Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Resumen. 1R H[LVWH VXFLHQWH LQIRUPDFLyQ RUtVWLFD VREUH ORV DQWRFHURWHV \ ODV KHSiWLFDV PH[LFDQDV SHUR HQ XQD
HYDOXDFLyQ SUHOLPLQDU VH UHFRQRFHQ HVSHFLHV GH$QWKRFHURWRSK\WD LQFOX\HQGR HQGpPLFDV GH 0p[LFR (QWUH ODV
0DUFKDQWLRSK\WD PH[LFDQDV VH UHFRQRFHQ HVSHFLHV \ YDULHGDGHV TXH LQFOX\HQ HQGpPLFDV /RV Q~PHURV
LQLFLDOHVVHPRGLFDUiQVXEVWDQFLDOPHQWHFRQORVGDWRVGHUHYLVLRQHV\PRQRJUDItDVUHFLHQWHVTXHLQFOX\DQWD[DGHOD
RUDPH[LFDQD
3DODEUDVFODYHDQWRFHURWHVGLYHUVLGDGEULROyJLFDKHSiWLFDV0p[LFR
Abstract. 7KHUHLVLQVXIFLHQWRULVWLFLQIRUPDWLRQRQ0H[LFDQKRUQZRUWVDQGOLYHUZRUWVEXWDSUHOLPLQDU\HYDOXDWLRQ
UHFRJQL]HV VSHFLHV RI$QWKRFHURWRSK\WD LQFOXGLQJ 0H[LFDQ HQGHPLFV 7KHUH DUH VSHFLHV DQG YDULHWLHV RI
0H[LFDQ0DUFKDQWLRSK\WDLQFOXGLQJHQGHPLFWD[D7KHVHSUHOLPLQDU\QXPEHUVZLOOFHUWDLQO\FKDQJHZLWKGDWD
IURPUHFHQWWD[RQRPLFUHYLVLRQVDQGPRQRJUDSKVWKDWFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH0H[LFDQRUD
.H\ZRUGVEU\RORJLFDOGLYHUVLW\KRUQZRUWVOLYHUZRUWV0H[LFR
Introduccin GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHVWRVJUXSRVGHSODQWDV(QVHJXLGDVH
RIUHFHQGDWRVJHQHUDOHVVREUHODLGHQWLGDGGHFDGDXQR
/DV $QWKRFHURWRSK\WD DQWRFHURWHV \ ODV 0DU- /RVDQWRFHURWHV\ODVKHSiWLFDVWLHQHQXQFLFORGHYLGD
FKDQWLRSK\WD KHSiWLFDV VRQ JUXSRV GH SODQWDV FDVL KDSORGLSORELyQWLFR KHWHURPyUFR FRQ HO JDPHWRWR
GHVFRQRFLGRV HQ 0p[LFR (Q DXVHQFLD GH HVSHFLDOLVWDV KDSORLGH\HOHVSRURWRGLSORLGH/RVGHWDOOHVGHVXPRU-
QDFLRQDOHV OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV GDWRV DFHUFD GH HVWRV IRORJtDSXHGHQFRQVXOWDUVHHQ&UXP'HOJDGLOOR\
JUXSRVSURYLHQHQGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVH[WHUQDVSRUORTXH &iUGHQDV5HQ]DJOLDHWDORHQ6FKRHOG
UHVXOWDGLItFLOGHWHUPLQDUFRQFHUWH]DHOQ~PHURGHHVSH- HQWUHRWURVSHURVHUHVXPHQHQORVSiUUDIRVTXH
FLHVHQQXHVWUDRUDVXViUHDVGHGLVWULEXFLyQRORVWD[D VLJXHQ
HQGpPLFRV$GHPiVGHVXSHTXHxRWDPDxR\HVFDVRXVR (O JDPHWRWR GH ORV DQWRFHURWHV HV XQD OiPLQD
SUiFWLFRRYDORUFRPHUFLDOVLQXQPLFURVFRSLRVRQSODQ- OREXODGD YHUGH REVFXUR GH XQRV FXDQWRV FHQWtPHWURV GH
WDVSRFRYLVWRVDV1RREVWDQWHHQPXFKDVFRPXQLGDGHV GLiPHWURRGHODUJRGHSHQGLHQGRGHVXFUHFLPLHQWRFRPR
YHJHWDOHVWLHQHQXQDOWRYDORUHFROyJLFR\FRQIUHFXHQFLD EDQGDLUUHJXODUPHQWHOREDGDRFRPRURVHWDSHURFDUHFH
VHOHVFRQVLGHUDWUDVFHQGHQWDOHVHQODFRORQL]DFLyQGHOD GHDOJXQDGLIHUHQFLDFLyQDQDWyPLFDLPSRUWDQWH/DVXSHU-
7LHUUD\HQODHYROXFLyQGHRWUDVSODQWDVWHUUHVWUHV9DQ- FLH YHQWUDO OOHYD UL]RLGHV XQLFHOXODUHV OLVRV PLHQWUDV
GHUSRRUWHQ\*RIQHW9LOODUUHDOHWDO TXHHQHOODGRGRUVDOVHDEUHQORVDUTXHJRQLRVTXHHVWiQ
(Q VLVWHPDV GH FODVLFDFLyQ DQWLJXRV ORV DQWRFHUR- HPEHELGRVHQHOFXHUSRGHOJDPHWRWR\ORVDQWHULGLRV
WHV\ODVKHSiWLFDVVHFODVLFDEDQMXQWRFRQORVPXVJRV HQ JUXSRV R LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH FUHFHQ HQ FiPDUDV DQWHUL-
GHQWUR GHO 3K\OXP %U\RSK\WD YpDVH :DWVRQ GLDOHVEDMRODVXSHUFLHGHOWDOR(OFXHUSRGHOJDPHWRWR
(Q ORV HVTXHPDV PRGHUQRV FRQ HO DSR\R GH FRQVWDGHYDULDVFDSDVGHFpOXODVHQODVTXHTXHGDQDOJX-
GDWRVPROHFXODUHVVHOHVUHFRQRFHFRPRSK\ODLQGHSHQ- QDVFiPDUDVLQWHUFHOXODUHVTXHVHFRPXQLFDQDOH[WHULRU
GLHQWHVSHURVXVUHODFLRQHVORJHQpWLFDVWRGDYtDSDUHFHQ SRUSRURVYHQWUDOHVWDOHVFiPDUDVVHOOHQDQGHPXFtODJR
LQFLHUWDV*RIQHW(VSUREDEOHTXHODVHPHMDQ]D \FRQIUHFXHQFLDHVWiQRFXSDGDVSRUFRORQLDVGHNostoc
VXSHUFLDO HQWUH ORV JDPHWRWRV GH ORV DQWRFHURWHV \ /DV FpOXODV VXSHUFLDOHV OOHYDQ R YDULRV FORURSODVWRV
ORV GH IRUPDV WDORLGHV GH KHSiWLFDV VHD UHVSRQVDEOH GH JUDQGHVHQORVTXHSXHGHKDEHUSLUHQRLGH
ODFRQIXVLyQSXHVD~QPRUIROyJLFDPHQWHKD\SURIXQGDV (Q FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ORV DQWRFHURWHV HO JDPHWRWR
GHODVKHSiWLFDVHVPiVFRPSOHMR\YDULDEOHHQIRUPD\
Recibido: 29 marzo 2012; aceptado: 12 octubre 2012 HVWUXFWXUD ([LVWHQ IRUPDV GH FUHFLPLHQWR WDORLGH \
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl. 85: S106-S109, 2014
DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30954 107
Delgadillo-Moya y Jurez-Martnez.- Hepticas y antocerotes en Mxico
IROLRVD/DVIRUPDVWDORLGHVVRQDSODQDGDVFRQXQD]RQD HVSRUDVHVWiQLQWHUFDODGDVFRQHODWHULRVDOWDPHQWHKLJURV-
PHULVWHPiWLFDGLVWDOFX\DGLYLVLyQSXHGHSURGXFLUUDPL- FySLFRV\ODFiSVXODVHDEUHSRUYDOYDV
FDFLRQHVGLFRWyPLFDVVXFHVLYDV/RVyUJDQRVVH[XDOHVVH
HQFXHQWUDQLQPHUVRVHQHOFXHUSRDYHFHVHQFDYLGDGHV Diversidad
HVSHFLDOHVRHQUDPDVGRUVDOHVHVSHFLDOL]DGDV/DVXSHU-
FLHYHQWUDOJHQHUDOPHQWHOOHYDORVUL]RLGHVXQLFHOXODUHV /DV$QWKRFHURWRSK\WDVRQXQJUXSRSHTXHxRGHSODQ-
OLVRVRWXEHUFXODGRV\HVFDPDVTXHVHVLW~DQDXQR\RWUR WDV 5HQ]DJOLD HW DO UHFRQRFHQ DOUHGHGRU GH
ODGR GH OD OtQHD PHGLD /D HVWUXFWXUD DQDWyPLFD SXHGH JpQHURV \ XQDV HVSHFLHV D QLYHO PXQGLDO PLHQWUDV
FRQVLVWLU GH YDULDV FDSDV GH FpOXODV SDUHQTXLPDWRVDV TXH 9LOODUUHDO HW DO HVWLPDQ TXH KD\
KDVWDXQWDORFRQFiPDUDVDpUHDVFRQWHMLGRIRWRVLQWpWLFR HVSHFLHVHQHOPXQGR&RPRVHPHQFLRQyHQODLQWURGXF-
\XQSDUpQTXLPDGHUHVHUYD FLyQHOJUXSRHVYLUWXDOPHQWHGHVFRQRFLGRHQ0p[LFROD
$ GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV IRUPDV WDORLGHV ODV KHSiWLFDV LQIRUPDFLyQELEOLRJUiFD+lVVHO\GHKHU-
IROLRVDV PXHVWUDQ XQ WDOOR FX\D HVWUXFWXUD DQDWyPLFD HV EDULRLQGLFDTXHH[LVWHQXQDVHVSHFLHVHQRJpQHURV
PX\ VLPSOH ODV KRMDV VRQ JHQHUDOPHQWH XQLHVWUDWLFD- Anthoceros, Nothoceros y Phaeoceros &XDGUR /D
GDVOREDGDVHQKLOHUDVGRUVDOHV\DYHFHVXQDKLOHUD SUHVHQFLD GH Megaceros QR VH KD FRQUPDGR \ SRGUtD
YHQWUDO/DVKRMDVGRUVDOHVPDGXUDVWLHQHQXQDLQVHUFLyQ GHVFDUWDUVH VL VH DFHSWD VX UHGHQLFLyQ FRPR XQ WD[RQ
REOLFXD VREUH HO WDOOR PLHQWUDV TXH ODV KRMDV YHQWUDOHV HQWHUDPHQWH SDOHRWURSLFDO 9LOODUUHDO HW DO 'H
VH LQVHUWDQ WUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH (Q DOJXQRV JUXSRV e.g. ODV HVSHFLHV GH $QWKRFHURWRSK\WD VRQ HQGpPLFDV
)UXOODQLDFHDH ODV SODQWDV SUHVHQWDQ OyEXORV IROLDUHV HQ D 0p[LFR$GHPiV GH HVWDEOHFHU FRQ FODULGDG ORV OtPL-
IRUPDGHVDFR/DVKHSiWLFDVDGLIHUHQFLDGHORVDQWRFH- WHV HQWUH WD[D VH UHTXLHUH XQ PXHVWUHR LQWHQVLYR GH ORV
URWHV\ORVPXVJRVSUHVHQWDQWUtJRQRVHQJURVDPLHQWRV DQWRFHURWHVSXHVDFWXDOPHQWHVHOHVKDFROHFWDGRSULQFL-
WULDQJXODUHV HQ OD SDUHG FHOXODU \ FXHUSRV ROHtIHURV SDOPHQWHHQORVHVWDGRVGHOFHQWURGHOSDtV\HQ2D[DFD
FXHUSRVGHDFHLWHURGHDGRVSRUXQDPHPEUDQD/RV \ &KLDSDV SHUR HO Q~PHUR GH HMHPSODUHV HQ KHUEDULRV
DUTXHJRQLRVSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUVHHQORViSLFHVGHWDOORVR ORFDOHVHVPX\UHGXFLGR
UDPDVORVDQWHULGLRVVHHQFXHQWUDQVRORVRHQJUXSRVHQ (O YROXPHQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH KHSiWLFDV HV PiV
ODEDVHGHKRMDVPRGLFDGDVTXHVHGHQRPLQDQEUiFWHDV JUDQGH TXH HO GH ODV $QWKRFHURWRSK\WD %LVFKOHU HW DO
SHULJRQLDOHV \)XOIRUG\6KDUS\UHYLVLRQHVWD[RQyPLFDV
/RV DQWHUR]RLGHV R HVSHUPDWR]RLGHV ELDJHODGRV VH UHFLHQWHVSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUVHFRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUD
SURGXFHQGHQWURGHDQWHULGLRVSHGLFHODGRV/RVDUTXHJR- FDWDORJDU \ HYDOXDU OD ULTXH]D GH KHSiWLFDV HQ 0p[LFR
QLRV VRQ HVWUXFWXUDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV GHO FXHUSR H[FHSWR $OFDWiORJRSUHOLPLQDUSUHSDUDGRFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQGH
HQORVDQWRFHURWHV/DRRVIHUDRFpOXODIHPHQLQDGHVSXpV HVWDV SXEOLFDFLRQHV VH OH GHEHQ LQFRUSRUDU GDWRV WD[R-
GH VHU IHFXQGDGD SRU XQ DQWHUR]RLGH VH GLYLGH \ IRUPD QyPLFRV \ GH QRPHQFODWXUD GH RWUDV PRQRJUDItDV $
HOHPEULyQHQODPDGXUH]pVWHUHSUHVHQWDDOHVSRURWR WUDYpVGHHVWDSULPHUDDSUR[LPDFLyQSRGHPRVHVWDEOHFHU
TXHSRUPHLRVLVSURGXFHODVHVSRUDV/RVHVSRURWRVGH TXH QXHVWUD RUD FRPSUHQGH DOUHGHGRU GH HVSHFLHV
ORV DQWRFHURWHV VRQ HVWUXFWXUDV PX\ GLIHUHQWHV D ORV GH \ YDULHGDGHV HV GHFLU FDVL HO GH ODV KHSiWLFDV GHO
ODV KHSiWLFDV HQ HOORV HO HVSRURWR WLHQH XQ SLH TXH OR PXQGR &UDQGDOO6WRWOHU HW DO $OUHGHGRU
XQHDOWHMLGRGHOJDPHWRWRSHURQRKD\VHWD(QVXOXJDU GHHVSHFLHVVRQHQGpPLFDVGH0p[LFRFDVLHO
VHHQFXHQWUDXQPHULVWHPRLQWHUFDODUTXHIRUPDODSDUHG GHOWRWDO(QHO&XDGURVHPXHVWUDXQDOLVWDGHGH
GHYDULDVFDSDVGHFpOXODVXQDHSLGHUPLVFRQHVWRPDV\ ODV IDPLOLDV GH KHSiWLFDV PH[LFDQDV FRQ PiV GH
XQHMHFHQWUDORFROXPHODGHWHMLGRHVWpULO+DFLDODSDUWH HVSHFLHV(OGHODVHVSHFLHVFRQRFLGDVVHFRQ-
GLVWDO GHO HVSRURWR VH IRUPDQ ODV HVSRUDV \ XQRV OD- FHQWUDQHQXQQ~PHURSHTXHxRGHIDPLOLDVPLHQWUDVTXH
PHQWRV HVWpULOHV R SVHXGRHODWHULRV TXH SRU OD DFWLYLGDG GHODVHVSHFLHVHQGpPLFDVHVWiQFRQFHQWUDGDVHQ
GHOPHULVWHPRLQWHUFDODUPDGXUDQSURJUHVLYDPHQWHKDFLD GH HVDV IDPLOLDV GH KHSiWLFDV ([FHSWR SRU OD IDPLOLD
HOiSLFHGHOHVSRURWR/DDSHUWXUDGHODFiSVXODVHHIHF- /HMHXQHDFHDHFRQJpQHURVODPD\RUtDGHODVIDPLOLDV
W~DSRUOtQHDVGHGHKLVFHQFLDTXHVHSDUDQYDOYDVODV UHVWDQWHVHVWiQUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUJpQHUR\H[FHSFLRQDO-
HVSRUDV VH OLEHUDQ FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH PRYLPLHQWRV PHQWHKDVWDSRUFRPRHQODV6FDSDQLDFHDH
KLJURVFySLFRVGHORVSVHXGRHODWHULRV 6LQ GXGD HO Q~PHUR \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GH HVSHFLHV \
(QODVKHSiWLFDVHOHVSRURWRFRQVWDGHSDUWHVFOD- YDULHGDGHV GH DQWRFHURWHV \ KHSiWLFDV VH PRGLFDUiQ
UDPHQWHGLIHUHQFLDGDVHOSLHODVHWD\ODFiSVXOD/DVHWD VLJQLFDWLYDPHQWH FRQ OD GHSXUDFLyQ GH ORV FDWiORJRV D
HVXQODPHQWRGHWDPDxRYDULDEOHTXHOOHYDODFiSVXOD WUDYpVGHUHYLVLRQHVWD[RQyPLFDV\PRQRJUDItDVPRGHU-
JORERVDRFLOtQGULFDHQHOiSLFHDGLIHUHQFLDGHORVDQWR- QDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHVLVHLQFOX\HXQDVLQRQLPLDFRPSOHWD
FHURWHVODVKHSiWLFDVQRWLHQHQFROXPHODQLHVWRPDVODV 3RUODVPLVPDVUD]RQHV\FRQWUDEDMRVGHH[SORUDFLyQ\
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2012
DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30954
108 Delgadillo-Moya y Jurez-Martnez.- Hepticas y antocerotes en Mxico
Fecha de publicacin: 30 octubre, 2012
Cuadro 1. ,QIRUPDFLyQRUtVWLFDSUHOLPLQDUVREUHODV$QWKRFHURWRSK\WDPH[LFDQDV
Cuadro 2. )DPLOLDV GH 0DUFKDQWLRSK\WD GH 0p[LFR UHSUHVHQWDGDV SRU PiV GH HVSHFLHV \ Q~PHUR GH HVSHFLHV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ
restringida
Especies endmicas
Familia Gneros Especies
$\WRQLDFHDH
&HSKDOR]LDFHDH
)UXOODQLDFHDH
/HMHXQHDFHDH
/HSLGR]LDFHDH
/RSKRFROHDFHDH
0HW]JHULDFHDH
3ODJLRFKLODFHDH
5DGXODFHDH
5LFFLDFHDH
6FDSDQLDFHDH
7RWDO
7RWDOGHWD[DWRWDOHQODVFROXPQDVWRWDOFRQRFLGRSDUDODRUDPH[LFDQD
UHFROHFFLyQ HQ 0p[LFR VH HVSHUD XQD UHGXFFLyQ HQ HO 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHS
Q~PHUR GH HVSHFLHV HQGpPLFDV (O PHMRU FRQRFLPLHQWR &UXP+6WUXFWXUDOGLYHUVLW\RIEU\RSK\WHV8QLYHUVLW\RI
GHDQWRFHURWHV\KHSiWLFDVHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDHYDOXDU 0LFKLJDQ+HUEDULXP$QQ$UERUS
VXLPSRUWDQFLDFLHQWtFD\VXSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQODHFRQR- 'HOJDGLOOR&\$&iUGHQDV0DQXDOGH%ULRWDVVHJXQGD
PtDGHORVERVTXHV$XQTXHHQDOJXQRVSDtVHV\DVHOHV HGLFLyQ &XDGHUQRV ,QVWLWXWR GH %LRORJtD 8QLYHUVLGDG
FRQVLGHUDFRPRVXMHWRVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ+DOOLQJElFNHW 1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR0p[LFR')S
DOHQ0p[LFRHQYLUWXGGHVXGHVFRQRFLPLHQWR )XOIRUG0\$-6KDUS7KHOHDI\KHSDWLFDHRI0H[LFR
QRKD\LQLFLDWLYDVSDUDVXSURWHFFLyQ1RREVWDQWHDQWHV 2QH KXQGUHG DQG WZHQW\VHYHQ \HDUV DIWHU &0 *RWWVFKH
GH HVWDEOHFHU XQ PDUFR OHJDO SDUD SURWHJHU D HVSHFLHV 0HPRLUVRIWKH1HZ<RUN%RWDQLFDO*DUGHQ
LQGLYLGXDOHVGHDQWRFHURWHVRKHSiWLFDVVHUHTXLHUHFRQ- *RIQHW % 2ULJLQ DQG SK\ORJHQHWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV RI
VHUYDUVXKiELWDW\VXVFRPXQLGDGHVFRPRXQDIRUPDGH EU\RSK\WHVIn %U\RSK\WH%LRORJ\$-6KDZ\%*RIQHW
FRQWULEXLUDSUHVHUYDUODVDOXGGHWRGRHOERVTXH HGV&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHS
+DOOLQJElFN 7 1 * +RGJHWWV \ ( 8UPL +RZ WR XVH
Agradecimientos WKHQHZ,8&15HGOLVWFDWHJRULHVRQEU\RSK\WHV*XLGHOLQHV
SURSRVHG E\ WKH ,8&1 66& EU\RSK\WH VSHFLDOLVW JURXS
$ 6XVDQD *X]PiQ 81,%,2 ,QVWLWXWR GH %LRORJtD $QDOHV GHO ,QVWLWXWR GH %LRORJtD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO
81$0SRUODREWHQFLyQGHLPiJHQHVGLJLWDOHVGHODVKHSi- $XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR6HULH%RWiQLFD
WLFDV PH[LFDQDV TXH LOXVWUDQ HVWH WUDEDMR 'RV UHYLVRUHV +lVVHO GH 0HQpQGH] * * /DV HVSHFLHV GH Phaeoceros
DQyQLPRV KLFLHURQ VXJHUHQFLDV ~WLOHV SDUD FRPSOHPHQWDU $QWKRFHURWRSK\WD GH $PpULFD GHO 1RUWH 6XG \ &HQWUDO
HOWH[WR OD RUQDPHQWDFLyQ GH VXV HVSRUDV \ WD[RQRPtD &DQGROOHD
Literatura citada +lVVHO GH 0HQpQGH] * * /DV HVSHFLHV GH Anthoceros
y Folioceros$QWKRFHURWRSK\WDGH$PpULFDGHO1RUWH6XG
%LVFKOHU&DXVVH+65*UDGVWHLQ6-RYHW$VW'/RQJ\1 \ &HQWUDO OD RUQDPHQWDFLyQ GH VXV HVSRUDV \ WD[RQRPtD
6DOD]DU0DUFKDQWLLGDH)ORUD1HRWURSLFD &DQGROOHD
&UDQGDOO6WRWOHU%5(6WRWOHU\'*/RQJ0RUSKRORJ\ 5HQ]DJOLD.6-&9LOODUUHDO\5-'XII1HZLQVLJKWV
DQG FODVVLFDWLRQ RI WKH 0DUFKDQWLRSK\WD In %U\RSK\WH RQWKHPRUSKRORJ\DQDWRP\DQGV\VWHPDWLFVRIKRUQZRUWV
%LRORJ\ % *RIQHW \ $ - 6KDZ HGV &DPEULGJH In %U\RSK\WH %LRORJ\ % *RIQHW \ $ - 6KDZ HGV
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl. 85: S106-S109, 2014
DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30954 109
Delgadillo-Moya y Jurez-Martnez.- Hepticas y antocerotes en Mxico
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHS 9LOODUUHDO-&'&&DUJLOO$+DJERUJ/6|GHUVWU|P\.6
6FKRHOG:%,QWURGXFWLRQWREU\RORJ\0DFPLOODQ1HZ 5HQ]DJOLD$V\QWKHVLVRIKRUQZRUWGLYHUVLW\3DWWHUQV
<RUNS FDXVHVDQGIXWXUHZRUN3K\WRWD[D
9DQGHUSRRUWHQ$\%*RIQHW,QWURGXFWLRQWREU\RSK\WHV :DWVRQ ( 9 7KH VWUXFWXUH DQG OLIH RI EU\RSK\WHV
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHS +XWFKLQVRQ8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\/RQGRQS
A B
C
D