PHYS264 Spring 2015, Topic 1

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V1
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1 00000
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V1 = 00000
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Particle Beams and Targets

Cross Sections, Stopping Power
May 27, 2015

Overview of the topics

 Overview of the topics (1)
Beams, targets, cross section
Transport, currents
Probabilities, Area, Statistical Cross section
Mean Free path `
Beers-Lambert Law; Exponential Law
Differential Cross Section
Graphics - Definition of differential areas and angles
Classical trajectory - Differential Cross Section
Scattering on a Hard Sphere
Differential Cross Section - Wave - Quantal Scattering
Quantal Scattering - probability density current
Final result for Differential Cross Section
Stopping Power: Stopping Cross Section
Stopping Power: Bragg Peak
Stopping by elastic collisions
Radiation therapy

2
The Beam Beam + obstacles probabilistic, statistical,
random

INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES, in PROBABILISTIC framework

(2)
Overview

3
Transport problems
Start with homogeneous beam - current density - vector ~ja
All particles (agents) are the same, have the same velocity ~va
They have a density a - number Na per volume V

Na
a = (3)
V
and the current density - vector is

~ja = a~va N umber

current = (4)
Area T ime
In some applications the a can be replaced by other densities
and ~ja by other density current, as energy current or light intensity etc.
But principle remain the same: Overview
something
density current =
Area T ime

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This One particle can be scattered during a passage with probability Ps or
can pass through the same region with probability 1 Ps without any change

Area
Ps = (5)
A Area
But if we repeat it many times, due to some current (beam to the right)
We must do statistics - Number of incoming particles is

Nin = |j| A t

Overview

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This One particle can be scattered during a passage with probability Ps or
can pass through the same region with probability 1 Ps without any change
Probability statement:
Area
Ps = (6)
A Area
But if we repeat it many times, due to some current (beam),
we can do statistics
Number of incoming particles during a period of time t is
Nin = |j| A t
And there are Ns counted scattering events in the same time t
The probability and statistics must agree,
Ns Ns
Ps = Ps = = (7)
A Nin |j| A t
We thus get by setting equal probability and statistics Overview
Ns
= (8)
A |j| A t

6
Setting equal probability and statistics
Ns
= (9)
A |j| A t

gives the usual textbook definition (i.e. the definition can be derived as
here)
Ns 1
= (10)
t |j|
where the quantity
Ns
t
is the rate of scattering / absorption / beam removal - events Overview

7
Arrangement of scatterers in the target; here they are randomly shifted, but arranged not to overlap when seen head-on,

parallel with the beam direction. A truly random target will overlap when seen this way. Thick target - all filled.

8
Mean free path
Density of scatterers - s - Number
of scatterers Ns per a volume
Ns
s = (11)
V
Define V1 as a volume - in which
(on average) one particle
1 1 1
V1 V1 =
V1 = or s = (12)
11111
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s V1
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V
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path between collisions; cross sec-
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tion is
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The particle scans the volume of
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the target ... Overview
1
V1 V1 =

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Mean free path
Mean free path ` (un-
known) - path between
collisions; cross section is

V =
It means the particle
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scans volume
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V
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V` = `
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It must find on average
V1
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one particle in this vol-
1 00000
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V1 = 00000
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s
and we obtain an interesting relation Overview

s ` = 1 (13)

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Mean free path - Beers Law ( In Optics; exponential law in Q.M. )
Inverse of mean free path is sometimes called macroscopic cross section (di-
mension!)
1
= s (14)
`
Since on average one collision happens when passing length `
for a length x along path, the probability of an event is (see stopping)
x
`
Thus for this path x the probability Pb of staying in the beam decreases by
x d 1
Pb = Pb Pb = Pb
` dx `
Since Pb (0) = 1, the solution of this equation is well known Overview
x
Pb (x) = e `

x
I(x) = I0 e ` I(x) = I0 es x

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Concept of differential cross section

b + b

Number of particles in through and out through Overview

Nin = |j in |t jin = jradial (r)r2

Nout = |j radial (r)|r2 t jradial (r) r2
= (15)
Nin = Nout jin
|j in |t = |j radial (r)| r2 t d jradial (r) r2
=
d jin

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Differential cross section - Classical

d = db db
d = d sin d
= bb
= sin
b b
=
sin
d b 1

+ = d
(16)
d sin | db |
= (b) b = b()
b + b
d
Using db because b = b() is not
b
unique Overview

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Over-all geometry; Collision region; Unit sphere; Outgoing Beam (see next
picture)

b + b

Overview

14
Collision plane - 2 planes and +

b + b

Overview

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Definitions of and
= sin

b
sin

b
+

b
= b b b + b

b b d b 1
= bb = sin = = d
sin d sin | db |

(17)

Overview

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Differential cross section - Hard Sphere (tangential plane) Overview
b b
=
sin
d b 1
= d
(18)
d sin | db |
b
= sin
R 2
b
= cos b = R cos
R 2 2
   
 b  1
 =
 R  2 sin 2
 
 b  R
  = 2 sin 2
 

R2 2 sin 2 cos 2
=
4 sin
2
d R
= = R2
d 4

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Scattering of two hard spheres R1 and R2 Overview

d (R1 + R2 )2
= = (R1 + R2 )2
d 4

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Differential cross section - Quantal Overview

eikr
 
ikr
(r)

r

C e + f (, ) (19)
r

19
General differential cross section - not localized or connected

b + b

not localized or connected

Number of particles in through and out through Overview

Nin = |j in |t jin = jradial (r) r2

Nout = |j radial (r)|r2 t jradial (r) r2
=
Nin = Nout jin
|j in |t = |j radial (r)|r2 t d jradial (r) r2
=
d jin

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Differential cross section - Quantal
   
i h h  p 
j= = Re = Re (20)
2m im m

eikr
 
ikr
(r) = C e + f (, ) = in (r) + rad (r)
r

cartesian (r) = ex + ey + ez
x y z

radial (r, , ) = er rad (r) + e ... + e ...
r
 
h h 2
jin (r) = Re in in = k |C|2 jin (r) = kh
m |C|
im m
eikr eikr
   
1
radial Cf (, ) = ikCf (, ) +O 2
r r r r
kh |f (, )|2 |f (,)|
2
jradial (r) = |C|2 er jradial (r) = kh
m |C|2 r2
m r2
Overview

21
 er
e

e
z

e
y
e
x

er
er
e

e
e e

ez

ey
ez

ex
ex
ey

Overview

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 Overview

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 d jradial (r) r2
=
d jin

2
|f (,)|
jin = kh
m |C|2 jradial (r) = kh
m |C|2 r2

d
= |f (, )|2 (21)
d
when Overview
eikr
 
(r) = C eikr + f (, ) = in (r) + rad (r)
r

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Stopping power Overview

Mean free path (inverse) - sometimes called Macroscopic cross section

Probability of staying unscattered the average energy change the particle
x
P = = x P 1 E = Eloss P = Eloss x
`
if Eloss is average loss energy and is the average collision cross section
dP 1 dE dP
= = = Eloss = Eloss (22)
dx ` dx dx
Several energy loss processes Note: very small probabilities can be added,
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) otherwise P (A or B) = P (A)[1 P (B)] + P (B)[1 P (A)]

dP dE
= (1 + 2 + 3 + ...) = (1 E1loss + 2 E2loss + 3 E3loss + ...)
dx dx

dE X
= i Eiloss
dx i

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 dE
Range of particles in matter - dx
as function of penetration depth
dE dE dE
Start with the as function of particle x0 = 0 E0 = Ein dx (x0 ) = dx (E0 )
dx
energy, constructed from the known cross
x1 = x0 + x E1 = E0 x dE
dx (E0 )
sections and energy losses (we use a simple dE dE
dx (x1 ) = dx (E1 )
model curve for this here)
0.12
dE/dx
x2 = x1 + x E2 = E1 x dE
dx (E1 )
dE dE
dx (x 2 ) = dx (E 2 )
0.1

xn+1 = xn + x En+1 = En x dE dx (En )

0.08
dE dE
dx (x n+1 ) = dx (E n+1 ) until En+1 < 0
E0=99
0.06 0.12

0.04 0.1

0.02 0.08

0 0.06
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

- Particle energy (arb.u.) 0.04

0.02
As the particle passes a distance x it
looses energy E = dE dx
x. 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
dE
From the function of dx (E) construct the - Penetration depth (arb.u. length)
function of penetration x i.e. dE
dx
(x) Overview

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dE
dx as function of particle energy (model) 0.12
E0=70

dE/dx
0.12
0.1

0.08

0.1
0.06

0.04

0.08
0.02

0.06
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 E0 = 70a.u.
E0=80
0.12

0.1

0.04
0.08

0.06

0.02
0.04

0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 E0 = 80a.u.
The same as function of penetration depth 0.12
E0=90

E0=99
0.1
0.12

0.08

0.1 0.06

0.04

0.08 0.02

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 E0 = 90a.u.
E0=99
0.06 0.12

0.1

0.04 0.08

0.06

0.02
0.04

0.02

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 E0 = 99a.u.
Overview
27
Observed stopping power of -particles in room temperature normal pressure

dE dE dE
x0 = 0 E0 = E xn+1 = xn +x En+1 = En x (En ) (xn+1 ) = (En+1 )
dx dx dx
(23)
The inelastic process is the ionization - ejection of atomic electrons Overview

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Proton beam: simulation and experiment

Overview

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Scattering of two particles with masses of the same order Overview
Laboratory system (velocities) Center of mass - momenta equal
Energy and momentum conservation (consider the lab system)
energy loss by recoil
1 1 02 1 02
mv12 = M v2 + mv1 (24)
2 2 2
0 0
mv1 = M v2 + mv1

LABORATORY SYSTEM Centerofmass SYSTEM

v1 m vc1 M vc2

v1
m vc1

v2
M vc2

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Very heavy ball impact on stationary gas of very light particles m  M

d R2
= = R2 (25)
d 4

LABORATORY system BALL rest system

Overview

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0 2v v v

LABORATORY system BALL rest system

In the lab: forward ejected particles get velocity 2v, not scattered particles corresponding to
180 degrees in spheres rest system have naturally zero velocity in the lab system Overview

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Particle with big masses loses energy by pushing ahead light particle
v1 v1 v1 v2

M1 m2 m2
M1
Laboratory system (velocities)
For head-on recoil of light m2 Overview
Energy and momentum conservation
energy loss by recoil 0 2 0 2
M1 v12 = m2 v2 + M1 v1
1 1 02 1 02
M1 v12 = m2 v2 + M1 v1 M1 v1 = m2 v2 + M1 v1
0 0
2 2 2
0 0
M1 v1 = m2 v2 + M1 v1 0 m2 0 2 0 m2 0
v1 2 = v1 2 v v1 = v1 v
M1 2 M1 2
The maximal energy loss to the light particle
happens in head-on - forward push 
m2 0
2
m2 0 2
02 0
It is 12 m2 v2 with v2 = M2M 1
v1 v1 v2 = v1 2 v
1 +m2 M1 M1 2
2  2
m2 m2 m2 0 2

1 2M1 0 0
max
Eloss = m2 v1 2 2 v1 v 2 + v2 2 = v
2 M1 + m2 M1 M1 M1 2
 
2 m2 0
2v1 = 1 + v2

max m2 M1
Eloss =4 E1 M1
M1 M1 + m2
0 2M1 0 M1 m 2
This agrees with the M 1  m2 limit v2 = v1 v1 = v1
0 M1 + m 2 M1 + m 2
v2 2v1 (ball ref. system)

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Radiation therapy - X-rays vs. particle beams

Photons - absorbed; attenuated

beam;
Beers law
Dose mainly given by exponential de-
cay
I(x) = I0 es x (26)

Particles - not absorbed;

same beam, decreasing energy;
Bragg peak

Overview

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