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INTRODUCTION
MODELING GUIDELINES
LIGHTNING MODEL
TOWER
INSULATOR
FOOTING RESISTANCE
LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
SUBSTATION MODEL
SURGE ARRESTER
EXAMPLE
2
INTRODUCTION
u (t )
Z
i (t )
3
INTRODUCTION (Lightning overvoltages on HV transmission lines)
I, tf
Back-flashover
I, tf
Shielding failure
I, tf
Induced overvoltage
4
INTRODUCTION
Definitions of insulation coordination:
(*) IEC 60071-1-1993-12: Insulation coordination Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules. 5
MODELLING GUIDELINES
7
LIGHTNING MODEL
I (kA)
Ip Double ramp shape
Lightning stroke is represented as I100
tf front time
current.
t30 t90 th 8
t ( s)
LIGHTNING MODEL
A statistical approach considering the ground flash density at the
location is used for the determination of lightning parameters
such as:
crest value;
front time;
maximum current steepness;
duration.
The probability that a certain peak current will be equal or greater
than a current I
1
P 2.6
I
1
31
Where:
P(I) = the probability that the peak current in any stroke will exceed I
I = the specified crest current of the stroke in kA. 9
LIGHTNING MODEL
Coefficients
First stroke
S30 3.2 0.25
Sm 3.9 0.55
Subsequent stroke
S30 6.9 0.42
Sm 3.8 0.93
10
LIGHTNING MODEL CIGRE model in EMTP RV
1 R
Z 60 ln cot 60 ln cot tan 1
2 2 H
h2
half-angle of cone,
H tower height [m], r2
R R
H
An approximation of surge impedance equation is determined by
equivalently replacing the tower with a cylinder.
H
Z 60 ln 1 R H 13
R
TOWER - Multistory Tower Model
traveling waves.
l for
1335
14
on of a
No. 1, Jan. 1995 pp 393 402
INSULATOR
l
v leader velocity (m/s) g U(t)
U(t) - voltage across the gap (kV)
g - gap length (m)
l - leader length (m)
E10 - critical leader inception gradient (kV/m)
kl - leader coefficient (m2V-2s-1)
19
TOWER
20
FOOTING RESISTANCE
Arc Streamer
It can be represented as: Electrolytic
constant resistor (conservative conductivity
approach), Constant
current and frequency dependable Earth surface
conductivity
resistor.
The ionization model takes into account
the soil ionization caused by the lightning
currents.
Tower grounding non-linear resistor
Rshould be represented as:
o- footing resistance at low current and low
frequency, i.e. 50 or 60 Hz ;Ro
Ri
I - stroke current through the resistance
I kA ;
1
E0 Ig
Ig
2
- limiting current to initiate sufficient soil ionization kA .
2 Ro - soil resistivity m ;
E0 - is the soil ionization gradient, recommended value:
400 kV/m .
21
FOOTING RESISTANCE
(1/250)*SQRT(1+(u[1]/10190))
(u[1]<10190)*1 + (u[1]>=10190)*2
23
LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES
24
LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES
25
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
26
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
27
SUBSTATION MODEL
28
(*) Andrew R. Hileman: Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Marcel Dekker, 1999.
SUBSTATION MODEL
Drawing of HV substation
29
SUBSTATION MODEL
30
SURGE ARRESTER - Gapless Type
R L0 A0 L1
C A1 R A0 A1
datasheets.
Capacitance is eliminated and the two resistances in parallel with the
inductances are replaced by one resistance R.
* 32
No. 2, April 1999, pp 545 550
SURGE ARRESTER Simplified Model
The parameters of simplified IEEE model can be defined by
adopting the following rules:
the definition of non-linear resistor characteristics (A0 and A1)
is based on the curve shown in Figure.
These curves are referred to the peak value of the residual
voltage measured during a discharge test with a 10 kA lightning
current impulse (Ur8/20).
33
SURGE ARRESTER Simplified Model
The following equations can be used to define the inductances
(values are in H):
1 U r1 / T2 U r 8 / 20 1 U r1 / T2 U r 8 / 20
L1 Ur L0 Ur
4 U r 8 / 20 12 U r 8 / 20
where:
Ur is the arrester rated voltage,
Ur1/T2 is the residual voltage at 10 kA fast-front current surge (1/T2
2
have any influence, since the peak value of the residual voltage
appears on the rising front of the impulse,
Ur8/20 residual voltage at 10 kA current surge with 8/20 s shape.
34
SURGE ARRESTER
35
SURGE ARRESTER - Example
36
SURGE ARRESTER - Example
37
EXAMPLE Shielding failure case
38
EXAMPLE Shielding failure case
39
TRAINING DUBROVNIK, CROATIA - APRIL, 27 - 29 2009
SIMULATION & ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS WITH
EMTP-RV
Prof.