Lewes havyere \vov a INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA QUIMICA E INDUSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS, _PRINCIPIOS Y CALCULOS SOBRE ABSORCION Y DESORCION POR CONTACTO CONTINUO Por: M. en C. RUBEN J. GARCIA BARAJAS, PROFESOR DE ESIQIE México, D. F., 2013CONTENIDO 1. INTRODUCCION AL ESTUDIO DE LAS OPERACIONES UNITARIAS DE SEPA- RACION DIFUSIONALES. 1.1. Conceptuacién de Operaciones Unitarias, Operaciones Unitarias de Separa- cién, Operaciones de Transferencia de Masa, Operaciones de Separacién y Procesos de Separacié 1.2. Las Operaciones Unitarias y el campo de la Ingenieria Quit 1.3, Clasificacién de los Procesos de Separacién Difusionales. 1.4, Métodos de realizar los Procesos de Separacién Difusionales. 1.5. Criterios basicos para la seleccién del método de separacién. 1 1 ica y Bioquimica. 6. Factores importantes en el disefio de equipo para transferencia de masa. 7. Ejercicios de aplicacion y comprensién de definiciones, seleccién, descripcién y literatura técnica sobre Operaciones de Separacién y sus principios esencia- les. 2. CONCEPTUACION, EQUIPO, EQUILIBRIO Y BALANCE DE MATERIA- EQUILIBRIO SOBRE ABSORCION Y DESORCION SIN REACCION QUIMICA, ISOBARICA, ISOTERMICA, DE UN COMPONENTE, EN TORRES QUE OPERAN EN REGIMEN PERMANENTE, CON UNA ENTRADA Y SALIDA DE GAS Y DE Liquipo. 2.1. Conceptuacién de Absorcion y Desorcién. 2.2. Tipos de equipo, rellenos e internos en los que usualmente se llevan a cabo la Absorcién y la Desorcién. 2.3. Definicién, nomenclatura y conversiones de unidades de concentracién 2.4. Ejemplos y problemas sobre conversiones de unidades de concentracién. 2.5. Equilibrio entre fases en Absorcién y Desorcion. 2.6. Ejemplos y problemas sobre equilibrio entre fases en Absorcién y Desorcién. 2.7. Balance de Materia- Equilibrio en Absorcién y Desorcién y criterios para esta- blecer los gastos de operacién de las fases. 2.8. Ejemplos y problemas sobre Balance de Materia- Equilibrio en columnas re- llenas y de platos empleadas en Absorcién y Desorcién - TRANSFERENCIA DE MASA 3.1. Introduccién al estudio de la Transferencia de Masa. 3.2. Transferencia de Masa Molecular. 3.3. Transferencia de Masa Convectiva 3.4. Ejemplos y problemas sobre la teoria de la Transferencia de Masa aplicada a columnas de absorcién y desorcién rellenas.4. DISENO-ANALISIS DIFUSIONAL BASICO DE COLUMNAS DE ABSORCION Y DESORCION “SIMPLES”. 4.1. Torres Empacadas. * Disefio. Y¥ Calculo de altura de relleno. Y Calculo del area transversal al flujo. © Analisis. ¥ Calculo de la capacidad de manejo de gastos. ¥ Calculo del grado de separacién. Y. Calculo de la velocidad de transferencia de masa. 4.2. Torres de Platos. * Disefio. ¥ Calculo del numero de etapas tedricas. Y Calculo del area transversal al flujo. © Analisis. ¥ Calculo de la capacidad de manejo de gastos. ¥ Calculo del grado de separacién. Y Calculo de eficiencias difusionales. 4.3. Simulaci6n y Simuladores de Columnas y Sistemas de Absorcin y Desorcién. 4.4. Sintesis de Sistemas de Absorcién y Desorcién. 4.5. Condiciones terminales. 5. DISENO MECANICO DE COLUMNAS DE ABSORCION Y DESORCION.BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Bennett C. 0. and Myers J. E., Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw- Hill Book Co., Japan (1969) 2. Bird R. B., Stewart W. E., and Lightfoot E. N., Transport Phenomena, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA (2002) 3. CRANE, Flujo de Fluidos en Valvulas, Accesorios y Tuberias, México (1992). 4. Eckert J. E., Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Japan (1969). 5. Foust A. S., Wenzel L. A., Clump C. W., Maus L., Andersen L. B., Principles of Unit Operations, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore (1980). 6. Hobler T., Mass Transfer and Absorbers, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1966). 7. King C. J., Separation Processes, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., USA (1980). 8. McCabe W. L., Smith J. C. and Harriot P, Sixth Edition, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Singapore (2001). 9. Ocon G., J. y Tojo B., G., Problemas de Ingenieria Quimica, Operaciones Basicas, Tomo Il (1960), Aguilar S. A. de Ediciones, Espafia (1972) 10.Perry R. H. — Green D. W. and Maloney J. O. - Editor and Associate Editor, Perry's Chemical Engineers'Handbook, Seventh Edition, Australia(1997). 11.Reid R. C., Prausnitz J. M. and Poling B. E., The Properties of Gases & Liquids, Fourth Edition, USA (1987). 12.Poling B. E., Prausnitz J. M. and O'Connell J. P., The Properties of Gases & Liquids, Fifth Edition, USA (2001). 13.Sawistowsky H. y Smith W., Métodos de Calculo en los Procesos de Transferencia de Materia, Editorial Alambra, S. A., Espafia (1967). 14.Seader J. D., Henley E. J. and Roper D. K., Separation Process Principles, Chemical and Biochemical Operations, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA (2011). 15.Sherwood T. K. and Pigford R. L., Absorption and Extraction, McGraw-Hill Book Co., USA (1952). 5316.Sherwood T. K., Pigford R. L. and Wilke Ch. R., Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Co., USA (1975). 17.Shweitzer P. A., Editor in Chief, Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition, USA (1988). 18.Sinnot, R. K., Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Volume 6, Third Edition, Chemical Engineering Design, Great Britain (1999). 19.Strigle R. F., Jr, Packed Tower Design and Applications, Random and Structured Packings, Second Edition, Gulf Publishing Co., USA (1994). 20.Treybal R. E., Mass - Transfer Operations, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., USA (1980). 21.Welty R. W., Wicks Ch. E., Wilson R. E. and Rorrer G., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA (2001).REQUIREMENTS FOR MEMBERSHIP *CONSTITUTION ARTICLE Ill- DEFINITION OF THE PROFESSION ‘Chemical engineering i the profession in which a knowledge of math- ‘matics, chemistry and other natural sciences gained by study.expe- rience and practice is applied with judgment to develop economic ways of using materials and energy for the benefit of mankind. ARTICLE IV- MEMBERSHIP Section 1. The membership of the lastitute shall consist of (A) FELLOWS, MEMBERS, ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, AFFILIATES and STUDENT MEMBERS. A candidate for election to any grade of membership shall be engaged in an activity and possess scientific attainments or practical experi ence which qualify the candidate to cooperate with engineers inthe advancement of chemical engineering knowledge and practice (B) MEMBERS shall have the exclusive privileges of repre- seating themselves as Members, of wearing the emblem of bership, of holding ofice, and of voting on amendments. to this Constitution and shall aso have the privileges of nom- inating and voting for officers and directors and the privileges that are common to all classes of membership. (C) ASSOCIATE MEMBERS shall have the exclusive privi- leges of representing themselves as Associate Members and of ‘wearing the emblem of Associate Membership and shal also have the privileges of nominating and voting for officers and directors andthe privileges that are common to all classes of ‘membership, but not the privileges of holding office and of vot ing on amendments to this Constitution. An Associate Member ‘may after gular application and election become a Member. (D) AFFILIATES shall have the exclusive privileges of repre- senting themselves as Miliates and of wearing the emblem of| Affliate grade of membership and shall also have the privi- leges that are common oll classes of membership, but no the privileges of nominating, voting, and holding office. An affil- ite may, after regular application and election, become an Associate Member or Member 2. Allapplications for membership shall be made othe ‘Secretary in writing, signed by the applicant, in such frm and in such detail as may be prescribed by Council and shall be referred tothe Committe on Admissions ‘Section 3, Election to membership shall be by vote of Counel upon recommendation of the Committee on Admissions Section 4, An applicant shall subscribe tothe Constitution and Bylaws of the Institute and its Code of Ethics upon acceptance of membership ‘Fromihe AICHE Coastiuion amended Api 11989 BYLAWS** SECTION |- MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS FOR MEMBERSHIP Qualification for membership grade is determined by a combination of education and experience credits. An engineering school of tec- ‘pied standing is one in which the enginessing curriculums accred. ited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology ot ison the Admissions Committee's Approved List of Foreign School, ‘The table below summarizes the requirements for Affiliate and Associate Membership Grades, REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSOCIATE AND - AFFILIATE MEMBERSHIP GRADES Find in Column I description of your education. In Colum I you will ee the years of chemical engineers experience required foreach rade . = count EDUCATION count EXPERIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ‘Aliiate Associate Bachelor Master An ead ee in cheical inet tom ascoolot recogni saing Doctoral ‘eared ders in chewical Bacher egineting tom aschoal ace Master lf ecpszed sanding oan Doctoral cated degre in mtu fet open tron ‘hei engin fn sel of ecopizd sang | | ‘Ancamedtccalawewe de ° 2 einai science rin mpeg aber hance alengiering roma scoot rexof copied sanking ‘Aneamed Racal ‘eyeina field ter han ‘eaBesing or natal scence No deze . 5 4+ Must be cure practicing chic engines From he ALGAE Bylaws as mcd May 31, 187.AIChE MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS CONSTITUTION (2) ARTICLE Ill — DEFINITION OF THE PROFESSION Chemical engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of ‘mathematis, chemistry and other natural sciences gained by stu ‘experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop economic ways of using materials and energy forthe benefit of making ARTICLE IV ~ MEMBERSHIP Section 1. The membership of the Insite shall consist of FELLOWS, SENIOR’ MEMBERS, MEMBERS, and. STUDENT. MEMBERS. A «candidat fr election to any grade of membership shall be engaged in an tivity and possess scientific knowledge or pratcal experience which ‘quality the candidate to cooperate with engineers in the advancement of chemical engineering knowledge and practice (a) FELLOWS shall have the exclusive privileges of representing themseives as Fellows, of wearing the emblem of Fellow, and shall also have all the privileges of Senior Members. (b) SENIOR MEMBERS shall have the exclusive privileges of representing themselves as Senior Members, of wearing the emblems of membership, of holding office, and of voting on amendments to this Constitution, and shall also have the privileges of nominating and voting for officers and directors and the privileges that are common tall classes of membership. (©) MEMBERS shall have the exclusive privileges of representing themsslves as Members and of wearing the emblem of membership, and shall ao have the privileges of nominating and voting for officers and directors and the privileges that ace common tall lasses of membership. They shall also have the privileges of holding olfice and of ving on Amendments to this Constitution after 4 years as a Member (a 4-year Member). A Member may, ater regular application and election, become 8 Senior Mernber. Section 2. All applications for membership shall be made to the Office of the Secretary in writing, signed by the applicant, in such form and in such ‘detail as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors, and shall be refered {0 the Committee on Admissions. Section 3. lection to membership shall be by vote of the Committe on ‘Admissions. Election to Fellow shal be by vote ofthe Board of Directors ‘upon nomination by five Fellows or Senior Members. Past Presidents of AICHE are exempted from the nomination requirement. All nominations 1nd recommendations shall be eld in strit confidence by the Committee and by the Board, BYLAWS (0) SECTION | — MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS FOR MEMBERSHIP Qualification for membership grade is determined by a combination of cclation and experience credis, An engineering school of recognized standing is one in which the engineering euriculum is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engincering and Technology or is onthe ‘Admissions Committee's Approved List of Foreign Schools MEMBERSHIP GRADE REQUIREMENTS CHART Years of work experience in Education Degree | _ chemical eagincering Member | Senior Member ‘An earned degree in Bachelor | 0 4 chemical engineering from | school of recognized ee a standing Dociort | 0 2 "An earned degre in chemical engineering from | Bachelor | 0 6 school not of recognized standing or an eared degree in natural science | Master | 0 5 ‘orengincering oer than chemical engineering from school of recognized | Doctor | 0 4 Standing ‘An earned baccalaureate Segoe in natural science ‘or in engineering other 6 than chemical engineering e ‘ froma school no of recognized standing ‘An earned baccalaureate ‘degree ina field other than 6 : engineering oe natural No degree 0 0 (0) Prom the AICHE Bylaws as amended 0 January 17. 2003 Members ofthe American Insti e of Chemical Engincers shall uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering, profession by being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity their employers, thee cliems and the public; striving to increase the competence and prestige ot the ‘engineering profession; and using their Knowledge and ski for te enhancement of human welfare. To achieve these pols members shall | Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare ofthe public and Protect the environment in performance oftheir professional dts. 2. Formally advise their employers or clients (and consider further disclosure, if warranted) i tey perceive that a consequence of theit duties wil adversely affect the present or future health or safety of their colleagues othe publi 3. Accept responsibility for their action, seek and heed critical review oftheir work and offer objective exicism ofthe work of others, 4. Issue statements or preset information only in an objective and ‘euthul manner, 5. Actin profesional matters foreach employer or client a faithful ‘agents or tustes, avoiding conflicts of interest and never breaching confidentiality, 6. Treat fairly and respectfully all colleagues and co-workers, recognizing their unique contributions ind capabilites, 7. Pesform professional services ony in areas oftheir competence Build theie profesional reputations onthe merits oftheir services. Continue their professional development throughout thie careers and Provide opportunities fr the professional development of those under lei supervision 10. Never tolerate harassment 11 Conduct themselves in a fir, honorable and respectful manner. 6 APPLICANT - KEEP THIS DOCUMENT WITH YOUR OTHER IMPORTANT PAPERS. © 2008 alone 2424,0908CLASIFICACION DE LAS ACTIVIDADES ECONOMICAS EN MEXICO ACTIVIDADES PRIMARIAS. - Aaricultura - Ganaderia - Caza - Silvicultua - Pesca AcTIVIDADES SECUNDARIAS. ~ INDUSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS + Produccién de Petréleo Crudo y Gas Natural + Explotacién de Minas de Carbéen + Extraccién de Minerales Metalicos + Extraccién de otros Minerales — INDUSTRIAS MANUFACTURERAS + Industria Alimentaria + Industria Tabacalera + Industria de Bebidas + Industria Textilera + Industria de Prendas de Vestir + Industria del Cuero . Industria Maderera + Industria Papelera + Industrias Editorial, de Impresisn y Conexos + Industria Quimica + Industrias Vidriera, Cementera y de otros Productos Minerales No-Metdlicos. + Industria Metalargica + Industria Metal-Mecanica + Otras Industrias Manufactureras AcTIViDADES TERCIARIAS C SERVICIOS ). - Electricidad. Gas y Aqua ~ Construccién - Comercic ~ Restaurantes v Hoteles ~ Transportes, Almacenamiento y Comunicaciones ~ Instituciones Financieras y de Seauros ~ Bienes Inmuebles y Servicios a las Empresas ~ Servicios Comunales, Sociales y Personales ~ Actividades ne bien especificadas RIGD/DCU.SSP/SLP.E S1Q1E/1991CLASIFICACION DE LA INDUSTRIA QUIMICA MEXICANA. SECTOR PRIMARIO C BASICO ). ~ Refinacién del Petréleo ~ Petroquimica Basica : - Quimica Inorganica Bésica Sector SecuNDaRio. = Guimica Intermedia o de Especialidades > Petroauimica Secundaria (o intermedia) ~ Abonos v Plaquicidas ~ Resinas Sintéticas SECTOR DE TRANSFORMACION FINAL © DE Consumo. > Fibras @rtificiales y Sinteticas > Pinturas, Barnices y Lacas > Productos Farmacéuticos y Medicamentos = Jabones y Deteraentes - Perfumes y Cosmeticos 7 Preductes de Caucho (hule sintético y hulequimices) ~ Productos Plasticos - Otres Productos Buimicos + Adhesivos y Colas Lubricantes, Aditivos y Especialidades + Productos @uimicos para la Construccien + Aaroauimicos + Pigmentos y Colorantes + Ceras + Pulimentos y Abrasives + Velas : + Impermeabilizantes 1 + Explosives + Otros Productos Quimicos RIGB/DCU.SSP/SLP .ESIOIE.1991 lo DACADEMIA MEXICANA DE INGENIERIA MeXTCO UN CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA EN LA ENSENANZA DE LA INGENIERIA QUEMICA (Aplicacién del concepto ZERT en la Ingenieria Quimica) Trabajo de Ingreso a la Academia Mexicana de Ingenieria Dr. Pablo Adolfo Longoria TrevirioContenido: T. Introduccién II. Antecedentes IIT. Paradigmas en la ensefianza de la Ingenieria Quimica. IV. El concepto "Cero Emisiones” V. El cambio de paradigma propuesto : VI. Aplicacién al curriculum de Ingenieria Quimica VIT. Conclusiones y recomendaciones Comentaristas: 1, Ing. Carlos Héctor Mena Brito Presidente de la Comisién de Especialidad en Ing. Quimica. Academia Mexicana de Ingenieria 2. Ing. Victor Manuel Alcérreca Sénchez Académico de Nimero 3. Ing. Eduardo Rojo y de Regil Académico de NimeroOne Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering is defined as “. .. the applica tion of the principles of the physical sciences, together with the principles of economics and human relations, to fields that pertain directly to processes and process equipment in which matter is treated to effect a change in state, energy content, ‘or composition...” (1).* This very vague defi nition is intentionally broad and indefinite as to the extent of the field. It is probably as satisfactory a definition as any practicing chemical engineer would give. It should be noted that considerable emphasis is placed on the process and process equipment. The work of many chemical engineers would better be called process engineering. The process may be any collection of steps involving changes in chemical composition or involving certain physical changes in material being prepared, processed, separated, or purified. The work of many chemical engineers involves choosing the appropriate steps in the appropriate order to formulate @ process for accomplishing a chemical manufacturing operation, a separation, or 2 puri cation. Since each of the steps constituting @ process is subject to variations, the process engineer must also specify the exact conditions under which each step is to be carried out. As the process evolves and equipment must be designed, the work of the chemical engineer merges with that of the mechanical and civil engineer. The transfer of primary responsibility from the process engineer to the mechanical engineer can take place satisfactorily at various stages of the design, so it is *Roferonces are collected alphabetically at the ead of each chapter; parenthetical numbers refer to references impossible to define a fixed extent to which the responsibility should be called that of a chemical engineer or a stage at which the mechanical engineer should take over responsibility for equip ment. ‘At the time the definition quoted above was presented, the physical sciences referred to were primarily chemistry and some classical physics. As the understanding of mathematical models of chemical processes advances, the treatment of the chemistry and physics of the process is expressed in’ considerably more mathematical form. Increasing use of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and mathematical techniques such as probability and statistics, matrix manipulation, and complex variables is characteristic of modern’ chemical engineering practice. In most processes being carried out on a large scale, however, the chemistry has been previously worked out, and the physical changes incident to preparation and purification of the reaction mixtures demand considerably more study than does the chemical reaction. Frequent application of the principles of physics and of physical chemistry is required in the processing steps that produce physical changes, such as vapor- ization, condensation, or crystallization. As a process evolves into a’plant and the work merges with that of mechanical designers, the science of mechanics becomes increasingly important. The chemical engineers who specialize in equipment must have thorough and extensive grounding in mechanics of materials. All of an engineer's work must be quantite tive, and mathematics is therefore a fundamental tool of the engineer. Unfortunately, our under- standing of mathematics is largely restricted to theintroduction of the additional variable of time. This variable complicates the analysis but does not fundamentally change it. UNIT OPERATIONS. Chemical processes may consist of widely varying sequences of steps, the principles of which are independent of the material being operated upon and of other characteristics of the particular system. In the design of 2 process, each step to be used can be studied individually if the steps are recognized. Some of the steps are chemical reactions, whereas others are physical changes. The versatility of chemical engineering originates in training to the practice of breaking up a complex process into individual physical steps, called unit operations, and into the chemical reactions. The unit-operations concept in chemical engineering is based on the philosophy that the widely varying sequences of steps can be reduced to simple opera- tions or reactions, which are identical in funda- mentals regardless of the material being processed. This principle, which became obvious to the pioneers during the development of the American chemical industry, was first clearly presented by A.D. Little in 1915: Any chemical process, on whatever scale conducted, may be resolved into a coordinated series of what may be termed “unit actions,” at pulverizing, mixing, heating, roasting, absorbing, condensing, lixiviating, precipitating, crystallizing, filtering, dissolving, electralyzing and so on The number of these basic unit operations is not very large and relatively few of them are involved in any particular Brocess. The complexity of chemical engineering results from the variety of conditions as to temperature, pressure, ftc., under which the unit actions must be carried out in different processes and from the limitations as to materials of construction and design of apparatus imposed by the Physical and chemical character of the reacting sub- stances. (2) The original listing of the unit operations Quoted above names twelve actions, not all of which are considered unit operations. Additional ones have been designated since then, at a modest rate over the years but recently at an accelerating rate. Fluid flow, heat transfer, distillation, humidification, gas absorption, sedimentation, classification, agitation, and centrifugation have long been recognized. In recent years inereasing understanding of new tech- niques — and adaptation of old but seldom used Separative techniques — has led to a continually increasing number of separations, processing opera- UNIT OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 5 tions, or steps in a manufacture that could be used without significant alteration in a variety of processes. This is the basis of a terminology of “unit operations,’ which now offers us a list of techniques, all of which cannot be covered in a reasonable text. Very frequently chemical changes occur in a ‘material being distilled or heated. In such cases the physical operation is the primary concern, and if a chemical change occurs simultaneously, it is commonly handled by a modification of the physical properties of the material. When chemical rates and equilibria: are known, these may be mathematically modeled into the unit operation calculations. The typical chemical manufacturing operation involves a few chemical steps that are probably straightforward and well understood. Extensive equipment and operations are usually needed for refining or further preparing the often complex mixture for use as an end product. The result is that the work of the typical process engineer is ‘much more concerned with physical changes than with chethical reactions. The importance of the chemical reactions must not be overlooked because of the economic importance of small improve- ments in percentage yield from chemical reactions. In many cases a relatively small percentage im- Provement in yield may economically justify con- siderably more extensive processing operations and equipment. All unit operations are based upon principles Of science that are translated into industrial appli- cations in various fields of engineering. The flow of luids, for instance, has been studied extensively in theory under the name of hydrodynamics or fluid ‘mechanics. It has been an important part of the work of civil engineers under the name of hydrau- ics and is of major importance in sanitary engineer- ing. Problems of water supply and control have been met by every civilization. Heat transfer has been the subject of many theoretical investigations by physicists and mathe- ‘maticians; it has played a major part in the gener- ation of power from fuels, as developed by mechan- ical engineers. Dissipation of heat in electrical equipment is a major limitation on the power out- put of such machinery. Pyrometallurgy and the heat treatment of materials of construction and tools represent additional major applications. Throughout industry, one finds examples of ‘most of the unit operations in applications that are in the province of other engineering fields. The chemical engineer must carry out many unit oper- 1