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Tie rod
Anchor
Sheet pile
Sheet piles
marked for
driving
Types of earth-retaining structure
3. Reinforced and Anchored earth : the wall material
may be the in situ rock or soil into which
reinforcement is inserted, or reinforcement may be
laid between rolled layers as the fill soil is placed and
compacted.
Reinforced earth walls
Soil nailing
Ground anchors
Soil nailing
Wall moves A
towards soil
smooth wall
v = z
v z
Initially, there is no lateral movement.
h
A
h = K0 v = K0 z
As the wall moves away from the
soil,
v remains the same; and
h decreases till failure occurs.
Active state
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves away from the soil,
v
active earth
pressure decreasing
h
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)
[h]active v
Failure plane is at
45 + /2 to horizontal v
h
45 +
A
/2
90+
[h]active v
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves away from the soil,
h decreases till failure occurs.
h K0 state
v z
Active
h state
A
wall movement
Active Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as
for granular soils. Only
difference is that c 0.
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
As the wall moves towards the soil,
v remains the same, and
v
h increases till failure occurs.
h
B
Passive state
22
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves towards the soil,
Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active
state)
passive earth
pressure
increasing h
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
v [h]passive
Failure plane is at
45 - /2 to horizontal v
45 - /2 h
A
90+
[h]passive
v
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves towards the soil,
h increases till failure occurs.
h Passive state
v
h
B
K0 state
wall movement
Passive Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as
for granular soils. Only
difference is that c 0.
[h]activ
e
PA and PP are the
resultant active and
passive thrusts on
the wall
[h]passive H
PA=0.5 KAH2
h PP=0.5 KPh2
KPh KAH
h
Passive state
Active state
K0 state
Wall movement
(not to scale)
Rankines Earth Pressure
Theory
[ h ' ]active K A v '2c K A
Road
Train
31
Retaining Walls -
Applications
highway
32
Retaining Walls -
Applications
High-rise
building
basement wall
Gravity Retaining Walls
cement mortar
plain concrete or
stone masonry
cobbles