TYPES OF DOORS:-

1. BATTENED AND LEGDED DOORS:

This is the simplest form of door which is frequently used for narrow openings. The use of this type of door is
preferred where cost is main factor rather than appearance.

Door consisting of vertical boards known as batters which are secured by horizontal pieces known as ledges. Usually
there are three ledges namely top, middle or lock ledge and bottom ledge. The outer edges of the ledges are
chamffered . The bottom and middle ledges are are sometimes wider than top one. The batters are secured by
means of tongued and grooved joints and are either V shaped or bearded.

Size of door components are:

Vertical batters: width=10 to 20 cm, thickness =2 to 4 cm

Top ledge: width= 10 cm, thickness =3 to 4 cm
Middle and bottom ledge: width =15 To 20 cm, thickness =3 to 4cm
2. BATTENED, LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS:
This door is modification over battened and ledged door which is additional diagonal member called braces are
provided to increase the rigidity and strength. These braces act as struts as they are made to incline upward
from the hanging edge . By doing so the tendency of dropping at the nose in case of wider doors is prevented.
Thus, the battened, ledged and braced door can be used for wider opening.
The braces are usually housed and not tenoned into ledges of door. The outer edges are chamffered. The other
details are same as ledged doors.
1. Braces:width= 10 to 15cm, thickness = 3 to 4cm
This door is commonly adopted for bathrooms and WCs and in places where appearance is not so
important.

3. BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS:

This door is provided with a framework for shutters to have better strength and appearance than the ordinary
battenedand ledged doors. This door consist of two vertical styles, three ledges or rails , viz, bottom, top and
middle and batternes fixed in framework. Styles are usually 10 cm in width and 4 cm in thickness.
4. BATTENED, LEDGED, FRAMED AND BRACED DOORS:
This is a modification over the battened, leged and framed door in which additional members as braces have
been used to introduce the strength and durability. This is largely used in external work.
This door has framework consisting of two slides, three ledged, battens and two inclined braces. The rails are
mortised and tenoned into styles or stiles and batterns are generally tongued and and grooved and are V
jointed. The upper end of the battens are let into top rail or head the side ones are tongued into stiles. While at
mid height and lower ends they go right over middle and bottom rails. The braces are either housed into rails at
about 4 cm from the stiles or are taken into corners and tenoned into stiles. The former one is stronger whereas
the later one is better in appearance . The braces are made to incline upward from the hanging edge so as to act
as struts and safeguard the door against dropping out at nose . The outer edge of braces and rails are stop
chamffered, beaded and moulded.
 Generally the thickness of the top rail and stiles is the same and equal to that of braces and batternstogether.
The size of braces is 1.5*12cm.

5. FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR:

This type of door is very commonly and is constructed in various design. The object of using Such a door is to
obtain framework in which the tendency of shrinkage is reduced and appearance is enhanced.
It consist of a frame in which the panels are fitted. The number and size of panels used depends on architect
and owner. Normally for small opening shutter of single lead are used whereas the shutters with double leaf are
used for lager opening.
The stiles are continuous from top to bottom for full height.
The rails top rails, bottom rails, and lock rails are joined to stiles
Mullions are often joined to rails
The frame consist of narrow pieces , mortised and tenoned to each other and grooved to all inside faces
to receive the panels.
Bottom and lock rails are made of bigger size and stronger than top and frieze rail
It is generally recommended that the minimum width of stiles should not be less than 10 cm and for lock
and bottom rails not less than 15cm. The thickness of shutter frame is usually kept from 4 to 5 cm but
actual thickness depends upon several factors like door size , situation of door, type of work , thickness
of panel and size of moulding.

6. GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

Sometimes the door either fully glazed or partly glazed and panelled are used to supplement the natural
lightening provided by Windows or to make the interior of one room visible from another . These type of doors
are used in residential buliding, hospitals, college, office, library, banks , shops Etc.
When sufficient light is required to be admitted through doors, as in case of lobbies, corridor halls , staircase,
showcase Etc. Then fully glazed doors are provided. The details of fully glazed doors consisting of rails and fitted
with a single large panel or plate glass and 15 glass panes divided by sash bars respectively. The glasspanes are
set in the rebates of the framework of wooden sash bars, and they usually secured by rails and putty or by
wooden beads fixed to frame.
In case of partly glazed and partly panelled doors, the usual proportion of glazed portion to the panelled portion
is kept 2:1. Sometimes, in partly glazed door, the styles are diminished at the lock rail in order to improve it's
elevation appearance as well as to allow more area of glass in fixing.

7. FLUSH DOORS:

Details for calculating the modular dimensions are also illustrated for a door shutter.

The nominal thickness of flush door shutters varies from 25 mm to 40 mm depending upon the type of the door.

The flush doors are of the following two types:

(i) Solid core flush door ,or laminated core flush door.
(ii) Hollow and cellular core flush door or framed flush door.
(i)Solid core flush door: this door consists of a core of strips of wood glued together under great pressure and faced
on each side by plywood sheets . these laminated strips are not less than 20 mm in width and are glued edge-to-
edge.

The plywood sheets are glued under great pressure to the laminated core. This solid core is housed in the frame
consisting of stiles,top and bottom rails each not less than 7.5 cm wide. Gross bands are laid with grains at right
angles to that of the core,running on either face to the extreme edge of the shutter. The veneer or plywood on
either face iss laid with grains perpendicular to the cross band.

The solid core or laminated flush doors are heavy and require more material for their construction.

(ii) Hollow and cellular core flush door: in this the type of frame consists of stiles,top,bottom and
intermediate rail each not less than 7.5 cm wide and this frame is covered on both the sides by sheets of
plywood. Sometimes, the hollow wood frame is filled with granulated cork or any light material instead
of being left hollow. To ensure a thorough circulation of air within the framing, ventilation holes are
provided.

In case of hollow core shutters, vertical battens not less than 25 mm wide are so fixed on the rails that they
provide wide spaces, each not more than 500 sq. cm. Moreover, these void spaces or hollow portions should be
equally distributed.

In case of cellular core shutters, the vertical and the horizontal battens or the ribs, not less than 24 mm wide and
made up of strips of wood or plywood or blocks of compressed wood spaces, each not less than 25 sq.cm in area.

The requirements for fixing cross bands and face veneers are same as for solid core shutters. These hollow and
cellular core flush doors are light in weight and cheap. The doors being weaker in character, become obsolete these
days.

The following points regarding flush doors should be carefully observed for their better performance:

(i) The flush doors should be constructed out of well-seasoned timber having moisture content not more
than 12 percent when tested as per I.S. specifications.
(ii) Timber to be used for construction of flush doors should be free from the decay and insect attack.
Moreover, termite-proof treatment should be given before applying glue to the timber pieces.
(iii) The flush doors should first be heated at sufficient temperature and then pressed in hot-press.
(iv) The hinge blocks and lock blocks are not used in case of solid core flush doors.
(v) The durability and strength of flush doors, to a large extent, depends upon the glue bonds and hence
the adhesive glues should confirm to I.S. specifications. Generally, PF-type(i.e, phenol formaldehyde
synthetic resin)is recommended for this purpose though other adhesives or glues such as MF type(i.e,
Machine Urea Formaldehyde)and U.F type(i.e, urea formaldehyde)can also be used.
(vi) Flush doors give excellent appearance, if proper plywood facings are used.
(vii) The durability,economy and performance of the flush doors can be improved further by strictly
observing the instructions laid down by the manufacturers.

8.LOUVERED DOORS OR VENTILATED DOORS:

The use of these doors is recommended when privacy combined with natural ventilation and quietness for rest is
desired, because they allow free passage of air even when closed. Louvered or Venetianed door are not much
favoured, as they harbor dust and are difficult to clean. However, they are used for latrines and bathrooms of public,
buildings, residential buildings, etc.

In this type of door, shutters are provided with louvers in series, either fully or partly. The louvers are arranged at
such an inclination that horizontal vision is obstructed or in other words lovers are arranged such that the upper
edge of any louver will be higher than the lower front edge of the louver just above it.

The louver are made either movable by connecting them to the pivot by means of hinges or are fixed into the stile.
In case of movable type, the upward or downward movement of the louvers is carried out by lowering and raising
the pivot respectively. Louvers may be made of glass or timber.

The louvers are keptsloping away from the inside portions so as to prevent the entry of moisture from the outside.

9.WIRE GAUSED DOORS(OR FLY-PROOF OR MOSQUOTO PROOF DOORS):

These doors are used where it is desired to allow the free air into the room but to avoid the nuisance of flies,
mosquitoes, insects, etc. Hence such doors are commonly used for refreshment rooms, kitchens, sweet shops,
hotels, etc.

These wire-gauzed doors consists of vertical stiles and horizontal rails into which wire mesh galvanized gauze is fixed
to the shutters by a bead-bradded or nailed to the frame. The shutters are usually made to close automatically by
means of a spring.

In case of such doors, generally the frame is provided with two types of shutters. Shutters of ordinary paneled type
are provided on the front sides and are made to open utside the room, whereas another type of shutters are
provided with wire guaze and are made to open inside of the room.

N.B. The windows and the ventilators of wire-gauzed type or mosquito-proof type similar to doors, are also used for
such purposes.

10.COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOOR :

These doors neither require hinges for opening and closing the shutters nor any frame for hanging them. These
doors are extensively used for main entrance of residential bulduings, shops, garages, public buildings, sheds,
godowns, etc. where the width of the door is large and the space is insufficient to provide two leafed hinged
shutters. These doors being very strong, can be used in exposed situations to safe guard against burglars. These
doors maybe made of single or double shutters depending upon the size of the opening.

These doors are fabricated from vertical pieces of rolled steel channels, 16 mm to 20 mm wide, joined together with
the hollows of the channels on the inside, leaving a vertical gap between them of 12 to 20 mm. Rollers are provided
both at their top and bottom or at the top only in special cases. The doors can be opened or closed by a slight pull or
push. The vertical channel pieces are spaced at 10 to 12cm centre to centre, and are joined to one another by means
of hoop iron cross or flats 16mm to 20 mm wide and 5 mm thick which allow the door to open or fold.

11.ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER DOORS:

These doors are capable of being rolled up at the top easily and cause no obstruction either in the opening or in the
floor space. These are commonly used these days for the main entrance of the shops, garages, godowns, show
windows, show room openings and doors, etc. These doors are sufficiently strong and offer proper safety to glass
and the interior when closed. They also provide safety against fire and burglars.
 A rolling steel door consists of frame, a drum and shutter of thin steel plates or iron sheets of thickness about 1 mm
and width vary upto 6 metres. Steel guides are provided on the sides for movement.

12.Revolving Doors:-

Revolving doors provide entrance on one side and exit on the other side simultaneously.These doors keep the
opening automatically closed when it is not in use.These doors are provided when there is a constant foot traffic or
people entering and going out of an entrance in public buildings, such as banks,hotels,offices,hospitals, theatres
etc.These doors are also used in hill stations to avoid strong wind blowing in.These doors are also considered very
suitable for the entrance of air-conditioned buildings,as they offer the advantage of keeping the interchange of
inside and outside air to the minimum,or in other words they exclude the draught of cold or hot air through them.

A revolving door consists of four upright cross wings,i.e.,shutters,which are arranged diagonally on the sides of a
centrally placed pivot.These cross wings or shutters revolve about this pivot or vertical axis.

A circular space of entrance is also provided into which these four shutters revolve.These shutters are either fully
paneled,or glazed,or partly paneled and partly glazed.On all the four rubbing ends of the shutters,vertical projecting
pieces of rubber are provided to prevent the draught of air.Moreover,in these doors,arrangements are made such
that the radiating shutters or wings can be folded when there is a great rush of traffic.

13.Slide Sliding Doors:-

In these types of doors also,the need of hinges for fixing shuttersto frame of the doors is eliminated. They are
commonly used for the entrances of godowns,sheds,shops,show-rooms,garages etc.

The shutter of this typeof door consists of one or several panels or leaves which can slide either on one side or both
the sides. These doors are operated by sliding the doors on the sides with the help of runners at the top and guides
at the bottom.

For opening the sliding doors,either cavities are provided in the wall to receive the shutters or shutters are made to
lie touching the wall.These types of doors do not cause any obstruction during their movement.

14. STEEL PLATED DOORS:-

These steel plated doors are considered suitable for godowns, railway goods sheds, and garages etc. where strong
quality of doors is required. These doors consist of a frame work of angle or channel steel sections, over which the steel
plates of required thickness are welded. The door frame is made up of hinge jamp, lock jamp, head and if required, angle
threshold. The whole thread is either welded or rigidly fixed together by mechanical means where no angle threshold is
required, temporary base tie screwed to the feet of frames in order to form a rigid unit.

15. HOLLOW METAL DOORS:-

These doors are made out of furniture steel and have an appearance of wooden doors. In these doors rails, stiles and
other places where fixtures like hinges, bolts, locks etc. are fixed; are strengthened by welding small T or I section inside.
The stiles of the door are filled with some insulating material so as to avoid the noise nuisance while opening or closing
the door.
16. METAL COVERED PLYWOOD DOORS:-

These are composite doors which have better fire resistance as well as strength characteristic as compared to wooden
doors. This type of door is suitable for building where better security against buglers and fire is desired.

These doors consist of cores of goo9d quality of seasoned timber covered w2ith a tight fighting sheet metal , furniture
steel , galvanized steel, rolled copper ,sheet bronze ,tin and lead combination. The cores are made up of two or three
layers of 2.5 cm broad and about 20 cm wide. The thickness of the cores can be increased depending upon the strength
requirement.

In case the cheaper doors of this type are desired then the cores of the ply can be replaced by a framework of wooden
stiles and rails. The inner hollow space of the frame can be filled either with asbestos or any other fire resisting material.

17. CORROGATED STEEL SHEET DOORS:-

These doors are either used as ordinary hanging doors or sight sliding doors for various types of building such as
godowns, factories gates, railway good shades, strong rooms, garage, where strength of the door is more important
than appearance.

These doors consist of framework of angles and channels in which the corrugated steel sheets are fixed up with suitable
bracings. If very strong door is desired, the door shutter may be made of double wall of corrugated sheets with hollow
space in between. The hollow space can be filled with asbestos or any other fire resisting material.

If this door is sight sliding type, then the frame is mounted on the wheels or casters at the top as well as the bottom. For
operating these doors, the shutters, when pushed for opening, move horizontally in guides beyond the door opening.
These guides are made either beyond the openings outside and parallel to the wall or inside the wall in the cavity.

18. SWINGING DOORS :-

Swinging doors , which may either be single acting type or double acting type, are used in passages of public buildings
like office, bank etc and also in kitchens, pantries, dining rooms.

In addition to the doors swinging action in one or both the direction, they may have one leaf or shutter hinged on one
edge or may have two leaves hinged on the opposite edges and meeting at the center. The shutters are fixed with
special hinges known as double action spring hinges which hold the shutters in closed position when not in use.

Since these doors open in both the direction by pushing, so it is desirable to provide glass panels to enable the users to
see the objects on either side. This is essential to avoid the collisions among foot traffic. In case of glazed swinging doors
glazing should be carried out with wire plate or protected by suitable means so that glass panels do not come out due to
repeated spring action during swinging. The meeting styles of such doors should have segmental edges and shouldnt be
rebated.

19. DOOR WITH A VENTILATOR:-

Sometimes the ventilators are placed on the top of the doors. The installation of this combination is particularly useful
when it is intended to have sufficient natural light and ventilation, even when the door is closed. The combination of
ventilator with a door also becomes essential when sufficient space to accommodate them separately is not available.
Moreover the combination of doors with ventilator or windows or both has proved to be economical.

20. DOOR IN COMBINATION WITH WINDOWS AND VENTILATOR:-

This combination of a door with windows or ventilators or with both windows and ventilators is adopted when sufficient
space in a wall is not available to accommodate them separately. Moreover, such a combination will provide the desired
degree of light and ventilation during the different hours of the day.

In this combination the horizontal member which separates the door or the windows from the fan light or ventilator is
called as a transom, each end of which is tenoned to the frame. These combinations of door with windows and
ventilators are also considered suitable for use to an entrance of a balcony or a gallery.
 TYPES OF WINDOWS:-

1. CASEMENT WINDOW:

These are the windows, the shutters of which open like a door.
The construction of casement windows is just similar to door construction.
A casement window consist of a frame, stiles, horizontal rails and panels or glass panes with
sash bars.
If there are double or treble windows, there are also mullions and transomes.
The window frame is generally square and or rectanglular in shape ,made of metal or wood and
consist of a sill at bottom unlike doors.
It should be noted that the side hinged opening part of the window consisting of glass panes
or panels is known as casement and windows made of these parts are casement window.
The casement windows are hinged to open outwards so as to exclude the rain and wind more
effectively.

2. DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW:

These windows have a pair of shutters one above the other which can slide within the grooves
provided in the frames.
Two metallic weights are connected to each shutter by cord or chain passing over pulleys. The
cord or chain is fixed to the stile.
By this arrangement , the weight, when pulled, can open the shutter to any extent up to half,
either at top or at bottom.
The following features regarding double hung sash window are:
i. In these windows, because the shutters can be made to open to the desired extent and
hence ventilation can be controlled more effectively.
ii. The metallic counter weights usually of cast iron, are made as heavy as the sash or
shutters so that a little effort is required to slide the sashes up or down.
iii. The special frame known as boxed frame or cased frame is employed for sashes sliding
vertically.
iv. The shutters are constructed as usual and consist of 2-stiles, a top rail, a bottom rail and
sash bars. The thickness of shutters is kept about 5 cm.
v. The special precautions should be exercised in providing the top and sill of these windows,
particularly when installed in external walls.
 3.SLIDING WINDOWS:

These windows are made of shutters which move horizontally or vertically on small roller
bearings.
The suitable openings are cavities are provided in the frame or walls to receive the shutters when
windows are opened out.
The windows of this type are commonly used in trains, buses, counter-windows etc.

4. PIVOTED WINDOWS:

In such type of windows, the shutters are made to swing round the pivots.
The frame of these windows have no rebates.
These windows are easier to clean and also admit more light inside the room as compared to side-
hung windows.
No iron bars or grill patterns are used with these types of windows.

5. LOUVERED OR VENETIANED WINDOWS:

Like louvered or venetianed doors , windows also provide free passage of air and sufficient light
even when closed.
Moreover, these windows afford sufficient privacy and also protection against excessive daylight
and glare inside buildings without in any way affecting ventilation.
But because they harbor dust and are difficult to clean, and hence they are only used for W.C
rooms in private and public building, workshops and schools, where opaque glass louvers are used.
This type of window consist of series of louvers either fixed or moving type, contained in a
frame.
Sometimes the slats of wood or aluminium are pivoted at both end in frame and every slat or
blade is connected by a small hinge to a vertical batten.
When the batten is pulled up down the gaps between the blades are opened or closed.
This type of window give maximum control of light and privacy without affecting ventilation.

6. METAL WINDOWS:

In these modern days the windows made of metals like mild steel, bronze, aluminium, stainless
steel, etc are becoming more popular especially for public buildings, schools, hospitals,etc.
Windows of bronze are considered to be the best as they are rustproof, better in appearance
and posses high durability.
These bronze windows being highly expensive are not largely used.
The metal windows are either made up of solid steel sections or hollow sections of blue annealed
steel bronze, copper or nickel,etc. the types of metal windows are:
i. Horizontal sliding window
 ii. Hinged windows
iii. Pivoted windows
iv. Projected windows
Advantages of steel windows:
i. Steel windows are more strong and durable than wooden windows.
ii. These windows are highly fire resistant and hence suitable for fire proof building
construction.
iii. These windows are not adversely affected by the weather effects i.e , unlike wooden
windows, metal windows are not subjected to expansion or contraction of joints.
iv. These windows when properly finished offer elegant appearance superior to wooden
windows.
v. Steel windows being made of thinner sections admit more light and ventilation for the
given areas as compared to wooden types.
vi. Being factory made these windows are fabricated with greater precision and quality
control than the wooden types.
vii. Steel windows neither decay by alternate cycles of dry and wet condition are nor attached
by white ants as wooden windows.
viii. The maintenance cost of these windows is very little or negligible.

7. SASH OR GLAZED WINDOWS:

Sash is a special type of frame of a lighter section designed for carrying the glass panes and
consists of two vertical stiles, a top rail and a bottom rail.
A sash may be divided by both horizontal and vertical base or horizontal bars only.
The bars are known as sash bars or glazing bars or astragals.
The sashes may be fixed made to slide up or down or sidewise, hung at the top, bottom or sides
or pivoted on central axis when the sashes are hung to solid rebated frames and open like doors
then such sashes are called casements and windows are usually named as casement windows.
When the sashes are made to slide vertically up or down by means of counter weights then such
windows are known as double hung sash window.
When the sashes slide sideways on small roller bearings then such windows are termed as sliding
windows .
when the sashes are made to swing around horizontal or vertical pivots or axes then such
windows are known as pivoted windows.

8. BAY WINDOWS

These windows project outside the external wall of a room , so as to form a projection known as a bay in a room.
Such types of windows provide increased area of opening for admitting more light and ventilation from
different directions.
These windows also offer extra space in the room and improve overall appearance of the building.

These windows may be half square, splayed that is, semi hexagonal, semi octagonal or semi circular in plan or any other
shape.
9 .CLERE-STOREY WINDOW

These windows are usually provided near the top of the main roof and are made to open in the adjoining
verandah or lean-to-roof .
These windows are provided, usually in buildings constructed in the hot and arid region.
These windows provide better ventilation and coolness in the living rooms which have greater celling height
than the surrounding rooms.
The shutter of the window is opened or closed by means of two cords, one from the top rail and the other from
the bottom.
It should be noted here that the upper part of shutter opens inside of the room and lower part open outside.
This is essential to exclude rain water.

10. CORNER WINDOWS

This type of window is placed in the corner of a room of a building.

These windows, on one hand provide light and ventilation from two direction at right angles to each other, and
the other hand try to improve the appearance of a building.

11. GABLE WINDOWS

These windows are provided in the gable ends of a pitched roof.

They are used to admit light add ventilation inside the rooms.

12. DORMER WINDOWS

These are the vertical windows built on sloping side of a pitched roof.
These windows are provided to admit light and air to the rooms or the enclosed space below the roof slopes.
Incidentally, these windows add to the appearance of the building.

13. LATERNS OR LATERN LIGHTS

These are the windows fixed in flat roofs for lighting passages or inner apartments where sufficient light cannot
be obtained by means of windows.
These windows project above the normal surface above the roof. These lanterns are formed in several
forms,viz.,curved,rectangular, square.
The lantern light consists of a metal frame and sash bar.
Normally, these windows consists of glass panels at the top as well as on sides to keep the rain out.
But if ventilation is also required in addition to light, then pivoted sash or glazed windows are provided.

14. SKY LIGHTS

This type of window is usually fixed on the slopping surface of a roof parallel to its inclination.
These windows are meant to light fully the room below with natural light and sometime to admit air also.
They are usually provided with fixed glass panels .The skylight is created on a curb frame.
The frame work supporting a glass panel, consists of trimming pieces, curb frame, bottom and top rail.

15. Circular windows

 1. As the name implies, it is a window which is circular in shape and pivoted on central axis.
2. It is opened and closed by means of two cords, like clere-storey windows.
3. These windows are commonly used in factories, barracks and lofty rooms, for the purpose of admitting light and
air.

16. Mosquito proof or wire-gauzed Windows

1. In these windows, wire-gauze is fixed on the outside whereas the main window shutters which open inside, are
fixed by means of parliamentary hinges.
2. The use of parliamentary hinges facilitates the opening of shutters such that they lie against the wall and do
not cause any destruction.

17. Ventilation or Fanlights or Transome Lights

1. The ventilators are the openings or windows of small heights which are placed on top of doors or windows.
2. These ventilators may be provided near the roof or may be of either fixed or movable type.
3. The purpose of these ventilators is to admit light and air even when the doors and windows are closed.
4. Sometimes, Steel grill is fixed in the ventilator for the purpose of safety.

18. Mosquito proof or wire-gauzed ventilators

1. To avoid the nuisances of mosquitoes, flies, insects etc. ,the ventilators like doors and windows are also made of
wire-gauzed.
2. These type of ventilators are required for refreshment rooms, kitchen, hotels, bedrooms, etc.
3. Mosquito proofing is achieved by providing wire gauze on a steel frame.

19. Combination of doors and windows

1. Sometimes Ventilators are combined at the top of the windows.

2. These combination is adopted either for getting sufficient light and ventilation or where sufficient over wall is
not available to accommodate them separately.
3. Also these combination prove economical.