INDIAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY

(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY)
MINISTRY OF SHIPPING, GOVRNMENT OF INDIA
GANDHIGRAM, VISAKHAPATNAM

ASSIGNMENT NAME : MARINE FUEL

SUBJECT NAME : DREDGING EQUIPMENT AND SLURRY

TRANSPORTATION

STUDENT NAME : KAKI VENKATARAMANA

REGISTRATION NO : 1604203005
 MARINE FUELS

Residual oil: it is the heaviest fraction of the distillation of crude oil,

with high viscosity (=> pre-heating necessary => used only in large
ships) and high concentration of pollutants (e.g. sulphur). Its
combustion produces a much darker smoke than other fuels and it
needs specific temperature for storage and pumping. Due to these
drawbacks, it is also the cheapest liquid fuel on the market.

IFO 180 (Intermediate Fuel Oil) : it is a mix of 98% of residual oil and
2% of distillate oil.

IFO 380 (Intermediate Fuel Oil) : it is a mix of 88% of residual oil and
12% of distillate oil. Due to the higher content in distillate oil, IFO 380
is more expensive than IFO 180.

MDO (Marine Diesel Oil) : it mainly consists of distillate oil and has a
lower sulphur content than the three fuels described above.

MGO (Marine Gas Oil) : it is pure distillate oil and has the lowest
sulphur content.

Fuel oil, (also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil) is
a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or
a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in
a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for
the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of
approximately 107 F (42 C) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick
burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of
long hydrocarbon chains,
particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is
also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial
fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier
than gasoline and naphtha.
In some countries, the term "fuel oil" usually refers specifically
to diesel fuel while in Australia, diesel fuel itself is commonly known
as distillate.
Clauses
Although the following trends generally hold true, different
organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six
fuel grades. The boiling point and carbon chain length of the fuel
increases with fuel oil number. Viscosity also increases with number,
and the heaviest oil must be heated for it to flow. Price usually
decreases as the fuel number increases.
Number 1 fuel oil is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing
pot-type burners. It is the kerosene refinery cut that boils off
immediately after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. Former
names include: coal oil, stove oil and range oil. [2]
Number 2 fuel oil is a distillate home heating oil.[3] This fuel is
sometimes known as Bunker A. Trucks and some cars use
similar diesel fuel with a cetane number limit describing the ignition
quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil
cut. Gas oil refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries the gas oil cut was used as an enriching
agent for carburetted water gas manufacture.
Number 3 fuel oil was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-
viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2
specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th
century.[3]
Number 4 fuel oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations
not equipped with preheaters.[3] It may be obtained from the heavy
gas oil cut.
 Number 5 fuel oil is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring
preheating to 170220 F (77104 C) for proper atomization at the
burners. This fuel is sometimes known as Bunker B. It may be
obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, ] or it may be a blend of residual
oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped
without preheating.[3]
Number 6 fuel oil is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating
to 220260 F (104127 C). Residual means the material remaining
after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue
may contain various undesirable impurities, including 2% water and
0.5% mineral soil. This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO),
by the Navy specification of Bunker C, or by the Pacific Specification
of PS-400.[3]
Mazut is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian petroleum
sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or
burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as
a petrochemical feedstock. In the Russian practice, though, "mazut"
is an umbrella term roughly synonymous with the fuel oil in general,
that covers most of the types mentioned above, except types 1 and
2/3, for which separate terms exist (kerosene and diesel fuel/solar oil
respectively Russian practice doesn't differentiate between diesel
fuel and heating oil). This is further separated in two grades, "naval
mazut" being analogous to grades 4 and 5, and "furnace mazut", a
heaviest residual fraction of the crude, almost exactly corresponding
to the number 6 fuel oil and further graded by viscosity and sulphur
content.
Coloured diesel is used in fishing fleets, agricultural and
forestry sectors.
Technically, the oil colour has the same characteristics of fuel or road
diesel. The difference lies in its green colour (hence the term colour)
and it contains a tracer, a chemical additive that can detect its use
even if it is discoloured.
Besides being used in agriculture, this fuel is used by fishing fleets,
tugs, barges and boats carrying passengers in inland waters. The
control and access to this product is carried out through a gas card,
awarded by the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery under
certain conditions.
Coloured diesel is part of a product category with tax reduction or
exemption of taxes on oil products.
Industrial fuel oil is used in industrial co-generation heating
systems and low or medium speed engines
The various types of industrial fuel oil are developed for the industry.
They are the result of a complex combination of hydrocarbons
produced by the distillation of crude oil for the production of heat in
thermal plants. This fuel, of low sulphur content, can be used in
heating or co-generation systems and low or medium speed engines.

The different types of existing fuel oil (N. 3, N. 4 ATE; N4 BTE and
co-generation) are characterised by the different viscosities that
regulate their use:
Ovens and furnaces Ovens and furnaces
For use in heating of fluids and materials.
Boilers Calderas
Used to produce steam and hot water.
Motors diesel Stationary diesel engines
Can be used on existing co-generation installations and low or
medium speed engines.