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2.1.1 Morphology
words
constituents.
called words.
of Linguistics that studies the word form, the forming process of word and also its
However, based on the object of study each of them has different scope. The
2.1.2 Morpheme
Charles F. Hockett says that Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful
divided into several elements and has a meaning. All the based form is
Morpheme. In Linguistics we can find that Morpheme is classified into two: Free
Morpheme and Bound Morpheme. Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand
alone (independent) without bound morpheme. For example : run, read, far, etc.
While bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone (dependent) but
have to attach to free morpheme. For example: Affixation: Prefix, Suffix, and
Infix.
dis- (noun), dis-(adj), dis-(verb),re- (verb), ex-(noun), in- (noun). For example,
being attached together. Discount derives from the combination of prefix /dis-/
and verb /count/. While in Gayonese the are 7 prefixes : /mu-/, /pe-/, /be-/, /ke-/,
/te-/, /i-/, and /se-/. For example, the word munyara derives from the combination
of prefix /mu-/ and /sara/ which means unite in English and menyatu in
Bahasa.
2.1.3 Word
unite of a language. From the statement above, we can conclude that word is the
smallest free element or we can also say that every free element is a word. There
1. A word might consists of one free morpheme. For example : sick, sleep,
2. A word might consists of one free morpheme and minimum one bound
morpheme. For example: unlock, unreal, dismiss, etc. These are called
complex words.
3. A word might consists of one bound morpheme or more with one more
4. A word might consists of one free morpheme and one free morpheme or
morpheme can be classified as word and not all morphemes can be made into
basic form.
arrangements in forming words (1967 : 1). Charles F. Hockett, (1958 :177) says,
Morphology includes the stock or segmental morpheme and the ways in which
words are built out of them. Katamba (1994 : 3 ) says that morphology is study
of internal structure.
dengan menghubungkan morfem yang satu dengan morfem yang lain.( The way
From the explanation given above, it is clear that morphology is the study
of word forming which also distinguish a word from morpheme. For example the
word /recheck/ has two morphemes : /re-/ which is bound morpheme and check
which is free morpheme. /Re-/ is dependent morpheme and can not stand alone if
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorphologicalProces
s.htm).
these languages also use prefixation and infixation. Very few languages use only
prefixation, and none employ only infixation or any of the other types of
follows:
1. Prefixation
Example (English)
The prefix un- attaches to the front of the stem selfish to form the word
unselfish.
2. Suffixation
Example (English)
The past tense suffix -ed attaches to the end of the stem walk to form the
past tense verb walked.
The focus marker -um- is a infix which is added after the first consonant of the
root.
1. Circumfixation
2. Modification
Example (English)
The root man is modified when it it undergoes the pluralization that results
in the form men.
Singular Plural
and Suffixes. Below are some examples for each of the Affixation in
Gayonese:
/-ni/
languages, which its goal is to describe their similarities and differences. The
language in general and for the study of the individual languages compared. The
02/2010).
synonymous with 'contrastive analysis' (CA) but only the latter is a countable
theoretical discipline.
and difference between two languages. "Contrastive analysis was developed and
2010).
The study began in Central Europe before the Second World War and
developed afterwards in North America. In the United States in the late 1950s,
difficulty for language learners, although already in 1945 Charles Fries had
formulated the theory. The earlier contrastive analysis research was language-
features of the native language which contrasted with features of the foreign
language, indicating that these would be areas most likely to cause difficulty for
By the early 1970s, this contrastive analysis theory had been to an extent
supplanted by error analysis, which examined not only the impact of transfer
errors but also those related to the target language, including overgeneralization
the language for which it--and only it--has been developed. Transformational
with other languages. Before the writer is going further to analyses the contrast of
languages. But the correspondences are not so important and they are regarded as
a general one. The similar is both of them doing a comparison between two or
more languages.
differences between to different background language. The aim of this study is not
merely to find the similarities and dissimilarities only, but the more important
explicit.
working procedure where the activity or the duty is trying to compare the first
language structure with the second language in order to identify the non-
the different language family that are got and produced by contrastive analysis can
be used as the reason in predicting the difficulties in learning the languages that
will be faced by the students, even for those who study language.
In writing this thesis, the writer uses the some theories from books and
This book explains about the definition and concept of Contrastive Analysis.
Some ideas are taken by the writer writing this thesis. For example, Ridwan states
dibandingkan.
book tells about the explanation of Morphology in general. The writer takes some
which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as
Words. This book tells about the understanding of morphology in general. Some
definition and description of word taken from this book. According to Nida,
(1967 : 1).
Gayo LUT dengan Afiksasi Bahasa Indonesia. The writer takes the data from this
dan Bahasa Banten. This thesis talks about the kontrastif beween English and
Bantenese in the use of prefix. Some data taken from this book especially the
English prefix data. For example, uncover derives from prefix /un-/ and /cover/