2013.
43
How densely should D-BSs be deployed?
6
3.5
0.2
5 3
0.15 4 2.5
2
3
0.1
1.5
2
0.05 1
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[1] Z. Niu, Y. Wu, J. Gong, Z. Yang, Cell zooming for Green cellular networks, IEEE Com Mag, Nov. 2010
[2] X. Weng, D. Cao, Z. Niu, Energy-Efficient Cellular Network Planning under Insufficient Cell Zooming,
IEEE VTC2011-spring, Budapest, Hungary, May 2011
44
How long should a BS sleep?
Energy-Delay Tradeoff (EDT) in BS Sleeping Control
Longer sleep can save energy, but bring delays to customers
Wake-up Policies
N-Policy: wake up whenever N new requests come during sleep
SV-Policy: wake up after a random sleep and then keep awake
MV-Policy: wake up after a random sleep and sleep again if find no requests
Challenge #1: Both energy and delay concepts need to be extended
Energy = transmitting power + circuit (processing) power + basic power
Delay = transmitting delay + queueing delay + sleeping period
Challenge #2: EDT should be evaluated in the whole network wide
EDT on link-level single-cell level multi-cell level
1. Z. Niu, Jianan Zhang, Xueying Guo, Sheng Zhou, On the Energy-Delay Tradeoff in Base State Sleep
Mode Operation, IEEE ICCS2012, Singapore, 21-23 Nov., 2012 (invited)
2. X. Guo, S. Zhou, P. R. Kumar, Z. Niu, Optimal Wake-up Mechanism for Single Base Station with Sleep
Mode, 25th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC25), Shanghai, China, Sep. 2013. (Best Paper Award) 45
Summary
Whats 5G?
5G should be a paradigm shift of cellular architecture for Green and Smart
Major approaches towards 5G
Reduce Energy Waste by Adapting to Real-traffic Dynamics (REWARD)
Traffic-Aware Network Planning and Green Operation (TANGO)
Collaborative and Harmonized Open Radio Ubiquitous Systems (CHORUS)
A novel Hyper Cellular architecture for 5G
Decoupling signaling functions from data services to make cellular more
adaptive and intelligent
Always-on hyper cells for coverage guarantee and on-demand data cells
Enabling technologies for 5G
Separation of control and data coverage
Resource/network virtualization and network dimensioning
Traffic adaptation technologies, including cell zooming, BS sleeping,
coverage extension,
Energy-delay tradeoff can help to shift the peak and therefore save energy 46
Concluding Remark
47
Formoreinformation,
visithttp://network.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/niulab/?category_name=publications