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Statistics
Numerical descriptive measures which indicate or locate the center of a distribution or a data set
Measures of the average distance of each observation from the center of the distribution; measures
homogeneity/heterogeneity of a group.
Consider: the following set of grades in Mathematics of two groups of 5 students each
Range:
PROBABILITY
Core principle of probability: measure of certainty or uncertainty that the event will happen.
General equation:
ratio of the number of favorable outcomes over the number of possible outcomes.
Counting techniques:
A. Factorial notation: the factorial of a positive integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all the
integers from 1 to n. (TIP: to be used if you see the phrase without separation)
B. Fundamental principle of counting (TIP: to be used when you see the phrase (in) how many
ways
Example: The following table shows the number of male and female students in the third and fourth
year classes of a certain school.
Year Level Male Female Total
3rd year 200 250 450
4th year 150 400 5500
Total 350 650 1000
If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student is:
a. a male? (7/20)
b. in fourth year? (11/20)
c. a third year male? (1/5)
d. a fourth year male? (2/5)
(n!/(n-r)!) (n!/(n-r)r!)