ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

Isotonic Solutions
Isotonic - having the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
Hypotonic - osmotic pressure is lower than in the body fluids
Hypertonic - osmotic pressure is higher than in the body fluids

Preparation of Isotonic Solutions

Freezing point of blood is ca. - 0.52oC
One gram molecular weight (M) of nonelectrolyte decreases freezing point by ca. 1.86oC
What amount of boric acid is needed to prepare isotonic solution?
1.86( o C) 61.8( g ) / 1000(ml )
=
0.52( o C) x( g ) / 1000(ml )
x = 17.3( g )

Electrolytes and Tonicity

As a result of ionization 1 mole of electrolyte produce i moles of ions (i > 1).
NaCl i = 1.8 (i 0.2 + number of ions x 0.8)
What amount of sodium chloride is needed to prepare isotonic solution?
1.86( o C) i (= 1.8) 58.5(g/1000 ml)
o
=
0 .52( C) x(g/ 1000ml)
x = 9.09( g / 1000ml )

Sodium Chloride Equivalents

How much NaCl is presented by 1g of any solute?
58.5( g ) i solute
x j =
M solute i NaCl
xj sodium chloride equivalents

Solution Compounding
How many grams of NaCl should be used in compounding the following prescription?
Pilocarpine Nitrate 0.3 g
NaCl q.s.
Purified water ad 30.0 mL

0.23. (NaCl eqivalent). 0.3 (g) = 0.069 (g NaCl in pilocarpin e nitrate)

30.0.009 (g/mL) = 0.270 (g NaCl in 30 ml of isotonic solution)
0.270 0.069 = 0.201 (g NaCl)

More Solution Compounding

How many grams of KNO3 is needed to make the following prescription isotonic?
Sol silver nitrate 60.0
1:500 w/v
Make. isoton. Sol.
(Contains 0.120 g AgNO3) www.pharmatechbd.blogspot.com
0 .33 0 .120 ( g ) = 0.040 ( g NaCl in AgNO 3 )
60 0 .009 = 0.540 (g NaCl in 60 ml of isotonic solution)
0.540 - 0.040 = 0.500 (g NaCl)
0.500 (g NaCl)/0.58 (NaCl equivalent of KNO 3 )
= 0 .862 (g of KNO 3 )

Freezing Point Data and Tonicity

How many milligrams of NaCl and dibucaine hydrochloride is needed to prepare 30 mL of a 1 %
solution of dibucaine chloride isotonic with tears?

1% (dibucaine hydrochloride) : T f = -0.08o C

Lower freezing point by additional 0.52 C - 0.08 C = 0.44 C
o o o

o
1% (NaCl) = 0.58 C ; x = 0.76%
x % (NaCl) 0.44 o C

To make 30 mL of this solution :
30 1% = 0.3 g = 300 mg dibucaine hydrochloride

and 30 0.76% = 0.228 g = 228 mg NaCl

Milliequivalents
mg valence
mEq = atomic or molecular weight

How many mEg in 1 g of MgSO4?

M.w. MgSO 4 = 120

Equivalent weight = 60

60 (mg) 1 (mEq)
=
1000 (mg) x (mEq)
x = 1 6.7 mEq

Osmolarity
wt of substance (g/L)
mOsmol/L = atomic or molecular weight (number of species) 1000

What is osmolarity of isotonic NaCl solution?

9 (g/L)
mOsmol/L = 58.5 g 2 1000 = 308 mOsmol/L

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