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Global Perspectives

Europe Geographical Overview

 Essential Understanding: Part I

1) What are the major nations, and geographical

features of Europe?
 Western Europe

Western Europe stretches from the

Scandinavian Peninsula in the North to
the Iberian Peninsula in the South
It is a small region full of many physical
features
Its highest points are found in the Alps
It lowest along the North European
Plain
Ocean surrounds most of Western
Europe
 Western Europe
Nearly every European nation has a
coastline
Many areas have undergone a great
deal of erosion
The British Isles are marked by several
sea stacks such as Orkney Island
The Northern European Plain stretches
eastward from France to Northern
Eurasia
Long rivers such as the Rhine, Danube,
Elb, Thames, Tiber and Loire have
provided Europeans with trade and
travel routes
 Western Europe

The Alps separate Italy from

Switzerland
They also form borders between
German, Austria and France
The highest peaks are covered in snow
year round
The South of France is marked by the
Pyrenees Mountains
It is a high range that forms the border
between France and Spain and is home
to the Basque people
 Western Europe

One of the more notable landmarks in

Norway are the Fjords
A Fjord is a long narrow canyon or
body of water formed by glaciers
They run all along the coastline of
Norway
Europe has many great seas, bays and
inlets
Baltic in the North, Mediterranean,
Aegean, Adriatic in the south
Bay of Biscay in the west
 Western Europe

The climate of Europe is quite mild in

comparison to other nations at that
latitude
Temperate climates are the result of its
contact to water
No point in Western Europe is more
than 300 miles from the sea
Mountain ranges such as the Alps
create drier climates
They block winds that ride along ocean
currents
 Western Europe

The North Atlantic Drift, and ocean and

wind pattern, carries tropical wind over
Scotland and Ireland
The result is the growth of palm trees
and wet temperate climates in regions
that would normally be cold
Many coastal areas along the
Mediterranean enjoy warm to hot
summers and cool winters
Mountains along the Scandinavian
Peninsula block Atlantic Winds
The result is cold, dry climates
North Atlantic Drift
Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Greece~

 Essential Understandings: Part II

2) Who were the Mycenaeans?

3) Who was Homer?
4) What cultural characteristics began to form under the
Ancient Greeks that shaped European culture?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Ancient Greece

By 35,000 BC, people occupied most of

Western Europe
It is believed that much of Europe was
once covered in dense forest
As people migrated to Europe from
Southwest Asia, they cut trees and
started farming
The first great Civilization in Europe
was the Greeks
They made many advancements in art,
science, and warfare
 Ancient Greece
The people who came to inhabit
Greece came in several waves
1st) Ionians, Aeolians and Achaeans/
Arcadians arrive c. 3000 BC
Generally spoken of as the
Mycenaeans
Built citadels high in the mountains
Warlike people spoken of by Homer in
the Iliad and Odyssey
They started a cultural identity for all
of Europe
 Mycenae Reconstruction

Dendra Bronze Armor Funerary Mask Agamemnon

The Iliad
 Background
Zeus, marriage banquet
Eris not invited
Golden Apple [Athena, Hera, Aphrodite]
Judgment of Zeus and Paris
Victory and War [Menelaus]
 Paris

Prince of Troy. Seeks out his

new wife Helen and takes her
back to Troy starting the
Trojan War.
 Helen

Most beautiful woman in the

world. Left her husband
[Menelaus] to live with Paris,
a prince of Troy.
 Agamemnon

King of Mycenaea who

initiates the war after Helen is
taken from his brother by
Paris.
 Achilles

Superhuman warrior of
the Mycenaeans.Baptized
in the river styx. Only
weakness is his heel.
 Patroclus

Best friend of Achilles.

Killed by Hector.
 Hector

Greatest warrior of the

Trojans. Kills Achilles'
protege, Patroclus
 Myrmidon

Legendary warriors of
Achilles.

They execute orders without

question, protest or mercy.
Achilles Laments over Patroclus
Achilles vs Hector From Troy
The Death of Hector
The Death of Achilles
 Summary Questions:

1) Name 4 major rivers in Europe?

2) Who were the Mycenaeans?
3) Who was Homer?
4) Inferring from what you were taught, what are some
characteristics of Mycenaean culture that persists even
today in Europe?
Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Greece~

 Review

Seating Chart
Review Notes
Class Review
 Note Taking

Focus Notes [Cornell]

Improves Retention
Visual Organization/Mental
Mapping
Allows you to interact with
content/Stay Focused
Helps make connections
Improves academic performance
Focus Notes
 Focus Notes: Steps
1. Create/Format [Name, Date, Topic, Essential Question, Note,
Question, Summary Areas].

2. Take notes in your own words:

I.Summarize, Paraphrase, Abbreviate

II.Use bullets and lists

III.Dont write everything, key ideas only

IV.Allow for spaces between topics

3.Summarize what you learned. Tie back to the Essential Question.

 Essential Understanding

What role did Greek mythology play in Ancient Greek

culture?
 Key Questions: Part I

1) Why did people migrate to Greece?

2) What makes a region an attractive place to settle?
3) What technology promoted growth following the
Bronze Age Collapse?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Ancient Greece

The earliest inhabitants of Greece

arrived c. 3000 BC
These tribes are generally
referred to as the Mycenaeans
Why did people move here?
Where did they come from?
 Ancient Greece

First of all, the islands allowed

easy navigation of the sea
Secondly, sea provided an
abundance of food, olive trees
Climate was very warm
Lastly, mountainous terrain
provided protection
 Ancient Greece

By the 13th century BC, Mycenaean

Greece was in decline
Bronze Age Collapse
Frequent warfare, earthquakes, and
invasions forever altered Europe
After the collapse, Greece entered a
Dark Age
Life reverted to huts, small kings,
and little technological
advancement
 The Sea People

The Sea People Invasion. Scene from Medinet Habu Temple, Egypt
 Ancient Greece
Of the new Greeks that replaced the
Mycenaeans were the Aeolians who
lived in north central Greece
And the Dorians who established
themselves in the south
In time, these Greeks learned to make
iron tools and weapons
They also adopted the Phoenician
Alphabet
These two technologies promoted
advancement
 Ancient Greece
Many of the Aeolians settled in Attica
and their chief city became Athens
Athens was built atop a large stoney
plateau called the Acropolis
The acropolis was chosen for
protection and likely once had a
Mycenaean Megaron
As the city grew, the Acropolis
became a place for sacred and civic
buildings
The Parthenon was later built there
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
 Essential Understandings: Part II

1)What is Mythology?
2)What role did mythology serve for the Ancient
Greeks?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Ancient Greece

What is mythology?
In ancient Greece, it was religion
Before science, people believed in
various Gods
They used these Gods to explain
the supernatural
 Ancient Greece
What are some examples of the
supernatural?
Lightning, Volcano, Rain, Ocean
Waves etc...
They created certain Gods and
used them to explain things they
did not understand
Example: Lightning = Zeus was
angry and threw lightning from
clouds in the sky
It was also more than that, it taught
morals and ethics
 Ancient Greece
In Greek mythology there are 12
chief Gods
They were worshipped through
prayer and sacrifice
Gods were also beautiful, same
was sought by Greeks
The Greek religion did not have a
moral code or doctrine
Greeks held festivals in order to
honor and appease the Gods
 The Titans
Legendary beings, rulers of
the Universe. Overthrown
by the Olympian Gods.
Uranus, Gaia, Kronos, Rhea
and the Cyclops
 Zeus
Father of the Gods, ruler of
the heavens and the
Universe. Dispenser of
Justice.
 Athena
Goddess of wisdom,
handicrafts, war and
agriculture. Chosen as
patron goddess of Athens
 Ares
Called Mars by the Romans.
The God of war. Patron to
soldiers.
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
 Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty.
Patron of marriage, and
sailors.
 Poseidon
God of the Sea. Brother of
Zeus.
 Apollo
God of light, purity, music,
poetry and prophecy.
Patron of healers, archers
and musicians.
 Ancient Greece
Greeks often wanted to know
of the Gods will.

They invoked them at several

oracles

The most renowned is the

Oracle at Delphi

Delphi was considered the

center of the world

There a priestess would be

inspired by Apollo and give
prophecies
Asclepius
~Snake sta~
 Correct Incorrect

Sta of Aesclepius Sta of Hermes

Tantalus
~Tantalized~
 Echo
~To Hear an Echo~
Narcissus
~Narcissism~
Pan
~Panic~
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
 Summary Questions:
1)What characteristics made Greece a good place to
settle?
2)What are some of the believed causes of the Bronze
Age Collapse?
3)Who were the Sea People?
4)What role did religion serve for the Ancient Greeks?
5) What impact did the Bronze Age Collapse and
Mythology have on Europe?
Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Greece and Rome~

 Essential Understanding

Explain/Define the Key Elements of a Direct

Democracy.
 Key Questions:

1) How did democracy develop in Ancient Greece?

2) How did democracy empower the Athenians?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Ancient Greece
In the early history, Athens was
composed of several Aeolian tribes
Slowly they banded together
First, Athens was lead by tribal
leaders
As more people flooded into the
city, preference was given to natural
born Athenians
Then, in the 6th century BC, Athens
turned into an aristocracy
Aristocracy in Athens meant land
owning wealthy families
 Classical Greece
Aristocrats were called Archons
Overtime they became corrupt and
gave over to powerful tyrants
Cylon, an olympic hero, attempted
to seize power but failed
Draco created a series of harsh
laws where a small offense could
mean death
Solon brought a sense of peace but
ultimately was powerless from
preventing three more tyrants from
seizing power
 Classical Greece

Abuse abounded until Cleisthenes

overthrew the tyrant Hippias
He improved upon Solons
government by providing
freedom to all Athenian Citizens
He gave them the right to vote,
organized Athens into districts
and set up Athenian court systems
Democracy was born and had a
far reaching effect on the world
 Classical Greece
Democracy comes from the Greek word
Demos = people, Kratos = power
It is in essence a government run by the
people without a central leader
Under Cleisthenes, there was no
standing army, ordinary citizens
defended the Polis
In a direct democracy, the people voted
on all issues without a king
This form of government was a source of
great pride
The Greeks felt superior in that they had
no rulers, but ruled themselves
 Classical Greece
Greek democracy paved the way
for our government system today
Ekklesia = Legal citizens of the US
with the right to vote
Boule = Elected representatives
and senators
Strategoi = Executive branch/
Generals
Heliaea = Supreme court or
judicial branch
Psephos = Rocks used to vote
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
The Ekklesia or Pynx
Ostracism
The Kleroterion & Ballot Disks
 Classical Greece
Athenian Democracy was not
without its flaws
To vote you had to be a citizen
You had to be male of 30 years of
age or older
Women took care of the home,
were not educated
Slaves could not vote, and there
were many
Foreigners were called Metics and
had not voting rights
 Classical Greece
The Athenians valued their freedom
They blossomed overnight into a
highly sophisticated society
Athens pursued the arts
From Athens flowed the greatest
thinkers of the age, like Socrates
It was also home to great
achievements in science, music,
math and architecture
Their military was formidable,
because they fought for freedom
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
 Key Questions:

1) Athens was a direct democracy. Detail the basic

elements of how it functioned
2) How did Athenian democracy differ from what we
have today in the US?
Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Greece and Rome~

 Essential Question:

1) How did democracy empower the Athenians against

Persia?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Key Questions:

1) What caused the war between Athens and Persia?

2) How did the Athenians prevail at Marathon?
 The Greek Warrior on Ground
The Greek warrior was called a
Hoplite
Used a large round shield called a
hoplon
He wore a plumed helmet,
breastplate, greaves, carried a
shield and used a spear
They were exceptional at fighting
in unison
They fought in squares called a
Phalanx
The Greek Phalanx
 The Greek Warrior on Ground

The phalanx was a unique formation

not seen anywhere else in the world
Most ancient battles consisted of a
headlong charge
The phalanx was a tight knit
defensive formation
It emerged in early Greek history
Two phalanxes would engage in a
mutual area, push and annihilate
 The Greek Warrior at Sea

On sea the Athenians were master

They used galleys, not great sail ships
They battled by ramming one another
At the time of the Greco-Persian War,
the Athenians had built the Trireme
With their discipline, phalanx, trireme,
and empowered a strong sense of
patriotism [in behalf of
freedom(democracy)] the Greeks had
the worlds greatest army
 The Persians
In 2000 BC, nomadic herdsman from
Central Asia migrated into the Middle
East
They became known as the Persians and
they destroyed Babylon
Persian power continued to grow
Cyrus the Great went so far as to destroy
Egypt
At its height, their empire was the
largest the world had seen and ruled
over 50 million people
Darius the Great was worshipped as a
God
 The Greco-Persian War
In the 6th century BC, two great
powers begin to collide
Persia was beginning to expand
and took over several Greek cities
in Asia Minor [Miletus}
Athens came to assist Miletus,
which led Darius to seek revenge
Persia planed an invasion of
Greece
Many saw them as impossible to
defeat, and the city states alienated
Athens
 Ancient Greece

First major battle, pitted the

Persians against Athenians
Came at a place called Marathon
Athenians requested assistance
from Sparta but they did not
come -helot rebellion or holiday-
Persians had 20,000 to 60,000
troops vs 10,000 Athenians
Athenians were led by Miltiades
 Ancient Greece
As the Persian ships began to
land at Marathon, the Athenians
attacked them
Hoplite was far superior to the
Persian soldier
They were better disciplined
The biggest difference, they were
free
The Persian army was comprised
of slaves from 100s of different
places
 Battle took place on an enclosed
beach
The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

Greek troops rushed into Persian

lines as the disembarked

Persians counterattacked, Greek

center purposely retreated

Greeks then flanked main Persian

body

Re-treating Greek center then

counterattacked

Result was Greek victory

 Ancient Greece
Phedippides, Athenian herald ran
from Marathon to Athens
He had previously run to Sparta
to request help, 150 miles in 2
days
The run to Athens from Marathon
was 26 miles
Upon arriving he reported, We
have won -Nike- he then died
Run has inspired modern
marathon and olympic runs
 Focus Notes

Review and write summary

Notes Check
 Key Questions:

1) What were the characteristics of Sparta?

2) How did democracy empower the Athenians?
 Sparta

Sparta existed to the south of

Athens in the Peloponnesus
They were composed primarily of
Dorian Greeks
They developed quite differently
from their neighbors to the north
Eventually they became bitter
rivals
 Sparta
c. 730 BC, Sparta began
conquering its neighbors
Their neighbors, the Messenians
and Laconians were greater in
number
Once conquered they were
enslaved by the Spartans
The were forced to farm the land
and provide for the Spartans
The helots [slaves] outnumbered
the Spartans 200,000 to 10,000
 Sparta
Around 650BC the helots rebelled
After 30 years of fighting the
Spartans one, but it was very close
A decision was made by the
Spartan Lycurgus
Realizing they were outnumbered,
Sparta would have to become a
militaristic society in order to
survive
Every aspect of life surrounded
the military arts
 Sparta

From 800 to 600 BC, all aspects of

Spartan life was rigidly
controlled
Males, beginning as early as 7,
were sent of to train as soldiers
There they practiced against the
helots
They were taught to steal and
pillage for survival
 Sparta

At the age of 9 they moved into the

military barracks
They learned to read and write as
well as use weapons
Training was incredibly difficult
Fighting and braving the elements
with little food and depredation
were common
They believed a hard and difficult
life created the best soldiers
 Sparta
Females were also highly regarded
They were trained in gymnastics,
wrestling and boxing
They were expected to remain fit
and bare healthy children
They enjoyed great freedoms in
society and even were involved in
politics
Women also valued war
Come back carrying your shield or
on it
 Sparta

The Spartans believed in creating super

soldiers
So confident in their army, their cities
did not have walls
Like Cleisthenes, Sparta was led by a
great leader called Lycurgus
He organized Spartas political system
It had two kings which led the armies
An assembly passed laws and 5 ephors
governed the lands
 Ancient Greece
Marathon would not be the end
of the war
The Persians would return but,
not for 10 years
Sparta was eager to prove their
worth on the battle field
Militaristic life made them the
greatest foot soldiers in the world
Athens and Sparta, rivals, unite
to fend of Persia
 Ancient Greece
Second great battle was waged at
Thermopylae
After being defeated by the Athenians,
the new Persian ruler Xerxes sought
revenge
The area was a mountain pass leading to
inland Greece
It was agreed that the Spartans would
guard the land pass, the Athenians the
sea
Xerxes forces numbered up to 800,000
by one source
Modern historians believe 100 to 200,000
 Ancient Greece
King Leonidas led 300 Spartans
as well as over 6,000 other
warriors
Xerxes had heard the Spartans
were the best warriors, sent spies
to see them
Observed the Spartans combing
their long hair and doing
calisthenics
Xerxes thought the fight would
be an easy victory. It lasted 3 days
 1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan
lead troops

Bodies piled so high Xerxes had a The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

platform built in order to see over the
them

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only

3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

Also defeated by Spartans

Then, Spartans were betrayed by their

own, Ephialtes, revealed a pass from
behind

Spartans stayed along with 700

Thespians

All defeated by Persians Total losses: Sparta = 300 total Greek = 4,000. Persia 20,000
 Ancient Greece
The heroic stand of the Spartans once again
proved that Greece could stand up to Persia
Persia however would not be defeated easily,
they sacked and burned the acropolis in
Athens and occupied the city
Later, the Athenian navy defeated the
Persians at Salamis
The Persians and Greeks prepared for one
last fight
The Persian army numbered 120,000
The Spartan and Athenians numbered 80,000
They met on the plains of Plataea in 479 BC
Video Clip
 Ancient Greece

Only 43,000 Persians survived the battle

1000 to 10,000 Greeks were killed
With their army routed, the Persians fled
from Greece
The Theban commanders who aided them
were executed without trial
The small Greek army achieved the
impossible
The victory sparked an age of discovery
and innovation
Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Rome~

 Essential Question

How does a Republic differ from a direct Democracy?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Key Questions:

1) Understand and define the two assemblies: Patricians

and Plebeians.
2) What power did the Consuls hold?
3) What was a Dictator?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Land and People

Italy is a peninsula extending about 750

miles north to south
Width averages about 120 miles
Italy is rather isolated, being bordered on
the north by the Alps and surrounded by
sea
Northern Italy is forested, central opens
into plains and the south is dry
Rome began along a bend in the Tiber
River
Early settlements were very primitive
 Land and People
The Etruscans in the North were a
sophisticated society that ruled over
early Rome
Taught them many great technologies
[tiled roofs, building in stone, Cloaca
Maxima]
Rome grew in power and prominence,
its military set about expanding and
eventually they merged with the
Etruscans
The early Roman government
developed independently from Greece
and created its own ideologies
 A New Government
In Romes early history they were
ruled by a foreign king
The king had many decisions to make
and needed people to council with
These people were called the Senex
[Old Men]
Therefore in early Rome, the senators
served as powerful advisors who
assisted their king
While they gained other important
powers, counseling remained their
greatest purpose
 A New Government
In time, Rome liberated itself from the
rule of foreign kings
Power in Rome fell to its founding
families. The landowning elite called
Patres or fathers
The patricians, as they came to be
called, ran the city together
They made all important decisions and
created the laws
The remaining citizens, the plebeians,
could not hold political or religious
office despite being the majority
This system would not last
 A New Government

The plebs represented the bulk of

the military and in time they felt
they gave much and received little
in return
In 494 BC, the plebs gathered and
went on strike and refused to fight
or move until they were granted
greater rights
The strike worked and the plebs
were granted a political council of
their own
 A New Government
The Roman Republic looked very
different from our modern
government, though they share many
elements
Senate = Lifetime/Patricians.
Provided counsel. Approved Laws.
Directed Spending. Diplomats.
Patricians = Wealthy Elites. Elected
Magistrates. Declared War.
Plebeians = Elected from the
populace. Elected Consuls [presidents]
Voted on Laws and Appointed Judges.
 A New Government
The chief and most powerful magistrates
that were elected into office were called
consuls
These two men served at the head of
Romes political branch
They served a one year term
They led the armies and presided over
the assemblies and executed decrees
They had to both agree upon any action
for it to be put into effect
One could veto I forbid the other
The consuls were meant to keep power
in check
 A New Government

The plebeians slowly moved Rome towards

democracy
The greatest plebeian victory was the
creation of written law
Previous laws benefited the rich and
powerful
Now the laws were equal
They were engraved on bronze tablets and
set in the Roman forum for all to see
It worked in similar fashion as our
constitution
 A New Government
One of the major setbacks of the Roman
Republic was the slow speed by which
laws were passed
How would the government respond to
crisis?
In times of war or need the Republic
would assign a temporary dictator
He would be given total power for a
limited period of time
The best example of a great dictator
was Cincinnatus
 Cincinnatus

Highlight

Write = A gist at the end of each paragraph

Color/Highlight = Anything that needs
clarification or defining.
Detail = At the end what valuable lesson this story
taught the Roman people
 Check for Understanding

How does a Republic differ from a direct Democracy?

How was the Roman Republic similar to our
government today?
How was it different?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Rome~

 Essential Question

1) Describe what life was like in Rome.

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Religion
In early Roman history, the Romans
worshipped spirits of nature
They had priests called soothsayers
who would foretell the future
They did this by observing the flight
of birds (auspice) and animal
intestines (haruspex)
Then the Romans began to be
influenced by Greek culture
Their spirits began to be called Gods
and Goddesses
 Religion

They borrowed Greek Gods and

Goddesses and gave them Roman
names
Ares = Mars, Aphrodite = Venus and
Zeus = Jupiter
Some aspects however were
distinctly Roman
They worshiped ancestral spirits
They also worshipped Vesta, the
Goddess of the hearth
 Religion

Vesta was the goddess of home and family

At her shrines fires were burned representing

life and the spirit of creation

The fires were kept alight and watched over by

Rome's only priest class, the vestal virgins

They tended the fires and made a 30 year vow

of chastity

Without them, it was believed Rome would not

exist and it would lose contact with the Gods

They enjoyed great freedom and privileges but

breaking their oaths was severe
 Family
Family was a core component of
Roman life
Families were large in size and
included unmarried children, married
sons, relatives and slaves
The father was the head of all
decisions, religion and education
He had the power to sell family
members into slavery or even kill
them
Fathers however had a deep
responsibility to provide for their
family members
 Slavery
As the Roman Empire expanded, they
captured more and more slaves
Slave traders followed the armies and
bought captured enemies
They were taken back to Rome,
stripped naked and paraded around
with a placard on their necks and sold
Most slaves were used as cleaners,
cooks, waiters, body guards and
gardeners
Most were paid, and could earn their
freedom
 Family
Roman women had few rights, but
more than Greek women
They hosted parties and cared for
the family
Many had slaves who helped with
household work
Some spent their time learning
Greek and running shops
Roman values surrounded the
ideas of thrift, discipline, self
sacrifice, and devotion to family
and the republic
 Food/Hygiene
Wealthy Romans reclined on their couches
while slaves fed them
Favored meals were: Boiled stingray
garnished with hot raisins, boiled crane
with turnips, roasted rabbit, boar leg, wood
pigeon baked pie, roasted flamingo with
dates honey and wine
Garum and Defrutum were used as
condiments
In later years, many Romans practiced
binge eating
They also had odd oral hygiene practices
Making Garum
 FOOD/HYGIENE

c. 600 BC, Romes final Etruscan King laid

the foundations of the Cloaca Maxima
This provided Rome with a way to
eliminate its public waste
Going to the bathroom in ancient Rome
was an interesting affair
The wealthy had access to private toilets
While it seems primitive to us today, it was
an amazingly advanced technology for its
time
 FOOD/HYGIENE

Cleanliness was very important to the

Romans
Even the poor were known to bathe every
day
First the Romans would strip down and do
a quick workout followed by a hot bath
Second they would visit the sauna
Third, an attendant would dry them, rub
them down with oil and give them a shave
Then they would take a cold bath
Last of all, they would visit the main pool
to socialize
 Check for Understanding

How did Roman religious practices differ from Greek?

Who were the Vestals?
Detail one aspect of daily Roman life: Eating and
Dining, Bath and Hygiene, Customs and Traditions.

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

Global Perspectives

Ancient Europe ~Rome~

 Review Questions

1) List three aspects of life in Ancient Rome

 Essential Questions

1) What caused Rome to transform from a Republic to

an Empire?
2) What were the causes of Romes fall?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

 Assess Understanding

1) What caused Romes Fall?

 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE
In the early days of the Roman Republic,
Rome was very small
They were content with their city and the
small surroundings
However, in 390 BC, the Romans were
nearly destroyed by the Gauls from France
At first, they reinforced their city walls
Later, they conquered the surrounding
territories
Success prompted further expansion until
all of Italy was subdued
 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE
The Romans expanded into the
Mediterranean, which brought them into
conflict with Greece and Carthage
While the Romans suffered setbacks, they
persisted until their enemies had been
brought under boot
Conquest and expansion transformed the
Republic
Wealthy Romans assumed greater wealth
and gradually came to control vast
amounts of land
Soon, the lower classes had no land to call
their own and slaves replaced the Roman
workforce
 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE
The people fought for reform, but the those
they elected were assassinated
Rome was no longer a democracy, but was
run by the wealthy elite
People turned to popular and powerful
military figures for help
Marius gave land to those who enlisted in
the army, and its ranks swelled
Marius, for all his good intent, however,
held power for an unprecedented seven
consulships
Sulla overthrew his rule
 Review Questions

1) What event transformed Rome into an aggressive

state?
 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE
Marius had a grandson, who was named
Gaius Julius Caesar
Like his great uncle, Caesar rode to fame
amongst the lower classes and through the
army
He subjugated all of Gaul, and his fame
grew far and wide
Fearful of his intentions, the Roman senate
called him to Rome
Caesar was warned they would kill him
He marched into Rome with an army
which started a horrible Civl War
The Battle of Alesia
 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE

In the end, Caesar prevailed

Because the senate was corrupt and could
no longer be trusted, Caesar proclaimed
himself Dictator for life
The Republic was essentially dead
Caesar was a popular ruler, enacted many
great reforms that gave power back to the
general populace
The senate however was not pleased
They plotted to remove him from power
 FROM REPUBLIC TO
EMPIRE
In the wake of Caesars death, the Republic
fell into disarray and another Civil War
When the smoke cleared, Caesars grand
nephew, Augustus took power
Augustus officially ended the Republic and
transformed Rome into an Empire
The senate remained, but all power fell to
the emperor
While for long periods of time, this format
worked well, but it brought great hardship
under poor emperors
This became a factor in Romes ultimate
decline and fall
 Review Questions

1) Define: Marius, Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar.

 The Decline and Fall
There were several poor rulers who
followed the Caesars
Following the death of Augustus, power
passed to Tiberius
Tiberius was a surprise choice, and few in
Rome liked him
The populace supported a different man,
named Germanicus
Germanicus had avenged a major loss to
the Germans in the Teutoberg Forest
He was well liked and the people
continued to support him
 The Decline and Fall

Tiberius feared a rival, therefore he

arranged for Germanicus to be eliminated
He also targeted Germanicus family
His youngest son, however, was saved and
would be raised by Tiberius
This unpopular moved caused Tiberius to
relocate to the island of Capri
It was there that he twisted the mind of
Germanicus son
 The Decline and Fall
The young son of Germanicus shared
the same name as his father, but was
nicknamed something else
As Germanicus traveled amongst his
soldiers with his young son in tow,
soldiers began to call the child Caligula,
little boots
Caligula held the hope of the Roman
people, and Tiberius knew it
He set forth to transform the boy into a
monster
Caligula lived a life of torment
 The Decline and Fall
When Tiberius grew old, Caligula
struck and seized power
In his first two years he was immensely
popular, riding on the prestige of his
father
In the 3rd year of his reign, Caligula fell
deathly ill
When he came back he was a different
person
He killed scores of people he believed
were plotting to kill him; close relatives
and members of his body guard
 The Decline and Fall
Like Tiberius, Caligula lived a life of
extravagance
He ate and drank, and wasted public money
His wealthy lifestyle soon bankrupted
Rome, which in turn caused him to tax
everything and everyone for money
He taxed food, prostitutes, poor and even
killed wealthy citizens to acquire their
property
When the public turned on him, he built two
massive floating ships on lake Nemi as a
retreat
Eventually the Romans had endured enough
and had him assassinated
Re-tell: In your own words, re-tell the story of
Caligula
 The Decline and Fall

Caligula was not the only poor Roman

emperor
Nero set fire to Rome to build a luxury
palace
Caracalla killed his brother who served as
co-emperor and slaughtered 20,000 in
Alexandria who made fun of him
Commodus fought in the coliseum more
often than ruled.
Elagabalus made the Romans worship the
Syrian sun god
 The Decline and Fall

Poor rule proved costly as Roman soldiers

turned on each other in bloody civil wars
Unstable rule led to frequent assassinations
From the years 235 - 284 AD, twenty two
people were named emperor
Such turmoil undermined stability
Lead to internal decay and political turmoil
 The Decline and Fall
There were other issues at hand that
assisted in Romes decline
Massive loss of life during the Antonine
Plague
Borders became difficult to defend
Rome gained far too many enemies
Roman soldiers were drawn from foreign
armies and were paid
Romes enemies became more formidable
Other reasons such as Christianity and
Lead have been advanced
 The Decline and Fall
In the late 4th century, the Hun descended
into Europe and created far reaching
problems
A major battle was fought in 378 AD against
the Goths
A colossal Roman blunder lead to the loss of
2/3 the Roman army
These losses were not easy to replace and
continual political issues allowed barbarians
to take an upper hand
The final blow came in 410 AD when the
Germanic Goths, led by Alaric sacked Rome
This ushered in a technological and cultural
loss that has been called the Dark Ages
 Review Questions

1) What caused Rome to transform from a Republic to

an Empire?
2) List: Causes for Romes decline and fall

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

Global Perspectives
The Dark Ages
Essential Question

Understand how government is influenced by personal

and religious philosophies.
Key Understandings

1) Why do historians refer to the period of 500-800 AD as

the Dark Ages?
2) What was Feudalism? How did it emerge?
3) What is a Theocracy?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

Who was King Arthur?
The Dark Ages
By 500 AD, Barbarians had all
but destroyed the urban world

Trade declined, Roman cities

crumbled, education
disappeared

Life reverted to tiny villages and

harkened to an early era

The Dark Ages had arrived

Another term that is also used is

Medieval

It comes from the Latin

Medium and Aevum Middle
and Time

The transition between ancient

and modern
The Dark Ages

Roman territories gave way to

several barbarian tribes

Most of the tribes were of

Germanic origin

They were not the only ones

From the east [Russia]

emerged several slavic tribes

No one knows their exact

origin

Western Slavs settled in

Poland, Czech Republic,
Slovakia and the Balkans
The Dark Ages

When Rome fell, England was left

to its own

Many Romans remained on

English soil

It is believed, that right after the

fall, a Roman general was
crowned king

His name, according to legend,

was Arthur

He fought off many Barbarian

invaders and established order

Much about this time though has

been lost
The Dark Ages

In England, tribes were composed of

Romans, Celts, Picts and others

The Romans, under constant

pressure to survive against the
barbarians, made a radical decision

They imported a barbarian tribe to

fight other barbarians

They hired mercenaries Anglos and

Saxons as mercenaries [seax]

Eventually, the Anglo/Saxons won

and then turned upon the Romans

Britain became known as Angland

or England and spoke a Germanic
language
True/False Statement

1) The Dark Ages refers to the time directly after Romes

fall. It was a time when technology and society regressed.
2) King Arthur was likely an Anglo Saxon.
Feudalism
The Dark Ages

Of all the many barbarian

tribes, the most powerful on
mainland Europe were the
Franks

The Franks were also a

Germanic speaking people

They were known as fierce

warriors who fought with a
great war axe

In 481 AD a brutal and wily

warrior named Clovis became
king
The Early Middle Ages

Clovis had a miraculous

conversion to Christianity

Through his many military

victories many Franks became
Christians

Kings and royal courts began

learning Latin

When Latin and German

merged they created French

When Europes strongest tribe

Christianized, the Catholic
church began using them to
spread Christianity and protect
the religion
The Early Middle Ages

The next great Frankish ruler

was Charlemagne. He ruled
from 768 to 814

Charlemagne expanded the

Frankish empire

He was crowned king of the

Franks in 800 AD

He was a massive man

He was very educated and

spoke, German, Latin, and
Greek
The Early Middle Ages

Charlemagne unified all of

France, Germany and Italy

He had the Popes support

and continued the spread of
Christianity

It looked as though Rome was

about to be re-born

He set up schools to educate

his people

Through the church, he kept

knowledge of the ancients
alive
The Early Middle Ages

In 814, Charlemagne died

His three sons divided his

kingdom into three sections

The dream of Romes re-birth

was shattered

Charles the Bald created

France

Louis the German created

Germany

Lothair, became the Holy

Roman Emperor and took Italy
and Switzerland
The Dark Ages
The Frankish rulers helped form
an interesting type of
government

Society was organized into the

Feudal Order [feudalism]

At the top was the Pope, father

of the church, and Gods
spokesperson on Earth and
mankinds spiritual leader

Under him, power was granted

to kings that administered to
kingdom

This power was granted to

Charlemagne to become the
Holy Roman Emperor, the
secular ruler of Europe
The Dark Ages

These Lords were granted

land called fiefs

They were given servants to

farm and maintain it called
serfs

The original idea was to free

up the lords so they could
train as knights

Becoming a knight was a full

time job

The idea changed though,

soon lords gave up soldiering
and passed that responsibility
to family and friends
Draw the feudal pyramid on
your white boards.
The Church
The Dark Ages
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic
Church dominated the affairs of life

Everything a person did was based

around Christianity

Europe was, more than anything, a

Theocracy

A system where the laws of the

country are the same as the laws of
religion

The majority of people in Europe, by

1000 AD, were Christian

To watch over and care for such a vast

population, the Church had to make
changes

The Church was organized into a

series of levels
The Dark Ages

Local gatherings of Christians

were called parishes

They were watched over by a

Priest who conducted worship
services

Several parishes formed a diocese

which was overseen by a Bishop

There were originally five chief

Bishops called Patriarchs

They oversaw the cities of: Rome,

Constantinople, Alexandria,
Antioch, and Jerusalem
The Dark Ages

Around 400 AD, the Bishops

began to consider the Bishop of
Rome as the head of the Church

He was known as the Father or

Pope

Christians in the east refused to

acknowledge the Pope as the
head of the church

They felt that power belonged to

the Bishops as a whole

Eventually these problems led to a

split: Catholic and Orthodox
The Dark Ages

The Catholic Church taught that

the only way to be saved was to
take part in the sacraments of the
Church

These were: Baptism, Eucharist,

Penance, Confirmation,
Matrimony, and Healing of the
Sick

In the Middle Ages, most had little

understanding of the Church

Sermons were in Latin, most

could not read or write

Faith came from statues and

stained glass
Essential Questions

1) Summarize your notes

2) Answer essential questions
Global Perspectives
The Vikings
Essential Question

1) Who were the Vikings and what impact did they have on
Europe?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

The Dark Ages

The most feared people in Europe

during the 9th to 11th centuries
were the Vikings

The regions of Norway, Sweden,

and Denmark could not support
vast populations

A new wave of invaders swept

across Europe

Some came for land, others for

plunder

They terrorized Europe for

centuries and no one knew how
to stop them
The Early Middle Ages

The Vikings created a new

ship called a longship

It was a slim agile ship with a

large square sail and oars

It could sail in rivers, lakes,

and open seas

With longships, all of Europe

was under threat

The Vikings would sail upriver

and lay waste to cities

Before a defense could be

formed, they were gone
The Early Middle Ages

The Vikings were great

explorers

From Norway they sailed west

and settled in Iceland and
Greenland

It is now believed they settled

in Newfoundland which they
called Vinland

From Denmark they sailed to

England

They established permanent

settlements in Scotland and
Ireland [founding Dublin]
The Early Middle Ages

They integrated with the

Anglo/Saxons

They sailed south to Spain

and France

The king of France feared

them so much he gave them
Normandy

From Finland they traveled

across Russia

They traded and attacked

Constantinople

Many settled and integrated

with the Slavs becoming the
first Russians [Rus]
The Early Middle Ages

The Vikings made a profound

impact on European culture

First, their travels opened the

door for exploration

Second, they reestablished

trade routes that had long
disappeared

Third, women enjoyed great

freedom, ran households,
could own land, get a divorce

Fourth, they became famed

warriors which greatly helped
Constantinople and Christian
efforts during the Crusades
What are three contributions
the Vikings provided to
Europe?
Viking Misconceptions

1) They were a single nation

2) They were filthy/barbaric

3) Big and blond

4) Drank from skulls

5) Crude weapons

6) Horned helmets
The Early Middle Ages

The Vikings composed their

early history in the form of
Runes

Later, the Roman Alphabet

allowed them to write their
histories

These histories come in the

form of the Edda and Saga

In early times, they were a

form of oral history

Much of what we know of the

Vikings has been gleaned from
the Sagas
The Early Middle Ages

According the Norse Myth, in the

beginning there was nothing but
Ice, Frost and Fog

Then came fire from the great

volcanos

When fire touched ice, the frost

giants, called Jotuns, were
formed

Ymir was the first and greatest

Fire and Frost also formed the

cow from which Ymir fed

The frost giant Borr married

Bestla and gave birth to three
sons
The Early Middle Ages

The sons were: Odin, Vili, and

Ve

They differed from the other

giants, they were called the
Aesir

Odin and his brothers killed

Ymir

His blood drowned all other

giants

From the body of Ymir, Odin

formed the Earth

Blood = oceans, flesh = land,

teeth = rocks, hair = trees and
grass
The Early Middle Ages

The brain became the clouds

and the skull the sky that
covered the world

The hot sparks from the great

volcano formed the stars

Then, the Aesir formed their

home Asgard

The Aesir, while walking the

beach one day came across
two logs, one ash and one
oak

From them they created the

first humans
The Early Middle Ages

In Norse mythology there were 9

worlds placed in three levels

Asgard = Odin

Vanaheim = Old gods

Alfheim = Light Elves

Midgard = Humans

Jotunheim = Giants

Svartfheim = Dark Elves [nightmares]

Nidavellir = Dwarves [craftsman]

Nilfheim = Dead [frost, Nidhogg, hell]

Muspelheim = Demons [Surt]

The Early Middle Ages

In Asgard a place called

Valhalla existed

It was paradise were

courageous warriors were
taken in death by the Valkyries

There they would fight,

wounds would heal

They would feast, food would

never cease

Only the bravest of warriors

would make it to Valhalla
Essential Question

What truths could be gleaned from the Norse Sagas?

The Renaissance Europe Re-born
 Essential Question-

What were the main causes of the Renaissance?

The Renaissance
Since the fall of Rome in the 5th
century AD, Europe had
languished in darkness

As early as the 9th century AD,

Europe showed signs of recovery
and progress

There were several historical

events that propelled Europe into
a new era of development

All of these events initiated a

renaissance [re-birth]

At first Europeans rediscovered

the past and tried to imitate it.
Later they would surpass it
The Renaissance
The first catalyst of progress was
the Crusades

Since 632 AD, Islam had spread

It consumed the Middle East and

had made inroads into Christian
Europe

Time and time again the

Byzantines, the Eastern Romans
in Constantinople, held them at
bay

In 1071 AD, the Byzantines lost at

the Battle of Manzikert and its
existence was in jeopardy
The Renaissance
The Byzantines asked for help, and
the Crusades were launched

Christians took up the banner of

Christ to liberate Constantinople
and recapture Jerusalem

Their eorts were only partially

successful

During the 4th Crusade, the

Crusaders turned on
Constantinople and sacked the city

The wealth of knowledge and texts

brought back stimulated an intense
interest in the Classical World
 Review-

Why were the crusades launched?

The Renaissance
The second catalyst was the re-
opening of trade routes

Since the fall of Rome, trade routes

had fallen into disrepair

Few ventured beyond their cities

The Vikings started a process of trade

and re-awakened European interest in
Asia

The Crusades also stimulated trade

and re-opened contact between the
East and West

New roads and trade routes were

built
The Renaissance
In the 13th century, the Mongols
arrived in Europe

They sought to rebuild the long

lost Silk Road and accomplished
the feat

Using the Silk Road, Europeans

imported rare goods from the
Middle East, Africa, India and even
China

Trade transformed the West. It

stimulated interest in the greater
world and encouraged travel.
Wealth poured into Europe and
people spent it on rare foreign
goods.
 Review-

What were two civilizations that helped re-

establish trade routes across Europe?
The Renaissance
The third catalyst was an
intellectual movement called
Humanism

Stimulated by scrolls from the

ancient world, students sought to
learn more about the ancient past

Knowledge was power and it was

highly sought after

Francesco Petrach was the

founder of the movement, and it
spread across Europe like wildfire

It broke down religious

conceptions and praised human
achievement
The Renaissance
The fourth catalyst was the Black
Death and the breakdown of the
Feudal Order

Since 1000 AD, Europe had

experienced a sharp rise in
progress

That all changed at the beginning

of the 14th century

War, disease, famine and societal

breakdown all occurred
simultaneously

Many thought the world was

ending
The Renaissance
As the new century commenced
[1300] it was unusual cold

There was a long wet and cold

summer followed by a brutal winter

Poor crop yields led to famine, roads

washed away and trade broke down

Stone quarries filled with water,

construction ground to a halt

Animals died, top soil washed away

and people starved

10% of Europes population died and

the worse was yet to come
The Black Death
As Europe began to recover, rumor
spread of mass death in the east

Traders from China and India told of

countless dead bodies

Few gave it much consideration

The plague entered Europe through

its great trading ports

It hit the Middle East in 1347

Later that year it arrived in

Constantinople and then Messina
Italy
 The Black Death
The plague hit Europe with catastrophic
results

Nearly all that was accomplished in the prior

two centuries was lost

By the time the plague passed, 60% of

Europe was dead

An estimated 200 million people

Such a horrendous loss of life had never

before been seen in human history

What was it and where did it come from?

 Review-

What is Humanism?
The Black Death
The plague came from the Gobi
Desert in China

It had also decimated that region

It was brought about by infected

fleas which bit black rats

These rats then became the carriers

Rats traveled along the sea trade

routs and silk road to Europe

Europeans who are bitten were

infected
The Black Death
Victims at first manifest flu-like
symptoms and then boils
appeared

Lancing the boils was extremely

painful and only worked to
spread the disease

The plague was very contagious

Most within area of a victim

would come down with it

Death would follow in a few days

Not all died however

 The Black Death
Europeans did not know how to deal with the plague

Various remedies were prescribed

Many blamed it on the foul air, miasmas

Canons were fired and bells sounded to scare spirits

Incense was burned

People fled cities

Fathers abandoned families

People were boarded into their houses

Jews were blamed as were sinners

 The Black Death
The plague would have been a horrible
time to have lived

As terrible as the plague was, it did have a

positive side

It created immense wealth for those who

survived it

It did away with the wealthy nobility

It helped with the emergence of a middle

class

It destroyed feudal systems and created

new wealth which was poured into the arts
and sciences
 Review-

Briefly detail one of the first three causes of the

Renaissance. Choose any that we discussed that is
NOT the Black Death.