Vector and Tensor Analysis

Problem 4: Prove that where a and c are constants.

a. curl r = 0 :

i1 i2 i3

curl r =
x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3
x x x x x x
= i1 3 2 + i2 3 1 + i3 1 2
x2 x3 x1 x3 x2 x1
= i1 ( 0 ) + i2 ( 0 ) + i3 ( 0 )
=0

b. curl r ( r ) = 0 :

i1 i2 i3

curl r ( r ) =
x1 x2 x3
x1 ( r ) x2 ( r ) x3 ( r )
x3 ( r ) x2 ( r ) x1 ( r ) x3 ( r ) x2 ( r ) x1 ( r )
= i1 + i2 + i3
x x x x x x
2 3 3 1 1 2
' ( r ) x2 ' ( r ) x3
= i1 ( x3 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 ) ( x2 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 )
r r

' ( r ) x3 ' ( r ) x1
+i2 ( x1 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 ) ( x3 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 )
r r
' ( r ) x1 ' ( r ) x2
+i3 ( x2 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 ) ( x1 ) + ( ( r ) ) ( 0 )
r r

' ( r ) x2 ' ( r ) x3
= i1 ( x3 ) ( x2 )
r r
' ( r ) x3 ' ( r ) x1
+i2 ( x1 ) ( x3 )
r r
' ( r ) x1 ' ( r ) x2
+i3 ( x2 ) ( x1 )
r r
= i1 ( 0 ) + i2 ( 0 ) + i3 ( 0 )
=0
c. curl r ( cir ) = c r :

curl r ( cir ) = ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 )

i1 i2 i3

=
x1 x2 x3
(c x
1 1
2
+ c2 x1 x2 + c3 x1 x3 ) (c x x + c x
1 1 2 2 2
2
+ c3 x2 x3 ) (c x x
1 1 3 + c2 x2 x3 + c3 x32 )
( c1 x1 x3 + c2 x2 x3 3 32
+ c x ) (c x x 1 1 2 + c2 x2
2
+ c x x )
= i1
3 2 3

x2 x3
( c1 x12 + c2 x1 x2 + c3 x1 x3 ) ( c1 x1 x3 + c2 x2 x3 + c3 x32 )
+i2
x3 x1
( c1 x1 x2 + c2 x2 2 + c3 x2 x3 ) ( c1 x12 + c2 x1 x2 + c3 x1 x3 )
+i3
x1 x2
= i1 [ c2 x3 c3 x2 ] + i2 [ c3 x1 c1 x3 ] + i3 [ c1 x2 c2 x1 ]
= cr

d. curl [c r ] = 2c :

curl [c r ] = i1 ( c2 x3 c3 x2 ) + i2 ( c3 x1 c1 x3 ) + i3 ( c1 x2 c2 x1 )

i1 i2 i3

=
x1 x2 x3
( c2 x3 c3 x2 ) ( c3 x1 c1 x3 ) ( c1 x2 c2 x1 )
( c x c x ) ( c3 x1 c1 x3 ) ( c2 x3 c3 x2 ) ( c1 x2 c2 x1 ) ( c3 x1 c1 x3 ) ( c2 x3 c3 x2 )
= i1 1 2 2 1 + i2 + i3
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2
= i1 ( c1 (c1 ) ) + i2 ( c2 (c2 ) ) + i3 ( c3 (c3 ) )
= 2c1i1 + 2c2i2 + 2c3i3
= 2 ( c1i1 + c2i2 + c3i3 )
= 2c
e. curl c ( air ) = a c :

curl c ( air ) = ( c1i1 + c2i2 + c3i3 )( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )

i1 i2 i3

=
x1 x2 x3
( a1c1 x1 + a2 c1 x2 + a3c1 x3 ) ( a1c2 x1 + a2c2 x2 + a3c2 x3 ) ( a1c3 x1 + a2 c3 x2 + a3c3 x3 )
( a1c3 x1 + a2 c3 x2 + a3c3 x3 ) ( a1c2 x1 + a2c2 x2 + a3c2 x3 )
=i
x2 x3
1

( a1c1 x1 + a2c1 x2 + a3c1 x3 ) ( a1c3 x1 + a2 c3 x2 + a3c3 x3 )
+i2
x3 x1
( a1c2 x1 + a2c2 x2 + a3c2 x3 ) ( a1c1 x1 + a2 c1 x2 + a3c1 x3 )
+i3
x1 x2
= i1 [ a2c3 a3c2 ] + i2 [ a3c1 a1c3 ] + i3 [ a1c2 a2 c1 ]
= ac
f. curl ( c r ) a = a c

curl ( c r ) a = r ( cia ) c ( r ia )
= ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3 ) ( c1i1 + c2i2 + c3i3 )( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )

= {( a1c1 x1 + a2c2 x1 + a3c3 x1 ) i1 + ( a1c1 x2 + a2c2 x2 + a3c3 x2 ) i2 + ( a1c1 x3 + a2 c2 x3 + a3c3 x3 ) i3

( a1c1 x1 + a2 c1 x2 + a3c1 x3 ) i1 + ( a1c2 x1 + a2 c2 x2 + a3c2 x3 ) i2 + ( a1c3 x1 + a2c3 x2 + a3c3 x3 ) i3 }
= [( a2 c2 x1 + a3c3 x1 a2c1 x2 a3c1 x3 ) i1 + ( a1c1 x2 + a3c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3c2 x3 ) i2
+ ( a1c1 x3 + a2c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2 c3 x2 ) i3 ]
i1 i2 i3

=
x1 x2 x3
(a c x
2 2 1
+ a3 c3 x1 a2 c1 x2 a3 c1 x3 ) (a c x
1 1 2
+ a3 c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3 c2 x3 ) (a c x
1 1 3
+ a2 c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2 c3 x2 )

( a1c1 x3 + a2 c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 ) ( a1c1 x2 + a3c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3c2 x3 )

= i1
x2 x3
( a2 c2 x1 + a3c3 x1 a2 c1 x2 a3c1 x3 ) ( a1c1 x3 + a2 c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 )
+i2
x3 x1
( a1c1 x2 + a3c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3c2 x3 ) ( a2 c2 x1 + a3c3 x1 a2c1 x2 a3c1 x3 )
+i3
x1 x2
= i1 ( a2c3 + a3c2 ) + i2 ( a3c1 + a1c3 ) + i3 ( a1c2 + a2c1 )
= i1 ( a2c3 a3c2 ) + i2 ( a3c1 a1c3 ) + i3 ( a1c2 a2 c1 )
= (a c )
= ca
g. curl ( c r ) r = 3c r

curl ( c r ) r = r ( cir ) c ( r ir )
= ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 ) ( c1i1 + c2i2 + c3i3 ) ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )

= {( c1 x12 + c2 x1 x2 + c3 x1 x3 ) i1 + ( c1 x1 x2 + c2 x2 2 + c3 x2 x3 ) i2 + ( c1 x1 x3 + c2 x2 x3 + c3 x3 2 ) i3

( c1 x12 + c1 x2 2 + c1 x32 ) i1 + ( c2 x12 + c2 x2 2 + c2 x32 ) i2 + ( c3 x12 + c3 x2 2 + c3 x32 ) i3 }

= [i1 ( c2 x1 x2 + c3 x1 x3 c1 x2 2 c1 x32 ) + i2 ( c1 x1 x2 + c3 x2 x3 c2 x12 c2 x32 )

i3 ( c1 x1 x3 + c2 x2 x3 c3 x12 c3 x2 2 )]

i1 i2 i3

=
x1 x2 x3
(c x x
2 1 2
+ c3 x1 x3 c1 x2 c1 x3
2 2
) (c x x
1 1 2
+ c3 x2 x3 c2 x1 c2 x3
2 2
) (c x x
1 1 3
+ c2 x2 x3 c3 x12 c3 x2 2 )
= i1 ( c2 x3 2c3 x2 ) ( c3 x2 2c2 x3 ) + i2 ( c3 x1 2c1 x3 ) ( c1 x3 2c3 x1 )
i3 ( c1 x2 2c2 x1 ) ( c2 x1 2c1 x2 )
= i1 ( 3c2 x3 3c3 x2 ) + i2 ( 3c3 x1 3c1 x3 ) + i3 ( 3c1 x2 3c2 x1 )
= 3 i1 ( c2 x3 c3 x2 ) + i2 ( c3 x1 c1 x3 ) + i3 ( c1 x2 c2 x1 )
= 3c r
Problem 8: Find the flux of the field
A = 4x1 x3i1 x22i 2 + x2 x3i 3
through the surface of the unit cube bounded b the planes

x1 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = 0, x3 = 1

Solution:
x2
(0,1,0) (1,1,0)

(1,1,1)
(0,1,1) A

(1,0,0)
x1

(0,0,1)
(1,0,1)

x3
Let Q = Flux of the vector field A, then by definition
Q = A ndS = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
S
Where Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5 and Q6 = are the fluxes through the different surfaces
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= A ( i1 ) x =1 dx2 dx3 + A ( i1 ) x =0 dx2 dx3 + A ( i 2 ) x =1 dx1dx3 + A ( i 2 ) x =0 dx1dx3
1 1 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
+ A ( i 3 ) x =1 dx1dx2 + A ( i 3 ) x =0 dx1dx2
3 3
0 0 0 0
Such that
1 1 1 1

A ( i1 ) x1 =1 dx2 dx3 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x2 i 2 + x2 x3i3 ) ( i1 ) x1 =1 dx2 dx3

2
(1) 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
= ( 4 x1 x3 ) x =1 dx2 dx3 = 4 x3dx2 dx3
1
0 0 0 0

1 1
x2
= 4 x3 (1 0 ) dx3 = 4 3
0
2 0

= 2 (1 0 ) = 2
 1 1 1 1

A ( i1 ) x1 =0 dx2 dx3 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x2 i 2 + x2 x3i3 ) ( -i1 ) x1 =0 dx2 dx3

2
(2) 0 0 0 0
1 1
= ( 4 x1 x3 ) x =1 dx2 dx3 = 0
1
0 0

1 1 1 1

A ( i )
2 x2 =1
dx1dx3 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x22 i 2 + x2 x3i 3 ) ( i 2 ) dx1dx3
(3) x2 =1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
= ( 1) x =1 dx1dx3 = dx1dx3
1
0 0 0 0
1
= (1 0 ) dx3 = x3 0
1

= (1 0 ) = 1

1 1 1 1

A ( i 2 ) x2 =0 dx1dx3 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x2 i 2 + x2 x3i3 ) ( -i 2 ) x2 =0 dx1dx3

2
(4) 0 0 0 0
1 1
= ( 0 ) x =1 dx1dx3 = 0
1
0 0

1 1 1 1

A ( i )
3 x3 =1
dx1dx2 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x22 i 2 + x2 x3i 3 ) ( i 3 ) dx1dx2
(5) x3 =1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
= ( x2 x3 ) x =1 dx1dx2 = x2 dx1dx2
1
0 0 0 0

1 2 1
x
= x2 (1 0 ) dx2 = 2

0
2 0

1
=
2
1 1 1 1

A ( i )
3 x3 = 0
dx1dx2 = ( 4 x1 x3i1 x22i 2 + x2 x3i 3 ) ( -i 3 ) dx1dx2
(6) x3 = 0
0 0 0 0
1 1
= ( 0 ) x =1 dx1dx2 = 0
1
0 0

Taking the sum of Qi, we get:

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
1
= 2 + 0 + (1) + 0 + + 0
2
3
=
2
Problem 9: Find the flux of the curl of the field
A = ( x12 + x2 4 ) i1 + ( 3 x1 x2 ) i 2 + ( 2 x1 x3 + x32 ) i 3

Through the hemisphere x12 + x22 + x32 = 16 , x3 > 0.

Solution:

The flux of the curl of the field is,

Q = ( A ) ndS
S

x3

x2

L, bounding
curve

x1

Using Stokes Theorem, then

Q = ( A ) ndS = A dr
S L

The bounding curve L, is a circle, where

x1 = 4cos , x2 = 4sin , x3 = 0

And A = ( x12 + x2 4 ) i1 + ( 3 x1 x2 ) i 2 + ( 2 x1 x3 + x32 ) i 3

= (16 cos 2 + 4 sin 4 ) i1 + ( 3(16 cos sin ) i 2 + ( 2(cos )(0) + 0 ) i 3
= (16 cos 2 + 4 sin 4 ) i1 + ( 48 cos sin ) i 2

Also, r = 4 ( cos ) i1 + ( sin ) i 2

dr = 4 ( sin ) i1 + ( cos ) i 2 d
Therefore,

Q = ( A ) ndS = A dr
S L
2

(16 cos + 4sin 4 ) i1 + ( 48cos sin ) i 2 4 ( sin ) i1 + ( cos ) i 2 d

2
=
0
2
= 4 (16 cos 2 + 4sin 4 ) ( sin ) + ( 48cos sin )( cos ) d
0
2
= 4 16 cos 2 sin 4sin 2 4sin + 48cos2 sin d
0
2
= 4 16 cos 2 sin 2 (1 cos 2 ) 4sin + 48cos 2 sin d
0
2
= 4 16 cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 4sin + 48cos 2 sin d
0
2
cos3 cos3
= 4 16 2 sin 2 + 4 cos 48
3 3 0
16
= 4 (1 1) 2 ( 2 0 ) ( 0 0 ) + 4 (1 1) 16 (1 1)
3
= 16