The Mortal Argument

Moral Argument hoche amader moral experience er fact gula present kore
jeigula amader god er belief er upor. Moral argument bole je Moral values hoche
human nature er characteristic aar human nature hoche real. Sei jonno moral value
hoche universe ekta part aar universe hoche basically ekta moral order. Jeita
suggest kore je existence of god hoche ekta conscious aar realistic ruler of the
world. Eita hoche also history te dekha jai manusher moral struggle aar moral
achievement der madhome. Ei argument gula hoche objective idealists (kichu
adarsabadi) ra further explain kore:
a) Martineau argue kore je god er existence hoche dharmic daito theke asche.
Moral lay hoche amader upor badhotamullok. Amra hoche eitar beginning na
because amra eita ke jokhon khushi chere dite pari na. Society ra moral
obligations ke impose korte pare na. Sei jonno god hoche real sourse aar
moral law er foundation. Gods existence also moral being der upor depend
kore. Kichu manush ra more moral hoi unno manush der sathe.
b) Also James Seth bole je god exist kore moral ideal er jonno. Being limitless,
the moral ideal manush er limited lifer jonno fully realistic hote pare na.
Kintu fully realistic na hole moral ideal er importance thake na. Sei jonno God
must exist.
c) Kant believe kore je god hoche ekta necessary existence or truth of morality.
Ekjon manushr punno (kaj kormo) should be rewarder or punished based on
tara ki kore dunia te. Manush ra either happy or unhappy hobe tader punnor
karone. Kintu amader ei life e eita somvob na sei jonno god must exist to
properly punish us in the future life ( mane more jaowar por god amader ke
punish korbe amader kaj kormer jonno, sei jonno Kant believe kore je god
exist kore).

Source of Knowledge
1. Popular and scientific views
Popular view bole je we are gifted with knowledge jemon sense (feeling),
reason (karon or juktI) and intuition (onuvuti). Aar amader sob idea gula oi tin ta
knowledge theke ase jemon amader color aar taste er idea gula hoche sense
knowledge er. Geometric figure idea gula hoche reason knowledge er aar creative
appreciation (thankful) to intuition knowledge er. Kintu kichu religious truth ase
jeigula releveal kore je kichu knowledge god er theke ase karon ekjon manush er
khetre sob knowledge acuire kora somvob na Jodi god na chai.
Science abar eita bishash kore na tara bole sob kichur pichone scientific kuno
reason ase. Jemon mathematics hoche priori (mane knowledge jeita ase ekta jinish
er understanding er theke) aar hoche solve kora hoi reason er madhome. Material
science, jemon physics and chemistry hoche posteriory (jeita hoche ase fact observe
korar theke). Sonkhep e science amader ordinary knowledge gula ke recognize aar
make use kore kuno careful examination chara.

2. Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism hoche ekta motobad (doctrine) jeita bole je sob knowledge
er kichu authority holeo thake. Jemon church, or scripture like the holy Quran,
person, etc. We must look up to these authorities, sob ba kichu important
knowledger er jonno. Amra ordinary manush der khetre ei knowledge gula acuire
korar power thake na. Kichu manush ase jader power thake or manush jader God
choose kore sudhu tader kheteri ei knowledge paowar khomota thake.
Authoritarianism er kichu drawback ase jeigula kichu authority r kase
appealing aar unnoder kase uncommon, useless aar unnecessary. Kintu
Authoritarianism hoche widespread religious er khetre. Modern philosophy ase
medieval authoritarianism er somai er theke.

3. The test of authority

authority hoche kisu important role khele knowledge aar belief er khetre.
Kichu criteria ase jegula authority ke test kore jemon number, age aar prestige.
a) number: The weight of an authority hoche, number of its followers er
sathe balance or proportional. Jemon amader morality aar national prejudice hoche
oi same balance er upor depend kore.???? Kintu ei test ta hoche purapuri
satisfactory na, eitar modhe kichu sotti ba vul o hote pare aar eita can not be
determine by belief of most people. Jemon onek age manush ra belief korto je earth
hoche flat aar earth hoche center of universe. Kintu ei belief gula wrong chilo Jodio
ei belif ta sobai bishash korto oi somai e.
b) Age or temporal duration: Joto purano na authority hoi toto trustworthy
iota hoi. Jemon ekta institution onek din theke choltese seitar more authority thake
notun kuno institution gular theke besi. Ekjon professor naam Montague bole je ei
test er jonno tin ta reason ase. First, ei test er kichu natural appeal ase jeita hoche
soirachari der kichu feeling ase jara tader mejaj ke rokhonshil korte pare.??
Secondly, dharona kora hoi je old manush ra hoche more experienced thake aar
seijonno tara more wise aar reliable thake, therefor amader ancestor ra hoche besi
trustworthy thake. Thirdly, bola hoi je ekjon onek age God manush er khetre kichu
truth pathai aar pore history r sathe ei truth gula aste aste chole jai.
Kintu eisob reason ei test take strong banai na. Jodi amader ancestor ra ekhono
beche thakto tahole tara tader etodin er experience theke sudhu wiser hoto, kintu
eita not the case in fact. Montague bole amra amader ancestor der theke younger na
amra older. Evolution er sathe amrao progress aar wiser hote thaki.
c)prestige: prestige mane hoche jei sob reputation ekjon earn kore tar kichu
achievement er theke. Ei test ta bole je only authority ke trust korte je allreadu
prestige establish koreche.

6. Rationalism
Rationalism hoche the theory of knowledge jeita bole sudhu amader reason
gulai hoche kichu knowledge er source. Reason hoche amader ability of correct
thinking jeita kaj kore sense er madhome. Sense er understanding hoche relative to
physical aar kichu other condition er aar sence only jinish er confused picture dei. In
other words, according to the rules of logic, amra amader sense er sob janala
bondho kore sudhu chokh bodhe kore meditate kori,
Rationalism appear kore different form e but rationalism er kichu common
elements ase. Rationalism er method hoche deductive life mathematics er moton aar
eitar duita stage ase: intuition and education. By intuition amra original hypothesis
er aware thaki aar sob other hypothesis amra educated hoi step-by-stem pora sunar
madhome.

7. Some great rationalists: Descartes

Ekjon china jana French mathematician and philosopher, naam Rene
Descartes, realize korse difference (contrast) between traditional philosophy and
mathematics aar propose korse je mathematical method gula philosophy te apply
korar. Rene tar method of doubt er madhome question kore