A variable, in research is simply that factor or element that can be controlled, changed or

measured. In investigating a phenomenon or doing an experiment, after identifying the research

questions, we look at the variables at play (Helmenstine, 2014). Then we design our research or
experiment around them. There are 4 types of variables but there are 2 main ones - independent
and dependent.

According to Kwan & Wolf (2002), constructs, simply put is a concept or an idea that has added
meaning in that it has been creatively, deliberately and consciously invented or adopted for a
scientific purpose. For example, we can say that 'society' is a construct, an idea that theorizes that
human beings, living together influence each other through social dynamics and is the basis of
culture, language, creation of belief systems as well as enforcement of ways of thinking, doing
and living.

Concept, A general idea or understanding of something

Constructs are based on hypothetical knowledge. A theory that is not based on

facts is a construct. When there is factual evidence, it is a concept. These
theories are based on facts.

1. Helmenstine, A.M. (2014). What Is a Variable in Science? About. URL:

http://chemistry.about.com/od/sciencefairprojects/a/What-Is-A-Variable-In-
Science.htm
2. Kwan, S. & Wolf, P. (2002). Constructs and Variables. URL:
http://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/variables%20Wed.pdf