LOPEZ, Stephanie Ann B. Student No.

2013 40224
Legal Bibliography I EVE
Tracing the Evolution of the Pork Barrel System

I. American Colonial Occupation (1898 1935)

A. Pork Barrel1 as an expression dates back during pre-Civil War period in the United States
where masters would give their slaves salted pork in barrels with such slaves fighting over
them.2 As an exercise of dispensal powers of the legislative branch, this practice became a
legacy of American occupation in the 1930s.3
B. Through the passage of Act No. 3044 or the Public Works Act of 1992, the pork barrel system
was first institutionalized in the Philippines. It is considered the first "Congressional Pork Barrel"
because it allowed the utilization of the funds appropriated therein to be subjected to post-
enactment approval by the legislators.4

II. Pre-Martial Law Era of the Philippine Republic (1946-1972)

A. In 1950, the post-enactment legislator participation extended to the area of project

identification. The mechanics of the public works act transferred the power to choose projects
from the Secretary of Commerce and Communications to legislators. The pork barrel process
wherein local government councils, civil groups, and individuals appealed to Congressmen or
Senators for the funding of projects commenced during this period. The amount of allocated
funds was integrated into the administration bill prepared by the Department of Public Works
and Communications. After which, the Congressmen and Senators would add their own
provisions to the bill to be signed into law by the President the Public Works Act.
B. In the 1960s, because of stalemate between the two houses of Congress, the pork barrel
legislation reportedly ceased.5

III. Martial Law Era (1972-1986)

A. When former President Marcos abolished Congress in 1972, the legislators franchise on pork
barrel was discontinued as legislative power was lodged in the Chief Executive.6
B. By 1982, the Batasang Pambansa introduced a new item in the General Appropriations Act
(GAA) called the" Support for Local Development Projects" (SLDP) under the article on "National

1
Blacks Law Dictionary defines Pork Barrel Spending as a process by which local projects are funded through
the government's funds, in order to attract more investment in a certain representative/ populist's area/
district.
2
Earl Parreo, Pork, in Pork and Other Perks 34 (Sheila S. Colonel ed., 1998)
3
Nograles, Prospero C. and Lagman, Edcel C., House of Representatives of the Philippines, "Understanding the
Pork Barrel," <http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ 14th/pork_barrel.pdf >
4
Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 208566, November 19, 2013, 710 SCRA 1, 51.
5
Ibid.
6
Nograles and Lagman, Understanding the Pork Barrel.
 Aid to Local Government Units". Through the SLDP, the practice of giving lump-sum allocations
to individual legislators commenced and each assemblyman received 500,000.00. During this
period, "Congressional Pork Barrel" projects under the SLDP covered both "hard projects" or
those involving public works as well as "soft projects which would fall under the categories of
health, education, livelihood, etc.7
C. Certain funds of the President had a similar nature to the pork barrel of legislators. Such funds
include the Malampaya Funds under Section 8 of Presidential Decree No. (PD) 910 as well as the
Presidential Social Fund under Section 12, Title IV of PD 1869, or the Charter of the Philippine
Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR).

IV. Post-Martial Law Era8

A. Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino Administration (1986-1992)

a. The pork barrel system was reintroduced after the restoration of the Congress in
1987. This was through the "Mindanao Development Fund" and the "Visayas
Development Fund" which was intended to provide lump-sum appropriations of 480
Million and 240 Million, respectively, to fund local projects.

b. Senators and the Luzon legislators clamored for a similar funding which led to the
creation of the "Countrywide Development Fund" (CDF) which was then integrated into
the 1990 GAA. Such allocation covered small local infrastructure and other priority
community projects9. The GAAs from 1990 to 1992 did not indicate the amounts of
allocations of the individual legislators and the extent of their participation in the
identification of projects to be funded.

B. Fidel Valdez Ramos Administration (1992-1998)

a. The GAAs from 1993 to 1996 explicitly stated that the release of CDF funds was to be
made upon the submission of the list of projects and activities identified by the
legislators to be funded from their respective CDF allocations.
b. In Philippine Constitutional Association vs. Enriquez, et al., the court upheld the
constitutionality of the Countrywide Development Fund (CDF) and declared the
appropriation as a valid and constitutional exercise of the legislatures power of the
purse.10
c. In 1998, the provisions concerning the required lists and endorsements were
reproduced but the publication of the project list was no longer required.

7
Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) and Various Infrastructures including Local Projects (VILP), Special
Audits Office Report No. 2012-03, August 14, 2013 (CoA Report), p. 2.
8
Belgica v. Executive Secretary, supra note 4.
9
Republic Act No. (RA) 6831.
10
Philippine Constitutional Association v. Enriquez, et al. G.R. Nos. 113105, 113174, 113766 & 113888, August 19,
1994, 235 SCRA 506.
 d. Aside from the CDF, other forms of "Congressional Pork Barrel" were reportedly
inserted into the GAA which were then called "Congressional Insertions" or "CIs". The
Department of Education (DepEd) School Building Fund, the Congressional Initiative
Allocations, the Public Works Fund, the El Nio Fund, and the Poverty Alleviation Fund
are some of the examples of these CIs.

C. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Estrada) Administration (1998-2001)

a. In 1999, three separate forms of CIs (i.e. Food Security Program Fund, Lingap Para Sa
Mahihirap Program Fund, and the Rural/Urban Development Infrastructure Program
Fund) replaced the CDF in the GAA.
b. In 2000, the CDF was replaced by the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF)11
The 2000 PDAF Article expressly requires prior consultation with the respective
Representative of the District before PDAF funds were to be released to the
implementing agencies concerned.

D. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Arroyo) Administration (2001-2010)

a. The 2002 and 2003 PDAF Articles ordered the release of the funds directly to the
implementing agency or local government unit concerned, without further
qualifications. The PDAF Articles from 2002 to 2010 were silent as to the specific
amounts allocated for the legislators and their participation in the proposal and
identification of the projects where the funds are to be allocated.
b. According to Cabacungan, it was during the presidency of Arroyo that corruption
through the PDAF became a wide practice. It was under the discretion of the President
who and how much to give to each congressman or senator.12
c. It was during Arroyos term that the formal participation of non-governmental
organizations (NGO) in the implementation of government projects was introduced.

11
Special Provision 1, Article XLIX, RA 8760 (2000 PDAF Article) provides:
Special Provision
1. Use and release of the Fund. The amount herein appropriated shall be used to fund priority programs and
projects as indicated under Purpose 1: PROVIDED, That such amount shall be released directly to the implementing
agency concerned upon prior consultation with the respective Representative of the District: PROVIDED, FURTHER,
That the herein allocation may be realigned as necessary to any expense category: PROVIDED, FINALLY, That no
amount shall be used to fund personal services and other personal benefits.

12
Cabacungan, Gil (22 August 2013). "Arroyo chose who, how much PDAF to give". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 19
November 2017.
E. Benigno Aquino III (Aquino) Administration (2010-2016)

a. The 2011 PDAF Article expressly provided for the lump-sum amounts allocated for
individual legislators and the Vice-President. In the 2012 and 2013 PDAF Articles, the
identification of projects and/or designation of their beneficiaries was required to
conform to the priority list, standard or design prepared by the implementing agency.
However, the legislators were still in full discretion of choosing and identifying the
project from the said priority list.
b. In Belgica vs Executive Sec. (2013), the court reverses Philconsa vs Enriquez (1994),
Sarmiento vs treasurer (2001), and LAMP vs Budget Secretary (2012) and declares
unconstitutional the entire 2013 PDAF Article as well as all legal provisions of past and
present Congressional Pork Barrel Laws, including the previous PDAF and CDF Articles
and the various Congressional Insertions, which allowed legislators to intervene, assume
or participate in the post-enactment stages of the budget execution.13

13
Belgica v. Executive Secretary, supra note 4.
 LEGAL MEMORANDUM

TO: Professor Fina de la Cuesta Tantuico

FROM: Stephanie Ann B. Lopez

RE: The Constitutionality of the Pork Barrel

DATE: November 19, 2017

FACTS

I. Origin of the Pork Barrel

Pork barrel spending, a term that traces its origins back to the era of slavery before the U.S. Civil
War, when slave owners occasionally would present a barrel of salt pork as a gift to their slaves. In
the modern usage, the term refers to congressmen scrambling to set aside money for pet projects in
their districts." (Drudge, Michael W. "Pork Barrel Spending Emerging as Presidential Campaign
Issue," August 1, 2008
http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/08/20080801181504lcnirellep
0.1261713.html#axzz2iQrI8mHM> [visited October 17, 2013].)

II. Philippine History Summary

The phrase pork-barrel spending is said to derive from a practice of antebellum

slaveholders; they would give a barrel of salt pork to their slaves, who scrambled and fought
with each other for a share. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term acquired
its political meaning in the early 1870s. Websters traces the American usage back to the
turn of the 20th century.

In the past, the High Court upheld the system's constitutionality. But the PDAF in the
2013 national budget was "a different animal," Carpio earlier said, because it made the
identification of a lawmaker's project "mandatory" rather than "recommendatory."

The pork barrel scam involving the alleged misuse of at least P6 billion worth of
lawmakers' discretionary funds sparked massive protests to abolish the system. The
woman at the center of the scam, Janet Lim Napoles, is detained over serious illegal
detention charges and also faces a plunder complaint before the Office of the
Ombudsman.

Last August 26, 2013, the Million People March was held which occurred on National Heroes' Day
called for the end of "pork barrel" and was joined by simultaneous protests nationwide and around
the world. Because of controversial Janet Lim Napoles, including the senators: Ramon Revilla Jr.,
Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Bongbong Marcos and Gringo Honasan. All of them transfer
some amount Pork Barrel or PDAF to NGOs (Non-Government Organization). To which according
to Commission on Audit transferring any amount of PDAF to NGOs or Non-Government
Organization is illegal. Basically the mind setting of the people was this senator pocketed their PDAF
for personal use.

The Supreme Court on Tuesday, November 19, declared as unconstitutional the legislators'
controversial pork barrel fund known as the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF).
Voting unanimously, 14 justices decide against the pork barrel system

The verdict of the court reads:

In view of the constitutional violations discussed in this Decision, the Court hereby declares as
UNCONSTITUTIONAL: (a) the entire 2013 PDAF Article; (b) all legal provisions of past and
present Congressional Pork Barrel Laws, such as the previous PDAF and CDF Articles and the
various Congressional Insertions, which authorize/d legislators whether individually or
collectively organized into committees to intervene, assume or participate in any of the
various post-enactment stages of the budget execution, such as but not limited to the areas of
project identification, modification and revision of project identification, fund release and/or
fund realignment, unrelated to the power of congressional oversight; (c) all legal provisions of
past and present Congressional Pork Barrel Laws, such as the previous PDAF and CDF Articles
and the various Congressional Insertions, which confer/red personal, lump-sum allocations to
legislators from which they are able to fund specific projects which they themselves determine;
(d) all informal practices of similar import and effect, which the Court similarly deems to be acts
of grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction; and (e) the phrases (1)
"and for such other purposes as may be hereafter directed by the President" under Section 8 of
Presidential Decree No. 910 and (2) "to finance the priority infrastructure development
projects" under Section 12 of Presidential Decree No. 1869, as amended by Presidential Decree
No. 1993, for both failing the sufficient standard test in violation of the principle of non-
delegability of legislative power.

Chief auditor Grace Pulido-Tan

The Commission on Audit (COA) released on Friday, August 16, its

much-awaited report on the special audit it conducted on the Priority
Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) of senators and congressmen.
The COA report shows that P101.6 billion was relased for "Various
Infrastructures including Local Projects" (VILP), P12 billion for pork
barrel, and P2.36 billion for financial assistance to LGUs.
COA's audit covered P32.6 billion (325) of the VILP and P8 billion of
the PDFA released by the Deparment of Budget and Management
(DBM).

At least P6.156 billion were released to questionable NGOs. A total of

82 NGOs were found to have questionable backrgrounds and
operations to begin with and eventually misused or failed to account
for the funds.

Ten of these dubious NGOs, Tan said, are "presently linked" to Janet
Lim-Napoles, the alleged pork barrel scam mastermind who is now the
subject of an arrest warrant for illegally detaining an employee who
has since turned against her.

https://www.rappler.com/nation/36609-coa-special-report-pdaf-misused

III. Argument leading to ISSUE

ISSUE

Is the Pork Barrel unconstitutional in view of the principles or constitutional

provisions specifically relating to (a) separation of powers; (b) non-delegability of
legislative power; (c) checks and balances; and (d) accountability?
DISCUSSION
Pro pork Barrel Arguments:

Advocates draw upon two clauses from article 1, section 8 of the United States Constitution for
legitimacy.
The first is called the general-welfare clause. It states, The Congress shall have power to lay and
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and
general welfare of the United States. Pork is said to provide for general welfare, and thus to be
permitted by this clause.

The second is the so-called postal clause. It authorizes Congress to establish post offices and post
roads as a way to expedite interstate communication. This is now construed to give the federal
government the power to appropriate money for public works. (The expenses not covered by section
8 were left to the states. The Tenth Amendment later clarified, The powers not delegated to the
United States by the Constitution are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.)
From its earliest years, Congress has been torn between those who pursue pork
and those who resist it. https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/pork-barrel-
spending-the-history-of-lipsticking-pigs/

two prior cases of LAMP and Enriquez. a

fundamental change of circumstance.
This was the fact that while these two earlier cases upheld the
constitutionality of the pork barrel because the power of legislators to
identify projects were merely recommendatory, recent events,
including the Napoles plunder of the PDAF and the Malampaya funds,
indicated that PDAF, as implemented today, went beyond
recommending projects.

On the Separation of Powers

principle of separation of powers, legislators, as soon as they pass the annual budget law,
should no longer have any participation in the implementation of the law. This is because
implementation is the realm of the executive. Citing the earlier case of Abakada Guro: from the
moment the law becomes effective, any provision of law that empowers Congress or any of its
members to play any role in the implementation or enforcement of the law violates the principle
of separation of powers and is thus unconstitutional.

the court said that the power to provide the annual appropriations law cannot be delegated to
the individual members of Congress. The Court said that the practice of allowing a legislator to
identify projects for implementation, after the budget law had been passed, is tantamount to a
delegation by Congress to its individual members a power which should be exercised by it as an
institution: the power of appropriation involves (a) the setting apart by law of a certain sum from
the public revenue for (b) a specified purpose. Essentially, under the 2013 PDAF Article,
individual legislators are given a personal lump-sum fund from which they are able to dictate (a)
how much from such fund would go to (b) a specific project or beneficiary that they themselves
also determine. As these two (2) acts comprise the exercise of the power of appropriation as
described in Bengzon, and given that the 2013 PDAF Article authorizes individual legislators to
perform the same, undoubtedly, said legislators have been conferred the power to legislate
which the Constitution does not, however, allow.

"the legislature has no authority to execute or construe the law, the executive has no authority to
make or construe the law, and the judiciary has no power to make or execute the law."168 The
principle of separation of powers and its concepts of autonomy and independence stem from the
notion that the powers of government must be divided to avoid concentration of these powers in any
one branch; the division, it is hoped, would avoid any single branch from lording its power over the
other branches or the citizenry.169 To achieve this purpose, the divided power must be wielded by co-
equal branches of government that are equally capable of independent action in exercising their
respective mandates. Lack of independence would result in the inability of one branch of
government to check the arbitrary or self-interest assertions of another or others.170 Government
of the Philippine Islands v. Springer, 277 U.S. 189, 203 (1928).

Broadly speaking, there is a violation of the separation of powers principle when one branch of
government unduly encroaches on the domain of another. US Supreme Court decisions instruct that
the principle of separation of powers may be violated in two (2) ways: firstly, "one branch may
interfere impermissibly with the others performance of its constitutionally assigned function";171 and
"alternatively, the doctrine may be violated when one branch assumes a function that more properly
is entrusted to another."172 In other words, there is a violation of the principle when there is
impermissible (a) interference with and/or (b) assumption of another departments functions.

See Nixon v. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425, 441-446 and 451-452 (1977) and
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), cited in Justice Powells concurring opinion in
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983).

172
See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579, 587 (1952), Springer v. Philippine
Islands, 277 U.S. 189, 203 (1928) cited in Justice Powells concurring opinion in Immigration and
Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983).

The foregoing cardinal postulates were definitively enunciated in Abakada where

the Court held that "from the moment the law becomes effective, any provision of
law that empowers Congress or any of its members to play any role in the
implementation or enforcement of the law violates the principle of separation of
powers and is thus unconstitutional."177 It must be clarified, however, that since
the restriction only pertains to "any role in the implementation or enforcement of
the law," Congress may still exercise its oversight function which is a mechanism
of checks and balances that the Constitution itself allows. But it must be made
clear that Congress role must be confined to mere oversight. Any post-
enactment-measure allowing legislator participation beyond oversight is bereft of
any constitutional basis and hence, tantamount to impermissible interference
and/or assumption of executive functions. As the Court ruled in Abakada:178
Abakada Guro Party List v. Purisima, supra note 155, at 294-296.
On the System of Check and Balances

pork barrel violates the system of check and balances since it

deprives the President the power to veto line items in the annual
appropriation law: This setup connotes that the appropriation law
leaves the actual amounts and purposes of the appropriation for
further determination and, therefore, does not readily indicate a
discernible item which may be subject to the Presidents power of item
veto.
To recount, insofar as it has allowed legislators to wield, in varying gradations, non-
oversight, postenactment authority in vital areas of budget execution, the system
has violated the principle of separation of powers; insofar as it has conferred unto
legislators the power of appropriation by giving them personal, discretionary funds
from which they are able to fund specific projects which they themselves determine,
it has similarly violated the principle of nondelegability of legislative power; insofar
as it has created a system of budgeting wherein items are not textualized into the
appropriations bill, it has flouted the prescribed procedure of presentment and, in
the process,denied the President the power to veto items; insofar as it has diluted
the effectiveness of congressional oversight by giving legislators a stake in the affairs
of budget execution, an aspect of governance which they may be called to monitor
and scrutinize, the system has equally impaired public accountability; insofar as it
has authorized legislators, who are national officers, to intervene in affairs of purely
local nature, despite the existence of capable local institutions, it has likewise
subverted genuine local autonomy; and again, insofar as it has conferred to the
President the power to appropriate funds intended by law for energy-related
purposes only to other purposes he may deem fit as well as other public funds under
the broad classification of "priority infrastructure development projects," it has once
more transgressed the principle of non-delegability.

The justification for the Presidents item-veto power rests on a variety of policy
goals such as to prevent log-rolling legislation,207 impose fiscal restrictions on the
legislature, as well as to fortify the executive branchs role in the budgetary
process.208 In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, the US Supreme
Court characterized the Presidents item-power as "a salutary check upon the
legislative body, calculated to guard the community against the effects of
factions, precipitancy, or of any impulse unfriendly to the public good, which may
happen to influence a majority of that body"; phrased differently, it is meant to
"increase the chances in favor of the community against the passing of bad laws,
through haste, inadvertence, or design."209
For the President to exercise his item-veto power, it necessarily follows that there
exists a proper "item" which may be the object of the veto. An item, as defined in
the field of appropriations, pertains to "the particulars, the details, the distinct and
severable parts of the appropriation or of the bill." In the case of Bengzon v.
Secretary of Justice of the Philippine Islands,210 the US Supreme Court
characterized an item of appropriation as follows:

Andres Sarmiento et al. versus The Treasurer of the Philippines et al. (GR. No. 12568 and 126313),
and Lawyers against Monopoly and Poverty (LAMP), et al. versus the Secretary of Budget and Management,
et al (GR. No. 164987).

CONCLUSION

institutional forms of plunder

taking part in an institutional form of corruption.

systematic and unconstitutional expenditure of public funds.
It breeds patronage politics and the politics of immoral compromises between the executive and
legislative branches of government. PDAF projects effectively and efficiently addresses the needs of
the political constituents as opposed to the national agenda. The misuse of the fund will be
reduced when the mechanism of transparency and accountability will be put in place and correctly
implemented. The PDAF is money allocated for lawmakers to be used in their pet development
projects. Critics charge that they fund pork barrel projects which have traditionally been a source
of corruption.

Memorandum on the Unconstitutionality of the Pork Barrel System

The PDAF was created with a commendable purpose and that is to allow the lawmakers to identify what
projects they wanted to fund at the start and monitor it until its completion. The projects referred to
are those needed by the communities which are not prioritized by either the Local Government Units
(LGUs) or National Government Agencies (NGAs).

Constitutionality of the PDAF has been answered in jurisprudence specifically in Philippines Constitution
Association (PHILCONSA) versus Enriquez (GR No. 113105), Andres Sarmiento et al. versus The Treasurer
of the Philippines et al. (GR. No. 12568 and 126313), and Lawyers against Monopoly and Poverty
(LAMP), et al. versus the Secretary of Budget and Management, et al (GR. No. 164987).
PHILCONSA versus Enriquez: They alleged that such power is an encroachment by the legislature on the
executive power since the said power in an appropriation act is in implementation of a law. They
further contend that proposing and identifying projects do not involve creating laws or the repeal and
amendment thereof which is, according to them, the only power of the Congress vested by the
Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the power of the purse belongs to the Congress but is
subject to the veto power of the President; hence, the President may propose the budget, but the final
say, regarding appropriations, would remain in the Congress; the Supreme Court explained The power
of appropriation carries with it the power to specify the project or activity to be funded under the
appropriation law. It can be as detailed and broad as Congress wants it to be. It was Congress itself that
determined the purposes for the appropriation. (Emphasis Supplied).

Executive Function under the Countrywide Development Fund involves implementation of the priority
projects specified in the law. The authority given to the members of Congress is only to propose and
identify projects to be implemented by the President. Under Article XLI of the GAA of 1994, the
President must perforce examine whether the proposals submitted by the members of the Congress fall
within the specific items of expenditures for which the Fund was set up, and if qualified, he next
determines whether they are in line with other projects planned for the locality. Thereafter, if the
proposed projects qualify for funding under the Fund, it is the President who shall implement them. In
short, the proposals and identifications made by the members of Congress are merely
recommendatory.

In another case, Andres Sarmiento et. al. versus The Treasure of the Philippines et. al., the petitioners
seek the reversal of the Courts ruling in PHILCONSA versus Enriquez, which is the above cited case.
However, the court recognized its constitutionality assailing the Principle of Stare Decisis since the
petitioner merely reiterated the arguments in the PHILCONSA case; hence, the court did not find any
compelling reasons to review, much less reverse, the Courts ruling of the CDF.

In the present case, there was no showing that there is a clear and unequivocal breach of the
constitution, only a doubtful one; hence, the court must sustain legislation because to invalidate [a law]
based on xxx baseless supposition is an affront to the wisdom not only of the legislature that passed it
but also of the executive which approved it. Moreover, LAMP seeks the declaration of the
unconstitutionality of the PDAFs enforcement on the grounds that there was an encroachment by the
members of the Congress on executive power in proposing and identifying the projects to be funded by
PDAF. But then again, no convincing evidence was showed. In the absence of proof, the court is
restricted with its actions and cannot just strike down a law on the basis that the petitioner finds the
practice as offensive to the constitution.
In all the three cases, the Supreme Court held the constitutionality of the pork barrel funds. It
was even recognized and reported by an article in the newspaper particularly the Philippine Daily
Inquirer that in just a past decade, three cases where decided and declared the constitutionality of such
funds.