EE5401 CA1

1.
a. Omnidirectional Cell
Each cell uses one channel
Each cluster has 7 cells, requires a total of 7 clusters to fulfil requirement of 48
channels

b. 3-sector directional antennas

Each cell able to utilise 3 channels.
Each cluster has 7 cells (21 channels per cluster), requires a total of 3 clusters to fulfil
requirement of 48 channels.
c. 6-sector directional antennas
Each cell able to utilise 6 channels.
Each cluster has 7 cells (42 channels per cluster), requires a total of 2 clusters to fulfil
requirement of 48 channels.
2. The formula for stationary distribution is used to calculate each of the probabilities of the
no. of customers in the system at any given time:

The following MATLAB code is used to calculate the profit generated by an arbitrary amount
of servers with the parameters given in the question:
syms k
p=[];
c = 10; % number of servers (arbitrary)
l_m = 4; % lambda/mu

for i = 1:(c+1)
p(i) = ((l_m^(i-1))/factorial(i-1)) /
symsum((l_m^k)/factorial(k),k,0,c);
profit(i) = p(i) * ((-10*c) + 25*(i-1));

end

sum_profit=sum(profit);

Total profits computed with varying no. of servers are as follows:

S/N No. of servers Total profits

1 4 28.932
2 5 30.093
3 6 28.284
4 7 23.725
5 8 16.958
6 9 8.666
7 10 -0.531
8 11 -10.193

a. It can be observed from the above table that the maximum profit can be achieved
with 5 servers.
b. Loss would be generated beyond 10 servers.
3.
a. 3-way sectoring
Assuming channel 9 borrows channels from 1, the distance between two 1s
would decrease as a result of simple borrowing:

b. 6-way sectoring
Assuming channel 16 borrows channels from 1, the distance between two 1s
would decrease as a result of simple borrowing:

Red lines in the drawing denotes a decrease in distance between 2 potentially

similar channels after borrowing. Yellow lines in the drawing denotes an increase in
distance between 2 potentially similar channels after borrowing.
 With respect to the red line, the interference caused would be marginal as the
directional antennas are facing away from each other.
The impact of the yellow line would be more substantial as the affected antennas
are looking across each other. Thus, the D/R requirement of the cellular system
should still be satisfied after borrowing.

4.
a. The placement for the LTE Base Stations are placed along roads with high volume of
traffic during peak hours. This is perhaps to cater for the heavy usage of 4G services
(e.g. Web Browsing, Navigation, VoIP) by vehicles during peak hours.

b. From the given map placement of LTE Base Stations, there might be some gaps in
the coverage of LTE networks inside NUS. The gaps in the coverage of the LTE would
imply that the signal strength of the 4G network is low or undetectable. This can be
seen from the coverage map provided by https://opensignal.com/:

c. Given the location of the 3G Base Stations, it is observable that the planning of these
stations could be to complement the coverage area of 4G base stations. Based on
the two maps provided, areas within NUS should be within coverage of either a 3G
or a 4G base station. Reasons for a relatively sparse 4G coverage around NUS could
include the availability of Wifi within campus, mountainous terrain in NUS
prohibiting the installation of Base Stations.