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ECG 345

SURVEYING

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ECG 345 SURVEYING

Credit Unit :3
Contact Hours : L. 3 hrs/w & T. 1 hr/w
COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):
At the end of the course, the students should be
able to :

CO 1 Identify and apply basic fundamentals of engineering survey.

CO 2 Apply and analyze surveying data in setting in civil
engineering work.
CO 3 Interpret and justify the relationship of surveying branches
in civil engineering project.

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ECG 345 SURVEYING

PROGRAMMED OUTCOMES (PO):
Upon completion of the programmed, students are able to:
PO 1 Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices.
PO 2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using codified methods of analysis specific
to their field of activity.
PO 3 Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the
design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs
with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
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Assessment Breakdowns :
final exam 60%
Open assesment
Practical test 30%
Laboratory report 10%

total 100%

Recommended text & references:

Bannister, A., Raymond, S. and Baker, R. (1998). Surveying (7th ed.), Singapore.
Prentice Hall.
Duggal S.K. (1996). Surveying, (2nd ed., Vol. 1). New Delhi: McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd. (copyright 2004).
Mohd Amran & Iskanda Openg. (2009). Simplified Land Surveying, Selangor, Arah
Pub.
Kavangeh, B.F. (2003). Principles and Applications (6th ed). USA: Prentice Hall.
Uren, J. & Price, W.F. (1985). Surveying for Engineers. Hong Kong: MacMillan.
Kavangeh, B.F. (2004). Surveying with construction applications (5th ed). USA:
Prentice Hall.

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1.0 Introduction to Land

Surveying
L.O. of this topic, students should be able to understand:
Intro. to survey equipments; their uses, calibration,
storing & general handling of equipment (CO1,PO1)
Principle & type of framed work; identification of errors
& errors elimination(CO1,PO1)

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DEFINITION of SURVEYING

Defined as the science, art and technology of

determining the relative position of points
above,on or beneath the earths surface, or of
establishing such point.
OR
Defined as the art of measuring distance, angles and
positions on or near the surface of the earth.
EQUIPMENTS
TO MEASURE ANGLES TO MEASURE DISTANCE

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GEOMATICS
Surveying also recently known interchangeably as GEOMATICS
Geomatics covers the disciplines of surveying,
mapping global positioning system (GPS)
remote sensing engineering and marine surveying
geodetic radar and optical remote sensing
cadastral
geographical information processing
cartography and photogrammetry
geographic information system (GIS)

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TYPES OF SURVEYING

Surveying or geomatic measurement has to do with

the determination of the relative spatial location of
points on or near the surface of the earth.
It is the art of measuring the horizontal and vertical
distance between objects, of measuring angles
between lines, of determining the direction of lines
and the establishing points by predetermining
angular and linear measurements.
SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING

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Plane Surveying
-Plane surveying simplifies the survey in that it treats the
surface of the earth as a flat plane.

-These surveys extend over small areas and where the degree
of accuracy obtained in this surveying is comparatively low.

-Generally areas less than 250 km2 are treated as plane.

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Geodetic Surveying
- The survey in which the curvature of the Earth is taken into consideration are known as
geodetic survey ( also called trigonometric surveying)

-Geodetic surveying encompasses the determination of the size and shape of the
earth and its gravity field.

-Required for large-scale projects where the effects of the earths curvature are critical
or when a high degree of accuracy
is necessary to complete the particular project.

-These surveys extend over large areas (more than 250 km2) and where the
degree of accuracy required is great.

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CONSTRUCTION / BRANCHES of SURVEY

Surveys are often classified by function as follows:-

Topographic survey

Engineering survey

Cadastral survey

Geological survey

Photogrammetry survey

Mining survey

Hydrographic survey

Astronomy

Archaeological survey

Remote Sensing
Geographic Information System
(GIS)

Global Positioning System

(GPS) 10
Topographic Survey
Engineering Survey
Route Survey
Hydrographic Survey
Photogrammetry Survey
Survey Equipments

TO
MEASURE
DISTANCE
2 major
equipments
TO
MEASURE
ANGLE
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MEASURING TAPE
It is a common measuring tool.

Tape is made of synthetic material,

glass fiberor linen.
The length of the tape are generally
10m, 20m, 30m and 50m.
The tape are graduated at every 5mm
and figure every 100 mm.
Whole meter figures are shown in red at
every meter.
When linen tape is used in sloping area
(obstruction), avoid sagging of the tape
stretch
by stretching out the tape horizontally.
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PEG
Pegs are used to mark main
station on the ground
either temporary or semi
permanently.
Generally (not limited) it is
built using hard wood 2.5cm
to 7.5 cm diameter and 15cm
to 90cm long, flat at one end
and pointed at the other end.
Pegs should be painted with
red and nailed at top to
indicate the central of the
main point.
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CHAIN
The chain was commonly
used with the mile to indicate
land distances and in
particular in surveying land for
legal and commercial
purposes.
A chain is made up of
connected steel segments, or
links
Each link is 20 cm. Sometimes
a special joint or a tally marker
is attached every 5 metres.
Usually, a chain has a total
length of 20 metres, including
one handle at each end.
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RANGING ROD
It is employed are to calculate
unknown angles, elevations, and
distances with the aid of other
equipment.
It is pole of circular section about
25 mm in diameter and 2 m long.
It has pointed iron shoe at one
end, 15 mm length for pushing
into the ground .
The process of placing ranging
rods on the straight line between
two points is known as ranging.
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PLUM BOB

It is made of brass or copper and is

suspended by means of a thread.
Plumbobis used for transferring point
vertically from the centre of the instrument
to the centre of station on the ground via
peg.
This procedure is known as centering.
The distance between peg and plum bob
is about 1-2 mm.
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TRIPOD

It is a device used to support any one of

a number of surveying instruments,
such as theodolites, total
stations,autolevel, EDM, compass or
transits.

The surveyor will press down on the

legs' platforms to securely anchor the
legs in soil or to force the feet to a low
position

The height of equipment is about 1 to

1.5 m for easier observation. (observer
eye level)
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PRISMATIC COMPASS
Prismatic compass is used to
measure bearings from the
magnetic north to the survey line.
The main compass unit consist of
telescope, circular box and magnetic
needle.

i. Avoid taking measurement/choose

station near magnetic sources. E.g.
electrical cable, telecommunication
tower
ii. Avoid talking with hand phone during
observation.

Make sure the bublesare properly

level.
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AUTO LEVEL
Auto level is used in levelingsurvey to
obtain reduce level of any target point.
It is an easy equipment to use and
very quick to setup.
Reading is obtained by using a
levelingstaf.
Remember, the telescope of an auto
level can rotate in horizontal plane
only
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LEVELLING STAFF

Levelingstaff is made of a
graduated wooden or heavy duty
aluminium rod.
It is used in together with a
levelinginstrument.
Can be used with
theodoliteequipment during
tacheometrysurvey.
Typical length of levelingstaf: 5m
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THEODOLITE

Is an instrument for measuring

very accurately horizontal
angles and vertical angles.
It consist of a telescope to see
distant object.
The telescopecan be rotated in
a horizontalplane and
verticalplane
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EDM
EDM equipment is used to measurthe
distance based on electromagnetic
wave principle.
Typically EDM is used with prism i.e. as
reflector, to reflect the wave way back to
EDM
The EDM processor will calculate the
distance by measuring the time taken by
wave to propagate.
Advantage: Reduce error, faster and far
ranged area can be measured.
Nowadays EDM is used together with
theodolite. When both equipments are
coupled together, it is called as Total
station.
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TOTAL STATION

Total station is an evolution of survey

equipment.
It is an electronic theodolitethat is
integrated with an electronic distance
meter (EDM)
Total station measures horizontal &
vertical anglesas well as horizontal &
vertical distances.
All data can be captured into
electronic field books or onboard
storage as the data received.
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PRINCIPLES & TYPES OF

SURVEYING FRAMEWORK
On any area of the land to be measured, it will always be
possible to choose two points and to measure the distance
between them.

A B

Two basic principles in survey:

1.To work from the whole to the part
2.To locate new station by at least two measurements
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1)To work from the whole to the part

All area to be surveyed should be divided into well formed small
triangle.
The process is called as triangulation
Survey works start from small portion of area to large portion in order
to form survey traverse.
The purpose is to prevent accumulation of error carried over to
another points.
If error is detected, it should be corrected and eliminated before
proceed to another triangle.
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2. To locate new stations by at least two measurements

Basically two points on earth are selected. Distance is measured by using

measuring tape. This initial line is known as base line.
Other point can be located by referring from this base point. Two
measurements must be involved in order to locate other point:

i. Two distances or
ii. One distance and one angle or
iii.Two angles
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Datum
A datum is any reference surface to which elevations of points are referred. In most cases the most
common datum which is used is that of Mean Sea Level (MSL).

Benchmark (BM)
A series of permanent marks must be established. The elevation of these BMs can be
established by differential leveling over a period of years.

Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)

TBM is the temporary relative point of an established BMs. It is used when a
conventional BM is not conveniently available and is used for vertical control.

Reduce Level (RL)

The RL of a point is its elevation above or below a reference datum or BM

Quadrant Bearing (QB)

A quadrant bearing can be defined as the angle lying between 00 to 900 between the direction to the north or
south, i.e. N 300 20 45 W, indicate direction either east or west of the line from grid north.
Azimuth / Whole Circle Bearing
(WCB)
WCB is the bearing that defines the direction of a survey line by its horizontal angle
measured clockwise from true north 00 to 3600, i.e. 3200 15 45

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SCALES
A scale can be represented by the following methods:
Engineers Scale
One cm on a plan represents a whole number of meters on the
ground, such as 1 cm = 10 m etc. This type of scale is also called scale of
plan.

Graphical Scale
A graphical scale is a line subdivided into plan distance
corresponding to convenient units of length on the ground.
Representative Fraction (R.F.)
One unit of length on the plan represents a number of some units of
length on the ground, as 1/1000 or 1:1000, etc. This ratio of map distance
to the corresponding ground distance is independent of units of
measurement. The representative fraction can be very easily found for a
given engineers scale, e.g. if the scale is 1 cm = 50 m.
R.F. = 1 = 1 .
50 x 100 5000
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SOURCES OF ERROR

Errors may arise from three sources:

Instrumental error
Error may arise due to imperfection or faulty adjustment of the instrument with
which the measurement is being taken. For example, a chain or tape that is too
long or too short.
Natural error
Error may also be due to variations in natural phenomena such as temperature,
gravity, wind, humidity, refraction and magnetic declination.
Human error
Error may also arise due to imperfections of human vision in observing and of
touch in manipulating instruments. For example, an error may occur when taking
a level reading or when reading an angle on the circle of the total station
instrument.

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Consequences from error in
surveying..
(Q&A)