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It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
of 55. This means that all of the persons involved under pre-election
The same table reflected that the ideal practice in which the
Commissioners got the highest frequency (f) of 58. This means that on a
that will serve as the head in order to pursue its goals and objectives.
the roles within it, the rules, the procedures and policies it adopts.
aims. Lack of clarity about who is doing what or even why and no follow-
and makes it difficult for new people to become involved. This also
the group in order to use the resources to carry out its plan and
objectives.
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which the three (3)
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
of 57. This means that all of the persons involved under pre-election
election process.
The same table reflected that six (6) ideal practices got the highest
practice that got the highest frequency refers to one of the functions of
orderly and fair election, the committee needs to strictly implement the
rules in conducting the election and make sure that all individuals
concerned are abiding on it. These rules are in accordance with the
accountability. Rules are implemented for the good of society and not for
its downfall side. They are created to be followed. Rules set the standards
study of Burns and Machado (2014) that rules justify or criticize for what
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individuals may follow rules and try to ensure that others follow them
because the rules fit into a cognitive frame for organizing their
perceptions and making sense of what is going on. These rules are
assigned the responsibility and authority to enforce the rules. There are
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency refers
candidates meet the requirements to run for office. This means that the
order for them to face the different tasks and functions of being a CSC
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officer. The CSC officers are considered as role model to its fellow
students. They should exemplify a student with good grades and have no
derogatory record.
The third ideal practice that also got the highest frequency refers to
and to ensure the staffing of polling stations during election. This means
that the committee needs to make sure that they produce sufficient
the efficient and smooth flow of election process and to have enough
manpower.
The fourth ideal practice that also got the highest frequency refers
concurrence of the Student Affairs Office. This means that the committee
The fifth ideal practice that also got the highest frequency refers to
aspect of the electoral process is often established within the bodies that
deter and prevent electoral improprieties and illegalities, and help ensure
And lastly, the sixth ideal practice that also got the highest
committee needs to be flexible at all times and must perform tasks that
34
are not stated under the rules and guidelines when a certain situation
arises.
positions.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
be practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 58. This means that
all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must observed these
The ideal practice in which the elective positions for the Executive
C. Elective Positions f DE
election day, the student voters will have to vote for these elective
positions through computerized election, and ballot election for the Year
Level Mayors. The candidates need to understand the position they are
qualifications of candidates.
36
D. Qualifications of Candidates f DE
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
means that all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must
election process.
derogatory record with the school anytime during his or her past
frequency of 55.
fourth year student as certified by the Academic Dean got the lowest
frequency of 48.
candidacy.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
E. Filing of Candidacy f DE
be practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 56. This means that
all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must observed these
The same table reflected that two (2) ideal practices got the highest
practice that got the highest frequency under filing of candidacy is the
opening of filing of candidacy for the CSC election. This manifests that
file their manifestation of intent to run in order for those aspirants who
The second ideal practice that also got the highest number of
obtained on the Student Affairs Office (SAO). This implies that Student
Affairs Office is the only office that can release a certificate of candidacy
who have the intention of running for elective posts. After completing the
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which elected officials are
allowed to run for re-election for the same position only once got the
40
means that the committee may allow incumbent officers to run for the
considered as candidate.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
of 58. This means that all of the persons involved under pre-election
official list of qualified candidates for the CSC election got the frequency
names of the aspiring candidates who are qualified to run on the elective
41
posts to keep the students updated and well-informed. They can also use
period.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
be practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 56. This means that
all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must observed these
G. Campaign Period f DE
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which campaigns are done
methods.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
be practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 57. This means that
all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must observed these
H. Campaign Methods f DE
materials may remain standing during election day, but it must be twenty (20)
meters away from the polling place and or precinct got the lowest frequency
of 55.
44
avance.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
be practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 56. This means that
all of the persons involved under pre-election phase must observed these
The same table reflected that two (2) ideal practices got the highest
practice that got the highest frequency is the practice in which the
This means that it is a must that miting de avance always precedes the
voting process, in order to give those running for elective posts the
the students to be clarify and decide if they will really support or vote the
The second ideal practice that got also the highest frequency is the
practice in which the incumbent CSC officers and the audience are given
45
Table 10. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Pre-Election
Phase under Miting de Avance
I. Miting de Avance f DE
the opportunity to ask one question related to the reason why the
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which the miting de avance
starts at 4:00 PM and ends at 5:30 PM got the lowest frequency of 54.
election.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 58. This means that all
Committee with the concurrence of the CSC Executive Body got the
committee must base the date of the CSC election on the scheduled
Table 11. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Date of Election
A. Date of Election f DE
calendar of activities.
voters.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 58. This means that all
of the persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal
Table 12. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Student Voters
B. Student Voters f DE
The ideal practice in which all bona fide students of Saint Louis
College, except the students of Graduate Schools and College of Law are
observe. This means that the all students that are enrolled in Saint Louis
College, regardless of course and year have the right to vote to choose the
Student Council (CSC) election along election phase under voting hours.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 58. This means that all of the
persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal practices
Table 13. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Voting Hours
C. Voting Hours f DE
highest frequency of 58. This means that the polling precinct must be
open at 8:00 AM so that students who are available at that time can now
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which voting ends at 5:30
the lowest frequency of 56. This means that all of the polling precinct
must be close at 5:30 PM and students who fail to practice their rights
election.
50
Table 14. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Voting Manner of Election
D. Manner of Election f DE
57
1. Election for the Executive Council and N
Departmental Governors is held two (2) weeks after
the midterms examinations of the second semester
unless the Election Committee provides otherwise.
2. Election for the Year Mayors is held on the fourth 57 N
week after the opening of classes during the first
semester unless the Election Committee provides
otherwise.
3. There is at least two (2) parties. In the event that 56 N
there is only one party, such party is subjected to
referendum by a majority vote of the students
enrolled.
4. The President, Vice President, Secretary, 58 N
Treasurer, Auditor, (2) PROs and the Campus Youth
Minister of the CSC is elected by plurality of votes
cast by the Election Committee through automated
or secret ballot elections.
5. The Departmental Governors are elected by the N
plurality of votes cast by the students of their 58
respective departments through automated or secret
ballot elections.
6. The Year Level Mayors are elected by the student 58 N
in their respective year levels and respective
departments by the plurality of votes cast through
automated or secret ballot elections.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 57. This means that all of the
51
persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal practices
The same table reflected that there were three (3) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the ideal
Auditor, two (2) PROs and the Campus Youth Minister of the CSC are
automated election. This means that the candidate who polls more votes
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
the ideal practice in which the departmental governors are elected by the
through automated election. This means that the candidate with the
most votes from the students coming from their respective departments
win. Student voters will only vote one departmental governor coming
from their departments only. There will be one winner which will serve as
And lastly, the third ideal practice that also got the highest
frequency was the ideal practice in which the year level mayors are
This means that the candidate who got the highest number of votes per
year levels and department will be the winner. There will be four (4) year
level mayors coming from the College of Arts and Science, Teacher
and from the College of Commerce, Secretariat and Accountancy and five
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which there is at least two
(2) parties in the CSC election and in the event that there is only one
Table 15. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Election Assistants
E. Election Assistants f DE
assistants.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 58. This means that all
54
of the persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal
The same table reflected that there were four (4) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was one of the
before the start of election. This means that all of the resources to be
stations must be reserve before the election starts. For the computerized
election, the election assistants must make sure that all of the computer
assistants must also check if the outside and inside of the polling
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
the student voters are in the master list and to give them a ballot for
ballot election. This means that the election assistants must verify if the
student is registered or not. After verifying the name of the voter, the
election assistants must give the passwords for computer access during
55
The third ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
ballot box to the election committee after the election period. This means
that during the ballot election after it was declared that the voting period
ends, the election assistants must give the ballot boxes contained therein
And lastly, the fourth ideal practice that also got the highest
canvass the votes after the election period. This means that after the
election period is declared closed, the election tellers must undertake the
tables. For the ballot election, the ballot papers are counted polling
stations.
committee appoints election assistants who are bona fide students and
56
Table 16. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Voting Procedures (Computerized Election)
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
57. This means that all of the persons involved under election phase
election process.
The same table reflected that there were three (3) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the ideal
practice in which the voters present their school ID and obtain their
election tellers will verify if the student is a registered voter through his
or her school ID. The election teller will write the password on a piece of
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
the ideal practice in which the voters go only to the precinct where he or
she is designated. This means that the voters can only vote to the
open to all voters, regardless of departments, year and course. For ballot
And lastly, the third ideal practice that also got the highest
frequency was the ideal practice in which the voters dont stay inside and
leave the polling precinct after their votes are cast. This means that after
the voters have cast their votes, they should leave immediately inside the
The fourteenth ideal practice that also got the highest frequency
was under the voting procedures of manual election in which the voters
course and year. Student voters must only stay on their assigned
stations and they are not allowed to go and roam on the other stations.
After their votes have been cast, they should not stay or wait inside the
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which one (1) voter
occupies one (1) computer unit to secure privacy got the lowest frequency
of 57.
Table 17. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Voting Procedures (Ballot Election)
59
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
57. This means that all of the persons involved under election phase
election process.
The same table reflected that there were two (2) ideal practices that
first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the ideal practice in
means that the polling precincts of the student voters are designated
according to their course and year. Student voters must only stay on
their assigned stations and they are not allowed to go and roam on the
other stations. After their votes have been cast, they should not stay or
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
under the ideal practice in which the voters affix his or her signature on
the master list of students taken care by the election assistants to serve
as an attestation the he or she has voted. This means that after the voter
has fill out the ballot paper and place it inside the ballot box, he or she
should sign on the list of registered voters in order for him or her to
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which a voter not appearing
frequency of 57.
Table 18. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Validity of Votes
H. Validity of Votes f DE
votes.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 52. This means that all
of the persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal
The ideal practice in which the vote is valid if the candidates full
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which the vote is invalid if
the name of the candidate is misspelled, only the family name is written
or only the alias is written got the lowest frequency of 51. This means
that all of the polling precinct must be close at 5:30 PM and students
who fail to practice their rights have no opportunity to cast their votes.
Table 19. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Board of Election Tellers
election tellers.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
that all of the persons involved under election phase must observe these
The same table reflected that there were four (4) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was one of the
votes in the polling place. This means that the election tellers will serve
together with the election assistants and election committee. They are
64
the one who will verify and double-check if the number of cast votes
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
one of the functions of election teller which is to sign the tally sheets
Election Committee at the Student Affairs Office. This means that the
signature of the election tellers affix at the pages of tally sheets served as
a certification that the tally sheets are correct and the votes have been
The third ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was one
And lastly, the fourth ideal practice that also got the highest
order within the polling place and its premises, to keep access thereto to
This means that they need to make sure that the voters follow the rules
by the Election Committee and by the CSC Executive Body got the lowest
means that the election tellers must be flexible at all times in order to
perform task that are not stated under their functions description as
Table 20. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under the Watchers
J. The Watchers f DE
Student Council (CSC) election along election phase under the watchers.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 57. This means that all
of the persons involved under election phase must observe these ideal
the highest frequency of 58. This means that the watchers need to be a
and talk with the voters got the lowest frequency of 55.
Table 21. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Regulations in the Polling Place
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
means that all of the persons involved under election phase must observe
process.
The same table reflected that there were four (4) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the practice in
which there is at least one (1) reserved computer room that serve as a
precinct in the CSC election that is approved by the MIS Head upon the
means that the reserved computer room will be the place wherein the
voters can cast their votes. The number of reserved computer rooms
must be enough to cater the number of voters along the election period.
The second and third ideal practices that also got the highest
frequency was one of the regulations in the polling place in which one of
the persons who are allowed to stay inside are the members of election
committee and the watchers who stay only in the place reserved for
them. This means that people who have no official business inside the
polling precinct are not allowed to stay, except those who are mentioned
69
election process.
And lastly, the fourth ideal practice that also got the highest
of the precinct, except twenty (20) meters away from the polling place.
This means that any forms of campaigning on the day of election are not
allowed within the premises of the polling precinct to ensure that the
On the other hand, the ideal practice in other persons who are
photographer can stay inside the polling station got the lowest frequency
Table 23. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Canvassing of Votes
A. Canvassing of Votes f DE
58 N
1. The counting of votes, both in the computerized
elections and manual elections, is held in public and
70
without interruption.
2. The board of canvassers are duly appointed and 58 N
formed by the Election Committee who shall receive
and tally the votes from the different precincts.
3. Members of the Election Committee, with the help 58 N
of election assistants and tellers, tabulate the results
after the Chairman of the Election Committee
officially closes the polling stations.
4. All votes cast appear on the election results 58 N
including abstentions.
5. The Election Committee signs and delivers the 58 N
election results to the Student Affairs Office. Such
result shall be signed (per page) by the election
tellers.
6. The election results is secretive in nature before all 58 N
the protests and complaints are resolved.
7. Official candidates are responsible in the clean-up 57 N
of campaign materials immediately after the election
period. All campaign materials are removed.
canvassing of votes.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
that all of the persons involved under election phase must observe these
The same table reflected that there were six (6) ideal practices that
first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the practice in
that vote counting must proceed immediately after the closing of polling
inside the polling precinct while the counting of votes is going on.
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
canvassers will be the one to receive and tally the summary of votes
means that the board of canvassers will be the one to certify the results
of the election.
The third ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
election committee, with the help of the election assistants and election
election committee officially closes the polling precinct. This means that
72
the members of the election committee, the election assistants and the
election tellers will be divided into groups and they will be designated to
different polling stations to count and tally the votes from the ballot
boxes.
The fourth ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
under the subphase of canvassing of votes in which all votes cast will
The fifth ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
committee signs and delivers the election results to the Student Affairs
Office. This is to keep the election results and to have a record on the
And lastly, the sixth ideal practice that also got the highest
complaints that can affect the election results are resolved. This is to
ensure that the election results to be release in public will be official and
73
free from issues. This is to avoid confusion from the students and to
immediately after the election period got the lowest frequency of 57.
Table 24. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Breaking a Tie
B. Breaking a Tie f DE
a tie.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 52. This means that all
74
of the persons involved under post-election phase must observe this ideal
determine the winner among candidates who have equal number of votes
need to break a tie between two candidates who have an equal number of
must first record the tie and notify the candidates. Then, they shall, by
variation of draw lots, is usually done. In this case, the candidates will
choose either head or tail. The side that was flip at the end will be the
winner.
Table 25. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Protest or Complaint Period
or complaint period.
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
means that all of the persons involved under post-election phase must
process.
76
The same table reflected that there were three (3) ideal practices
The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the practice in
which the protest period starts at the pre-election phase and will end
after the official proclamation of winners. This means that the protest or
candidates.
The second ideal practice that also got the highest frequency was
together with the Student Affairs Office. This means that the election
committee and the Student Affairs Office are the right authority to
And lastly, the third ideal practice that also got the highest
upon submission, and the witnesses and complainants are available and
present during the deliberations. This means that evidence and records
are needed to further proof and strengthen the existing problem. Both
deliberation to further know the details and to hear the sides of the both
party.
77
complaints are not resolved within the specified period, the election committee
proclaims the winners as soon as cases are resolved got the lowest frequency
of 56.
Table 26. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Certification
D. Certification f DE
certification.
78
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
practice projected by its over-all frequency (f) of 56. This means that all
The same table reflected that the two (2) ideal practices under this
practice. The first ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the
results by the Dean of the Student Affairs Office, as the Chairman of the
The second ideal practice that got the highest frequency was the
Table 27. Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along Election
Phase under Announcement and Publication
It can be gleaned from the table that the respondents rated ideal
of 56. This means that all of the persons involved under post-election
winning candidates of the Student Council positions after all the protests
and complaints are resolved got the highest frequency of 56. This means
that
On the other hand, the ideal practice in which a list of the newly
at the conspicuous places within the school premises got the lowest
frequency of 55.
80
Table 28. Summary Table on the Ideal Practices in Conducting the CSC
Election along Pre-Election Phase, Election Phase, and Post-Election Phase
Phases f DE
I. Pre-Election Phase 56 N
the College Student Council (CSC) election along the three phases
It can be gleaned from the table that the ideal practice are needed
Table 29. Level of Actual Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along
Pre-Election Phase under Composition of Election Committee
Table 30. Level of Actual Practices in Conducting the CSC Election along
Pre-Election Phase under Composition of Election Committee