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The judge is NOT required to personally examine the A general warrant is one that does not allege any
complainant and his witnesses. What the specific acts or omissions constituting the offense
Constitution underscores is the exclusive and charged in the application for the issuance of the
personal responsibility of the issuing judge to satisfy warrant. It contravenes the explicit demand of the
himself of the existence of probable cause (Soliven Bill of Rights that the things to be seized be
v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 394). particularly described.
B. There must be no supervening event which Protected speech includes every form of expression,
breaks the continuity of the chase. whether oral, written, tape or disc recorded. It
includes motion pictures as well as what is known as
1. Stop and frisk symbolic speech such as the wearing of an armband
as a symbol of protest. Peaceful picketing has also
When a policeman observes suspicious activity which been included within the meaning of speech.
leads him to believe that a crime is about to be
committed, he can investigate the suspicious looking Prohibitions under Section 4
1. Prohibition against PRIOR RESTRAINT 1. It must not be false or misleading; and
1. Prohibition against SUBSEQUENT PUNISHMENT 2. It should not propose an illegal
Prohibition against prior restraint transaction.
1. Even truthful and lawful commercial speech may
1. Prior restraint means official governmental
be regulated if:
restrictions on the press or other forms of
1. Government has a substantial interest to
expression in advance of actual publication or
protect;
dissemination.
2. The regulation directly advances that
2. Examples/forms of prior restraint
interest; and
1. movie censorship
3. It is not more extensive than is necessary
2. judicial prior restraint = injunction against
to protect that interest. (Central Hudson
publication
Gas and Electric Corp. v. Public Service
3. license taxes based on gross receipts for
Commission of NY, 447 US 557)
the privilege of engaging in the business
of advertising in any newspaper
Unprotected Speech
4. flat license fees for the privilege of selling
1. 1. LIBEL
religious books 1. FAIR COMMENT (U.S. Rule). These are
statements of OPINION, not of fact, and are not
When prohibition does not apply
considered actionable, even if the words used
1. During a war. Ex. Government can prevent are neither mild nor temperate. What is
publication about the number/locations of its important is that the opinion is the true and
troops (Near v. Minnesota, 238 US 697) honest opinion of the person. The statements
2. Obscene publications. are not used to attack personalities but to give
Standards for allowable subsequent punishment ones opinion on decisions and actions.
TEST CRITERION 1. OPINIONS. With respect to public personalities
(politicians, actors, anyone with a connection to
1. Dangerous Tendency Test There a newsworthy event), opinions can be aired
should be a RATIONAL CONNECTION between the regarding their public actuations. Comment on
speech and the evil apprehended. their private lives, if not germane to their public
personae, are not protected.
2. Clear and Present Danger Test There 1. 2. OBSCENITY
should be a clear and present danger that the words 1. Test for obscenity (Miller v. California)
when used under such circumstances are of such a 1. Whether the average person, applying
contemporary community standards would find
nature as to create a CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER
that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the
that they will bring about the substantive evils that
prurient interest.
the State has a right to prevent.
2. Whether the work depicts or describes, in a
patently offensive way, sexual conduct,
3. Balancing of Interests Test The
specifically defined by law.
courts should BALANCE the PUBLIC INTEREST served
3. Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks
by legislation on one hand and the FREEDOM OF
serious literary, artistic, political or scientific
SPEECH (or any other constitutional right) on the value.
other. The courts will then decide where the 2. Procedure for seizure of allegedly obscene
greater weight should be placed. publications
1. Authorities must apply for issuance of search
Freedom of Speech warrant.
The doctrine on freedom of speech was 2. Court must be convinced that the materials are
formulated primarily for the protection of core obscene. Apply clear and present danger test.
speech, i.e. speech which communicates political, 3. Judge will determine whether they are in fact
social or religious ideas. These enjoy the same obscene.
degree of protection. Commercial speech, 4. Judge will issue a search warrant.
however, does not. 5. Proper action should be filed under Art. 201 of
the RPC.
6. Conviction is subject to appeal.
Right of Assembly and Petition
Commercial Speech 1. The standards for allowable impairment of
1. A communication which no more than proposes a speech and press also apply to the right of
commercial transaction. assembly and petition.
1. To enjoy protection: 1. Rules on assembly in public places:
1. Applicant should inform the licensing authority religion. In order to show a violation of this
of the date, the public place where and the time clause, the person affected must show the
when the assembly will take place. coercive effect of the legislation as it operates
1. The application should be filed ahead of time to against him in the practice of his religion. While
enable the public official concerned to appraise the freedom to believe (non-establishment) is
whether there are valid objections to the grant absolute, the moment such belief flows over into
of the permit or to its grant, but in another action, it becomes subject to government
public place. The grant or refusal should be regulation.
based on the application of the Clear and Requisites for government aid to be allowable:
Present Danger Test. 1. It must have a secular legislative purpose;
1. If the public authority is of the view that there is 2. It must have a primary effect that neither
an imminent and grave danger of a substantive advances nor inhibits religion;
evil, the applicants must be heard on the 3. It must not require excessive entanglement with
matter. recipient institutions.
1. The decision of the public authority, whether
favorable or adverse, must be transmitted to the Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the
applicants at the earliest opportunity so that same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be
they may, if they so desire, have recourse to the impaired except upon lawful order of the
proper judicial authority. court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired
1. Rules on assembly in private except in the interest of national security, public
properties: safety or public health, as may be provided by law.
General rule: The value must be that as of the time 4) Signing of arrest reports and booking sheets.
of the filing of the complaint for expropriation.
When rights are not available:
Exception: When the filing of the case comes later
than the time of taking and meanwhile the value of 1) During a police line-up. Exception: Once
the property has increased because of the use to there is a move among the investigators to elicit
which the expropriator has put it, the value is that admissions or confessions from the suspect.
of the time of the earlier taking. BUT if the value
2) During administrative investigations.
increased independently of what the expropriator
did, then the value is that of the latter filing of the
3) Confessions made by an accused at the time he
case.
voluntarily surrendered to the police or outside the
context of a formal investigation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of
contracts shall be passed.
4) Statements made to a private person.
When does a law impair the obligation of
contracts: Exclusionary rule
2) If it imposes new conditions or dispenses with 2) Therefore, any evidence obtained by virtue of
those expressed an illegally obtained confession is also inadmissible,
being the fruit of a poisoned tree.
3) If it authorizes for its satisfaction something
different from that provided in its terms. Requisites of valid waiver:
A mere change in PROCEDURAL REMEDIES which does 1) Waiver should be made in WRITING
not change the substance of the contract, and which
2) Waiver should be made in the PRESENCE OF
COUNSEL.
Section 13. Right to bail 2. Apart from bail, a person may attain provisional
Who are entitled to bail: liberty through recognizance.
Section 14. Rights of an accused
1) All persons ACTUALLY DETAINED Rights of a person charged with a criminal offense
1. Right to due process of law
2) shall, BEFORE CONVICTION 2. Right to be presumed innocent
3. Right to be heard by himself and counsel
3) Be entitled to bail. 4. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him
Who are not entitled to bail:
5. Right to have a speedy, impartial and public trial
6. Right to meet the witnesses face to face
1) Persons charged with offenses PUNISHABLE by
7. Right to have compulsory process to secure the
RECLUSION PERPETUA or DEATH, when evidence of
attendance of witnesses and the production of
guilt is strong
evidence in his behalf
9) Whether accused was a fugitive from justice (i) Accused has been duly notified; and
when arrested
(ii) His failure to appear is unjustifiable.
10) If accused is under bond in other cases
1. The accused may waive the right to be present
at the trial by not showing up. However, the
Implicit limitations on the right to bail:
court can still compel the attendance of the
1. The person claiming the right must be in actual
accused if necessary for identification purposes.
detention or custody of the law.
Exception: If the accused, after arraignment, has
2. The constitutional right is available only in
stipulated that he is indeed the person charged
criminal cases, not, e.g. in deportation
with the offense and named in the information,
proceedings.
and that any time a witness refers to a name by
Note:
which he is known, the witness is to be
1. Right to bail is not available in the military.
understood as referring to him.
1. While the accused is entitled to be present Factors used in determining whether the right to a
during promulgation of judgement, the absence speedy trial has been violated.
of his counsel during such promulgation does not
affect its validity. 1) Time expired from the filing of the information
2. Right to counsel
2) Length of delay involved
(a) Right to counsel means the right to EFFECTIVE
REPRESENTATION. 3) Reasons for the delay
(b) If the accused appears at arraignment without 4) Assertion or non-assertion of the right by the
counsel, the judge must: accused
(i) Inform the accused that he has a right to a 5) Prejudice caused to the defendant.
counsel before arraignment
Effect of dismissal based on the ground of violation
(ii) Ask the accused if he desires the aid of counsel of the accuseds right to speedy trial
(iii) If the accused desires counsel, but cannot afford If the dismissal is valid, it amounts to an acquittal
one, a counsel de oficio must be appointed and can be used as basis to claim double jeopardy.
This would be the effect even if the dismissal was
(iv) If the accused desires to obtain his own counsel, made with the consent of the accused
the court must give him a reasonable time to get
one. Remedy of the accused if his right to speedy trial
has been violated
3. Right to an impartial judge
He can move for the dismissal of the case.
4. Right of confrontation and cross-examination
If he is detained, he can file a petition for the
5. Right to compulsory process to secure the issuance of writ of habeas corpus.
attendance of witnesses
Definition of impartial trial
RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE AND
CAUSE OF ACCUSATION AGAINST HIM The accused is entitled to the cold neutrality of an
Purposes of the right: impartial judge.
1. The admissibility of dying declarations Only natural persons. Judicial persons are subject to
2. Trial in absentia under Section 14(2) the visitorial powers of the state in order to
3. With respect to child testimony determine compliance with the conditions of the
charter granted to them.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a
speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, Section 18. Right against involuntary servitude
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
While the rights of an accused only apply to the trial It is every condition of enforced or compulsory
phase of criminal cases, the right to a speedy service of one to another no matter under what form
disposition of cases covers ALL phases of JUDICIAL, such servitude may be disguised.
QUASI-JUDICIAL or ADMINISTRATIVE proceedings.
Exceptions:
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a 1. Punishment for a crime for which the party has
been duly convicted
witness against himself.
2. Personal military or civil service in the interest
When is a question incriminating: of national defense
3. Return to work order issued by the DOLE
A question tends to incriminate when the answer of Secretary or the President
the accused or the witness would establish a fact Section 19. Prohibition against cruel, degrading
which would be a necessary link in a chain of and inhuman punishment
evidence to prove the commission of a crime by the When is a penalty cruel, degrading and
accused or the witness. inhuman?
1. A penalty is cruel and inhuman if it involves
Distinction between an accused and an ordinary torture or lingering suffering. Ex. Being drawn
witness and quartered.
1. An accused can refuse to take the witness stand 2. A penalty is degrading if it exposes a person to
by invoking the right against self-incrimination. public humiliation. Ex. Being tarred and
2. An ordinary witness cannot refuse to take the feathered, then paraded throughout town.
stand. He can only refuse to answer specific Standards used:
questions which would incriminate him in the 1. The punishment must not be so severe as to be
commission of an offense. degrading to the dignity of human beings.
Scope of right 2. It must not be applied arbitrarily.
1. What is PROHIBITED is the use of physical or 3. It must not be unacceptable to contemporary
moral compulsion to extort communication from society
the witness or to otherwise elicit evidence which 4. It must not be excessive, i.e. it must serve a
would not exist were it not for the actions penal purpose more effectively than a less
compelled from the witness. severe punishment would.
2. The right does NOT PROHIBIT the Excessive fine
examination of the body of the accused or the
use of findings with respect to his body as A fine is excessive, when under any circumstance, it
physical evidence. Hence, the fingerprinting of is disproportionate to the offense.
an accused would not violate the right against
self-incrimination. However, obtaining a sample
Note: Fr. Bernas says that the accused cannot be 1) If information does not charge any offense
convicted of the crime to which the punishment is
attached if the court finds that the punishment is 2) If, upon pleading guilty, the accused presents
cruel, degrading or inhuman. evidence of complete self-defense, and the court
thereafter acquits him without entering a new plea
Reason: Without a valid penalty, the law is not a of not guilty for accused.
penal law.
3) If the information for an offense cognizable by
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt the RTC is filed with the MTC.
or non-payment of a poll tax.
4) If a complaint filed for preliminary
Definition of debt under Section 20 investigation is dismissed.
When does jeopardy NOT attach: 5) If the dismissal was made with grave abuse of
discretion.
What are considered to be the SAME Definition of ex-post facto law.
OFFENSE: (under the 1st sentence of Section 21)
1) One which makes an action done before the
1) Exact identity between the offenses charged in passing of the law, and which was innocent when
the first and second cases. done, criminal, and punishes such action.
2) One offense is an attempt to commit or a 2) One which aggravates the crime or makes it
frustration of the other offense. greater than when it was committed.
3) One offense is necessarily included or 3) One which changes the punishment and
necessary includes the other. inflicts a greater punishment than that which the
law annexed to the crime when it was committed.
Note: where a single act results in the violation of
different laws or different provisions of the same 4) One which alters the legal rules of evidence
law, the prosecution for one will not bar the other and receives less testimony than the law required at
so long as none of the exceptions apply. the time of the commission of the offense in order
Definition of double jeopardy (2nd sentence of Sec. to convict the accused.
21)
5) One which assumes to regulate civil rights and
Double jeopardy will result if the act punishable remedies only BUT, in effect, imposes a penalty or
under the law and the ordinance are the same. For deprivation of a right, which, when done, was
there to be double jeopardy, it is not necessary that lawful.
the offense be the same.
6) One which deprives a person accused of a
SUPERVENING FACTS crime of some lawful protection to which he has
become entitled such as the protection of a former
1) Under the Rules of Court, a conviction for an conviction or acquittal, or a proclamation of
offense will not bar a prosecution for an offense amnesty.
which necessarily includes the offense charged in
the former information where: Note: The prohibition on ex post facto laws only
applies to retrospective PENAL laws.
1. The graver offense developed due to a Definition of BILL OF ATTAINDER
supervening fact arising from the same act or
omission constituting the former charge. 1) A bill of attainder is a LEGISLATIVE act which
2. The facts constituting the graver offense became inflicts punishment W/O JUDICIAL trial.
known or were discovered only after the filing of
the former information. 2) The bill of attainder does not need to be
3. The plea of guilty to the lesser offense was made directed at a specifically named person. It may also
without the consent of the fiscal and the refer to easily ascertainable members of a group in
offended party.
such a way as to inflict punishment on them without
judicial trial.
2) Under (1)(b), if the facts could have been
discovered by the prosecution but were not
3) Elements of the bill of attainder
discovered because of the prosecutions
incompetence, it would not be considered a 1. There must be a LAW.
supervening event. 2. The law imposes a PENAL burden on a NAMED
INVIDIDUAL/EASILY ASCERTAINABLE MEMBERS of
Effect of appeal by the accused: a GROUP.
3. The penal burden is imposed DIRECTLY by the
If the accused appeals his conviction, he WAIVES his LAW W/O JUDICIAL trial.
right to plead double jeopardy. The whole case will
be open to review by the appellate court. Such
court may even increase the penalties imposed on
the accused by the trial court.