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Pressure Loss
As fluid flows through a piping system, where pipes rise and fall, changing elevation, the
pressure at a particular point in a pipe is also affected by the changes in elevation of the fluid that
have occured.
For example, consider a single vertical pipe where the fluid is flowing upwards, gaining
elevation height as it goes. The weight of fluid acting 'on top' of the fluid at a point in the pipe
reduces as we consider points higher up the pipe, since there is less fluid above it. Therefore
there is a loss of pressure in the pipe as the fluid rises.
Conversely, at the bottom of the vertical pipe there is the full weight of fluid in the pipe 'pushing
down' on that point and due to this, the pressure at that point increases (in comparison to the
pressure on the fluid at the top of the pipe). Therefore there is a gain in pressure in the pipe as the
fluid falls.
EL = (V/2g) + (p/) + h
where
V = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
p =static pressure (relative to the moving fluid)
= specific weight
h = elevation height
A pitot tube can be inserted into a pipe such that the fluid initially flows into the tip of the tube,
until the height of fluid in the tube balances the energy coming in, at which point the flow in to
the tube stops and the fluid velocity at the very tip of the pitot tube becomes zero. The pressure
and the velocity head of the fluid are in effect converted to the equivalent head in height of fluid
(i.e. the fluid will rise to the elevation of the EL for that specific point in the flow).
HGL = (p/) + h
where
p =static pressure (relative to the moving fluid)
= specific weight
h = elevation height