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Topic 2
Subject 17b
FUEL CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A gas turbine engine fuel system includes interface with the airframe fuel
storage.
fuel tank
boost pump
fuel flow transmitter
low pressure shut off (spar) valve
low pressure switch
fuel heater
fuel filter
high pressure fuel pump
fuel control unit
high pressure shut off valve
pressurising and dump valve
fuel nozzles
fuel pressure differential switch
AVIATION JET FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Designated JET A 1
OVERVIEW
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Refuelling Connections
Boost Pumps
OVERVIEW
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Boost Pump
Bypass
valves
Tank 2 boost
pumps ON
Dump and
limit valves
open
BLADDER FUEL TANKS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Non-self-sealing cell
Used to reduce weight
Removable
Repairable
Usually clipped into the
tank cavity
INTEGRAL FUEL TANKS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Integral fuel cells are usually built into the wings of the aircraft structure.
Not removable
FUEL TANK FILLER CAPS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PRESSURE FUELLING CAP
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FUEL LINES AND FITTINGS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FLEXIBLE FUEL LINES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Flexible fluid lines are used extensively on aircraft to connect stationary parts
to moving parts and in areas of high vibration.
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL VALVES
Selector valves are installed in the fuel system to provide
a means for shutting off the fuel flow, they may be:
Hand operated
Motor driven
Solenoid operated
Fuel valves must also allow full flow of the fuel when open and
completely shut off the fuel when in the closed position
HAND OPERATED FUEL VALVES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Valve Open
Valve Closed
Simplest valve is the cone-type
Shuts off the flow of fuel from the tanks to the engine
Shuts off the flow of fuel from the tanks to the engine
You can feel when the valve is centred at the selected positions
SOLENOID-OPERATED
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology FUEL VALVES
MOTOR OPERATED FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
VALVES
Remotely operated
Auxiliary pump
BOOST PUMP PUMPS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
The most common type of auxiliary fuel pump in use in modem aircraft
is the centrifugal boost pump
PULSATING ELECTRIC PUMPS
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VANE-TYPE FUEL PUMP
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GEAR TYPE FUEL PUMP
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PLUNGER (PISTON TYPE)
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FUEL PUMP
Widely used on turbine
engines.
HIGH PRESSURE FUEL PUMPS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FILTER
Fuel passes from the boost impeller through the low pressure filter
before entering the high pressure main gear element.
HIGH PRESSURE PUMP & FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL
HIGH PRESSURE PUMP & FILTER
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL HEATER
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Some engines use the lubrication system oil cooler for heat transfer to the fuel,
while others include a separate oil or bleed air fuel heater.
FUEL FILTERS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Bypass valve opens to allow fuel to bypass the filter should it become blocked
(dirty fuel is always better than no fuel)
DUAL FUEL FILTERS
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FUEL FILTER WARNING
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Fuel Temperature
Transmitter
Filter Element
Drain Valve
FUEL NOZZLES
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Air Inlets
Highly polished
nozzle
Air Shroud
Fuel Inlets
Fuel nozzles (Burners), are the terminating point of the fuel system
They are located in the inlet of the combustion liner
Some mix air with fuel in correct proportions to atomise or vaporise the fuel.
Deliver a precisely patterned, highly atomized spray
SIMPLEX FUEL NOZZLES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
DUPLEX FUEL NOZZLES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Able to give effective atomization over a wider flow range than the
Simplex spray nozzle.
DUPLEX NOZZLES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Single-line duplex types, have one inlet port and becomes a flow divider to distribute
fuel through two spray orifices
dual line duplex types contains no flow divider separate primary and secondary fuel
Dual line duplex types utilise a separate flow divider commonly called a P&D Valve
(Pressurising and Dump Valve)
AIR BLAST FUEL NOZZLE
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PRESSURE & DUMP VALVE
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shut down
PRESSURE & DUMP VALVE
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
H.P. SHUTOFF
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
The HP fuel shut off valve is opened to start the engine and closed to
Stop the engine
Connected to the engine start lever and has
two positions
DRAINS TANK
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DRAIN TANK
Drained fuel is drawn back into the engine fuel system on next engine start
Some earlier tanks are drained overboard during the next flight
COMBUSTOR DRAIN VALVE
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL CONTROLS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Maintains a correct combustion zone air- to-fuel mixture ratio of 15:1 by weight
Power (or throttle) Lever Angle (PLA A Modern Fuel Control Unit
FUEL CONTROLS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Hydro-Pneumatic
Hydromechanical
HYDROMECHANICAL FUEL CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
computing section
FUEL METERING SECTION
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COMPUTING SECTION
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
a servo valve,
HYDROMECHANICAL ANIMATED
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HYDRO PNEUMATIC
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology FUEL CONTROL
Utilises a pneumatic computing section that determines fuel flow rates based on:
(Px)
Ambient Pressure
Ambient temperature
HYDRO PNEUMATIC
Malaysian Institute of Aviation TechnologyFUEL CONTROL
Deceleration shown
ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROLS (EEC)
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SUPERVISORY EEC
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Starting
Idle
Shutdown
aircraft altitude,
FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
OVERVIEW
Simplified fuel systems for turbo-jet engines.
ENGINE COCKPIT CONTROLS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
All engine controls are pushed forward to open and pulled back to shut
No.1 engine
No.2 engine
Thrust levers
No.1 engine
No.2 engine
FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL SYSTEM LAYOUT
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Fuel
Fuel
Pressure
Flow Fuel flow transmitter
may also be installed
downstream of the FCU.
SYSTEM LAYOUT
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Fuel
Fuel
Pressure
Flow
FUEL FILTER - LOCATIONS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Usually, there is a low pressure coarse-mesh filter between the supply tank and the
engine.
Then, there is a fine-mesh filter between the HP fuel pump and the FCU metering
valve.
The fine filter must be capable of removing particles measuring as small as 10 microns,
FUEL BYPASS
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FCU SCHEMATIC
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H.P. SHUTOFF
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Unmetered
Engine Fuel Pressure
External
Engine Trimming May Be
RPM Engine Driven Fuel Pump
Fuel Return to Trimming Manual or Electronic
Produces 20% Above Engine
Inlet Side of Pump
Maximum
Fuel Flow Requirements. Fuel
Low Pressure
Airframe Fuel
Shutoff Tank
Manual or Electric Valve
Pump
FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
OVERVIEW
Fuel must be supplied and
scheduled to the engine to
facilitate:
starting;
acceleration;
constant power output
under different
atmospheric conditions;
deceleration;
shut down.
FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
OVERVIEW
FUEL CONTROL UNIT
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUNCTIONS
Fuel Control Unit
Acceleration Minimum Maximum As part of the fuel scheduling
Rate RPM RPM function of the FCU, it supervises:
Adjust Adjust Adjust
acceleration and
Minimum Maximum
deceleration governing
Flow Flow
Adjust Adjust
(controlled overfuelling and
under fuelling);
FUEL CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL CONTROL VARIABLES
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Changes in the first three variables, Pt2, T2 and RPM, coupled with compressor
efficiency, affect the total mass flow of air through the engine.
The FCU needs to know this in order to schedule more fuel if the amount of air
processed by the engine increases and vice versa.
FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
OVERVIEW
FUEL CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
METERED FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
When the parameters are summed in the FCU, by mechanical or electronic means,
a fuel output is sent to the fuel nozzles in the combustion chamber.
The fuel has been metered to the flow rate and pressure required by the engine.
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL CONTROL
UNITS
HYDROPNEUMATIC FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL
HYDROPNEUMATIC FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
RPM control;
SPEEDER SPRING
OPEN
BI METALLIC METERING VALVE
FLYWEIGHTS
DISCS
CLOSED
FUEL TO ATOMISERS
AIRFLOW
flow control.
RPM GOVERNOR
actual RPM;
compressor outlet
pressure,
HYDROPNEUMATIC FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL BYPASS
The fuel pump supplies more fuel than is required and a bypass valve returns
excess back to the pump inlet.
SPEED RPM
ACCELERATION
INPUTS
A typical fuel control unit:
fuel in;
metered fuel out;
Tt2 input;
Ps4 input;
N2 drive input.
HYDROMECHANICAL
HYDROMECHANICAL FUEL CONTROL FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL
RPM control;
acceleration and
deceleration control;
RPM command;
actual RPM;
PRIOR TO START
Sensing barometric
pressure
closed
Valve
closed
underspeed at
start
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HYDROMECHANICAL AT START
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HYDROMECHANICAL
HYDROMECHANICAL ANIMATED
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ELECTRO - HYDROMECHANICAL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL CONTROL
FULL AUTHORITY DIGITAL ENGINE
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL (FADEC)
Full authority electronic fuel control
units use electronic devices to
sense various inputs from the
engine and cockpit to determine how
much fuel should be delivered to the
fuel nozzles.
FULLMalaysian
AUTHORITY DIGITAL
Institute of Aviation Technology ENGINE CONTROL
(FADEC)
In Auto Thrust [ A/THR] the flight crew workload is reduced because the EEC
will automatically adjust the engine to the flight requirement
Note: The pilot always has maximum thrust available to him by pushing the
throttle levers fully forward to the stop.
FADEC ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
AUTO THROTTLE
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FADEC ELECTRONIC FUEL
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CONTROL DIAGRAM
External
Engine Trimming May Be
Trimming
Manual or Electronic
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MIN. & MAX. STOPS
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Whenever an adjustment is
made, the final adjustment must
be made in the increase
direction.
CONCLUSION
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Copyright 2002.
Any Questions?