C K .

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 4 5

D u n g d u n g c d c tir lo q i 1

P h o t tr ie n k y n d n g v ie t d a n g n g u p h d p

H o n 2 0 0 b d i ta p v d v i d u cd k e m d a p d n

T v k id m tr a v d c d n g cd k ie n th d c
Hiidng dan viet dung
ngU phap tieng Anh
 TH A N H THAO - THANH HOA
N h o m b ie n s o a n

HlTdNG DAN V IET DUNG

NGU* PHAP TIENG ANH

> Dung dung cac tti loai

> P h at trien ky nang viet dung ngii phap
> Hdn 200 bai t&p va vi du co kem dap an
V Tu kiem tra va cung co kien thiic.

NHA XUAT BA N TITDIEN BACH KHOA

 L Cf l NOI DAU

M$t trong nhtfng vSfn d i m i h iu hSt c i c ht?c viSn tiS'ng Anh, k&
c i hoc sinh - sinh viSn, c[uan tim l i lim sao cd th S tu ki&m tra
nhOng diSu minh ndi hay viSt AH dung ngO phip chira, hoc ddi luc
ti/ thjfy bd'i rS'i khSng biSt nSn dung theo c ic h n io cho dung ngtf
phip hoSc nin chon tir th n io cho c iu v2n ngin gcpn, sue t(ch.
Xu/t p h it tCr mtfi quan tim d6, dSng thbi cung nhJlm giup htpc
viSn tu tin hern khi sd dijng tlS'ng Anh. chung tS i biSn soan c\uy$r\
"Hudng dSn viS't dung ngO phip t\ng Anh". trinh I?Ay nhUng vkn dS
c in b in m i hoc viSn c in nim vOng d S c6 t h i dung dung ngQ phip
tiin g Anh trong c i c b ii viSt v i b ii nghiSn cuu cda mmh.
5 ic h gSm 5 phin, duqc b8 eye thinh 14 chucmg theo tung chJ
dim rd rin g nhim hudng d in c ic h dung dung c i c tuf loai nhu
dSng tCr, danh tir. tmh tt>, dal tir, v.v...; phin biSt c i c iSi ngO phip
thudng g ip nhu tSi chi'm c iu , iSi chfnh t i , iSi viSt hoa, v i iSi cu
phip; viS't c iu dung v i hoin chlnh; p h it t r iin b ii viS't theo vin
phong riSng c Ja minh nhung nhim dung v io muc dfch v i loai dSi
tLlong m i minh quan t im d i b ii viS't dat hiSu <\ui thu hut cao.
P i c biSt, cuSi m3i chuong c6 phin tu kiim tra duoc trinh b iy
d dang cac c iu hdi dung sai, c i c c iu hdi dang hoin th in h c iu vi
c iu hdi t r ie nghiSm kdm theo d ip in nhim muc dich giup hcpc viSn
cung d lai nhdng kiS'n there d i hcpc. KiSng phin "Ciu hdi t r ie nghiSm"
v i m$t s 6 c iu hdi dang hoin th in h ciu , chung tdi trinh b iy nhu
mdt b ii t i p tiin g Anh d i hoc viSn iim quen vdi dang dS thi tr ie
nghiSm trong cac ky kiim tra tlS'ng Anh.
C h ic ch in vdi b6 cue v i c ic h trinh b iy cua quyin s ic h niy,
hQC viSn sS t h iy vi$c hcpc ngCt p h ip tlS'ng Anh trd nen thu vj hem
nhiiu. Hem nOa, khi d i nim vung nSn tin g cua ngon ngO thi ban dQC
cung trd nSn tu tin hem trong c i c b ii viSt cua minh.

Tae g ii
 PHAN 1

ChAo MLTNq dEN vuNq

dAT NqCr phAp
******************************************************
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Htf0N6 9
&&Loai 9

Toi co c a n d ? c chiramg n a y k h o n g ?

Ban ucu doc clui'o'iit* uav ucu ban can 6 u lai

lioac
hoc
vc

Tinh tu (Adjective)

Trang tu (Adverb)

Li?n tu (Conjunction)

Than tu (Interjection)

Danh tu (Noun)

^ Gioi tu (Preposition)

Dai tu (Pronoun)

Cong tu (Verb)

rong chiTOng nay, ban se on tap ve tCr loai mot cach chuan muc

6
T de biet cac tir ghep lai vdi nhau tao ra nghia nhuthe nao. Trong
cac chiTOng sau, ban se hoc cach siTa loi do dung sai tir loai
 Tieng Anh la mot ngon ngtf rSft linli hoat. Nghla
cua tuf khong nhffng bSt ngu6n tir cach viet va pliat
3m ma con tuf cach suf dung tuf do trong cau. Khi ban
on tap tuf loai, hay nhcl rang cach dung tuf trong cau quyet
dinli no la tuf loai nao. VI du:
Danh tuf: I ate fish for dinner.
Toi da an cd vdo bita toi.
Dong tuf: We fish in the lake on every Tuesday.
C hung toi cau cd o' ho vdo moi thit ba.

Tinh tit
Tinh tuf la tuf dung de mieu ta danh tu* va dai tir. Tinh tu" tra Idi nhffng
cau hoi nhtf: What kind (Loai gi)? How much (Bao nhieu)? Which one
(Cai nao)? How many (May cai)? Vi du nhu":
What kind? red nose gold ring
How much? more sugar little effort
Which one? second chance those chocolates
How many? several chances six books
Co nam loai tinh tu": tinh tu" chung, tinh tuf rieng, tinh tijf ghep, mao ti*
va tinh tu" bat dinh.
1. Tinh tir chung mieu ta danh tffhoac dai tijf.
Strong man
Green plant
Beautiful view
2. Tinh tif rieng difOc tao ra tuf danh tir rieng.
California vegetables (tir danh tir California)
Mexican food (tir danh tir M exico)
3. Tinh tir ghep diTOc tao nen tir hai tir trd len.
7
 Far-off country
Teenage person
4. Mao tCr la mot dang tinh tff d&c biet. Co ba mao tff la: a, an, the.
The dffdc goi \k mao tir x4c dinh vi no chi nhffng vat xc dinh.
A va an dffOc goi la mao tir bat dinh vi chung chi nhffng vat
chung chung. Sffdunga vdi tirbifr d a u b in g phu am; dilng an trffdc
tvr b<it dau bkng nguyen am.
5. Tinh tir bat dinh khong xdc dinh so lffdng cu the cua sir vat.
all another any both
each either few many
more most neither other
several some
Hay theo nhffng nguyen tac sau day khi dung tinh tff:
1. Sff dung tinh tff de mieu ta danh tff hoSc dai tff.
Jesse was unwilling to leave the circus.
Noun adj. adj.noun
Jesse khong chiu rdi rap xiec.
2. Dung tinh tff sinh dong de lam cho bai viet cua ban cu the va mieu
ta ro rang hOn.
Take a larger slice of the luscious cake.

I I I I
Adj noun adj noun
Hay lay mot mieng bdnh thefm ngon to hem.
3. Dung tinh tff sau mot dong tff lien ket. Dong tff lien ket co tac dung
no'i chu ngff vdti mot tff mieu ta. Nhffng dong tff lien ket thong dung
nhat la be (is, am, are, was, were va van van), seem, appear, look,
feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, remain, stay \ d turn.
Chicken made this way tastes more delicious (khona phai deli
ciously).
Gd dutfc chebien theo kieu nay thi ngon hem

8
 yy\c^o- f\i\&

Tinh tuf vi ngfl la tinh tiif cach danh tijf hofic dai tijf
bdi mot dong tCf lien kt. Tinh tuf vi ngfl co chufc nSng
mieu ta chu ngff cua cSu.
The w eather was cold all week.
Thbi tiet lanh leo cd tudn.

Trang tit
Trang tuf la tCr mieu ta dong tff, tinh tff hoSc trang tff kMc. Trang tff tra
Idi nhffng cau h6i nhff: When (khi nao)? Where (d dau)? How (nhff the"
nao)? hoSc To what extent (Tdi mffc nao)?
W hen? left yesterday begin now
W here? fell below move up
How? happily sang danced badly
To what extent? partly finished eat completely
Hau het trang tff dffdc thanh lap b^ng cach them -ly vao sau tinh tff.
Vi du:
Adjective Adverb
Quick quickly
Careful carefully
Accurate accurately
Day la mot vai trang tff khong -ly thffdng dung:
afterward almost already also back even
far fast hard here how late
long low more near never next
now often quick rather slow soon
still then today tomorrow too when
where yesterday

9
 Hay theo nhffng nguyen tic n&y khi ban dilng trang tff:
1. Sfrdung trang tff de mieu ta dong tff.
Experiments using dynamite must be done carefully.
verb adv.
Cac thi nghiem dung chat no dinamit phdi thuc hien mot cach c \
than.
2. Diing trang tff de mieu ta tinh tff.
Sam had an unbelievably huge appetite for chips,
adv. Adj.
Sam me an khoai tdy ran den mice khong tudng tuong noi.
3. Dung trang tff de mieu ta mot trang tff khac.
They sang so clearly.
adv. adv.
Ho hat rd lam sao.
c >

T rang tuf lien ket ditac suf dung de noi ttt, noi y va
V\& ) ) ) doan v3n.

accordingly again also besides

consequently finally for example fu rth erm o re
however indeed m oreover on the o th e r hand
otherwise nevertheless then th erefo re
v

Ct2n tit
Lien tff noi tff hoac cum tff va cho biet cac tff co lien he vdi nhau nhtf
the" nao. Co ba loai lien tff: lien tff dang lap (coordinating conjunctions),
lien tff tffdng lien (correlative conjunctions) va lien tiTchinh phu (subor
dinating conjunctions).
10
 1. Lien tff din g lap lien ket nhffng tff hoac cum tff tiWng dudng. Co
bay lien tff dang lap:
for and nor but or yet so

y y \c .

Suf dung tf sau day de nlicf bay lien tuf dang lap:
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

2. Lien tff tffdng lien cung lien ket nhffng tff hoac cum tff tUdng dUdng
nhffng luon di theo cSp. Day la cac lien tff tffdng lien:
both ... and either... or
n e ith e r... nor not only ... but also w hether... or
3. Lien tff chinh phu lien ket mot menh de doc lap (mot cau hoan
chinh) vdi mot menh de phu (fragment - cau chtfa hoan chinh).
Sau day la nhffng lien tff chinh phu thirdng dung nhat:
after although as as if
as long as as soon as as though because
before even though if in order that
since so that though till
unless until when whenever
where wherever
o^cl hcnr loix.tr o r
Than tit
Than tff d iin dat cam xuc manh me. Vi than tff khong lien ket vdi tff
khac trong cau theo ngff phap nen than tff diTdc tach khoi phan c5n lai
cua cau bang mot dau phay hoac dau cham than. Vi du:
Oh! What a shock you gave me with that gorilla suit.
Oi! Ban lam toi l/ uu sdc vdi bo do khi dot do.
Wow! Thats not a gorilla suit!
Wow! Do khong phdi la bo do khi dot!

11
Danh til
Danh tiif la tff de goi ten ngirdi, ndi chon, sff vat. Danh tir gom c ic loa|
sau: danh tir chung, danh tir rieng, danh tir gh6p va danh tir tap hdp.
1. Danh tir chung goi ten bat cff ai hay vat gi thuoc mot ldp ngirdi, nci
chon hay sir vat.
girl city food
2. Danh tir rieng goi ten mot ngirdi, ndi chon hoSc vat cu the. Danh ti|
rieng luon dffdc viet hoa.
Barbara New York City Rice-a-Roni
3. Danh tir gh6p la hai hay nhieu danh tir cilng lam chffc nang cua|
mot ddn vi tir. Mot danh tir gh6p cd the la hai tir rieng bi<?t, tir dffdc
ghep bang mot dau ndi hoac hai tir viet dinh lai vdi nhau.
Tir rieng biet: time capsule
Tir cd dau ndi: great-uncle
Tir dinh lien: basketball
4. Danh tir tap hdp goi ten mot nhdm ngirdi hoiic sir vat.
audience family herd crowd

D a n h tuf sd h tfu (p o s s e s s iv e n o u n s )

Trong ngur phap, possession the hien quyen sd hito. Hay theo nhffng
nguyen tac sau de tao nen danh tff sd hffu.
1. Vdi danh tff sd it, them vao mot dau lffdc va chff s.
dog > dogs bone
singer > singers voice
2. Vdi danh tff sd nhieu tan cung la s, them mot dau lffdc sau chff j.
dogs - bones
singers -> ingers bones
3. Vdi danh tff sd nhieu tan cilng khong cd .9, them mot dau ludc va
chff 5.
men -* m ens books
mice -> m ices tails

12
 D a n h tiif s o n h ieu

Day la nhffng nguyen L&c thanh lap danh tff sd nhieu.

1. Them s de tao th&nh danh tff sd nhieu doi vdi da so" danh tff.
cat > cats computer - computers
2. Them es neu danh tff tan ciing bkng s, sh, ch ho&c x.
wish > wishes
inch - inches
box - boxes
3. Neu danh tff tan cilng la phu am -y, thi doi y thanh i va them es.
city -> cities
lady -> ladies
4. Neu danh tff tan cung blng nguyen.am - y thi chi can them 5. Tuy
nhien, nhffng tff tan cilng la -quy khong theo nguyen t^c nay (nhff
trong solioquies).
essay -> essays
monkey -> monkeys

Glal til
Gidi tff lien ket mot danh tff hoSc dai tff dffng sau no vdi mot tff khac
trong cau. Dung bang sau de giup ban nhan ra vai gidi tff dffOc sff dung
nhieu nhat:
about above across after against along
amid around as at before behind
beloft beneath beside between beyond but
by despite down during except for
from in inside into like near
on onto of off opposite out
outside over past since through to
toward under undemea.!' t
' *
upon with

13
 Gidi tijf luon co mot danh tff ho3c dai tir theo sau. Mot cum gidi tir bac
gom mot gidi tvr va doi tffdng cua no. Cum gidi tff cd the gom hai hoac ba
tir.
on the wing in the door
Tuy nhien, cum gidi tirco the dai hdn nhieu, tiiy thuoc vao do dai cua
gidi tir va cac tir bo nghla cho doi tffdng cua gidi tir.
Near the violently swaying oak trees
Gan may cay soi dang du dua dCt d(>i
On account o/his nearly depleted bank account
Vi tdi khodn ngan hang gdn can kiet cua anh ay

Dal til
Dai tir la tir dffdc dung de thay the" danh tir hoac dai tir khac. Dai tir
giup ban tranh lap lai mot cach khong can thiet khi viet va ndi. Dai tir lay
nghla cua danh tir ma no thay the". Danh tir do dffdc goi la tien ngff (ante
cedent).
Although Seattle is damp, it is my favorite city.

antecedent pronoun
Mac du Seattle dm udt, do la thanh pho.
Cd nhieu loai dai tff khac nhau. Hau het dai tffdeu cd tien ngff, nhffng
mot so" it thi khong can tien ngff.

Tir tien ngtf (antecedent) co nguon goc tiT tieng La

tinh, nglua la di triidc . Tuy n h ien , tien ngff khong
n hat th iet pliai xuat hien trifdc dai tijf trong cau. nlitfng
thUdng la th e , de lam cho cau ro rang va tra n h hieu sai.

1. Dai tffnhan xffng (personal pronoun) dung de chi mot ngirdi, ndi
chon, do vat cu the.

i/i
 S o ft So'nhieu
Ngoi thtf nhat I, me, mine, my we, us, our, ours
Ngoi thtf hai you, your, yours you, your, yours
Ngoi thtf ba he, him, his, she, they, them, their, theirs, its
her, hers, it
2. Dai tir sd htfu (possessive pronoun) dung de chi quyen sd thuoc. Dai
tir sd htfu la your, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their, theirs, whose.
Is this beautiful plant yours?
Co phdi cai cay dep de nay Id cua ban khong?
Yes, its ours.
Vang, no la cua chung toi.

Difng nliam lan dai tif nhan xtfng vdi tijf ru t gon.
Dai tiif nlian xtfng khong bao gid co dSu IiTOc, trong khi
tuf ru t gon Iuon co dau lifdc. Hay suf dung bang sau:

D ai tif Tiif ru t g<?n

yours youre (you are)
its its (it is)
their theyre (they are)
whose whos (who is)
3. Dai tiif phan than (reflexive pronoun) tang them thong tin cho cau
bang cach chi nguUc lai danh tif hoac dai tir gan dau cau. Dai tir
phan than tan cung bang - s e lf hoac -selves.
Tricia bought herself a new car.
Tricia tu mua cho minh mot chiec xe hdi mdi.
All her friends enjoyed themselves riding in the beautiful car.
Tat cd ban be cua co d'y rat thich thu khi duoc chay trong chiec xe
dep.

15
 4. Dai tir nhan manh (intensive pronoun) cung tan cung b&ng -5d
hoilc -selves nhUng chi nhan manh them cho danh tir h o ic dai tij
Tricia herself picked out the car.
m
Tu Tricia chon chiec xe.
5. Dai tir chi dinh (demonstrative pronoun) htfdng sir chu <j tdi mcj
ngtfdi, ndi chon hay mot vat cu the. Chi co bon dai tir chi djnh la|
this, that, these, those.
This is my favorite movie.
Day la bo phim Ua thich cua toi.
That was a fierce rain storm.
Do la mot cctn mUa bdo ditdoi.
6. Dai tuf quan he (relative pronoun) dtfng dau mot menh de phu. C<j
nam dai tuf quan he la: that, which, who, whom, whose.
Jasper claimed that he could run the washing machine.
Jasper cho rang anh co the van hdnh cai may giat.
Louise was the repair person who fixed the machine after Jasper
washed his sneakers.
Louise Id ngudi su:a cai may sau khi Jasper giat giay cua minh.

S o ft So" nhieu So it hoac so" n h ilu

another both all
anyone few any
each many more
everyone others most
everybody several none
everything some
much
nobody
nothing
other
someone

16
 anybody
anything
either
little
neither
no one
one
somebody
something
7 Dai tir nghi van (interrogative pronoun) dilng de d&t cau hoi, bao
gom: what, which, who, whom, whose.
Who would like to cook dinner?
Ai muon nau bCta toi?
Which side does the fork go on?
Ngd ba di tiep ben nao ?
8. Dai tir bat dinh (indefinite pronoun) dilng de chi ngffdi, ndi chon, do
vat ma khong chi ra mot cai cu the nao. Nhffng dai tff bat dinh dffdc
liet ke cf trang trffdc.

Oong til
Dong tff dilng de chi mot hanh dong hoSc mieu ta mot trang thi ton
ai. Cau nao cung phai co dong tff. Co ba loai dong tff can ban la: dong
ff chi hanh dong (action verb), dong tff lien ket (linking verb) va trd dong
ff (helping verb).

D o u g tif c h i h a n h d o n g

Dong tff chi hanh dong cho ta biet chu ngff lam gi. Hanh dong co the
hay bang m&t (jump, kiss, laugh) hoac trong tinh than (think, learn, study).
The cat broke Louises china.
Con meo da lam vd mon do sii cua U)uise.

I f>M9CTHAi NGUYEN
*\rn TAUUAAVVPIT 17
 Louise considered buying a new china cabinet.
Louise can nhac xem co nen mua mot cai tu sut mdi khong.
Dong tiif chi hanh dong c6 hai loai la ngoai dong tif va noi d$ng til|
Ngoai dong tff can phai co mot bo ngff trffc tiep.
The boss dropped the ball.
Ong chu lam rdi qua banh.
The workers picked it up.
Cac cong nhan nhat no len.
Noi dong tif khong can bo ngff trtfc tiep.
Who called?
A igoiday?
The tem perature fell over night.
Nhiet do tut xuong vdo ban dem.

Trong mot cau, d<? biet dong tuf co pB ai'la ngoai

dong tuf hay khong, liay hoi W ho? ho3c W hat?
theo sau dong tuf. Neu ban tim ditoc cau tra lcJi trong
cau do tlii dong tff ay la ngoai dong tff.

D o n g tif lie n k e t

Dong tff lien ket (linking verb) noi chu ngff va vi ngff lai vdi nhau.
Dong tff nay khong chi hanh dong ma giup cho tff d cuoi cau dinh ro
hoac mieu ta chu ngff. Trong phan trffdc cua chffdng nay, nhffng dpng tff
lien ket thong dung bao gom: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear,
sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become. Nhffng dang cua dong tff to be bao
gom am, are, is, was, were, am being, can be, have been va van van.
The manager was happy about the job change.
Gidm doc rat phan khdi khi doi nghe.
He is a good worker.
Ong ay Id mot cong nhan gidi.
 Nhieu dong tCr lien ket cung co the lam dong tir chi hanh dong.
Lien ket: The kids looked sad.
Bon tre trong co ve buon.
Hanh dong: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.
Toi tim con cho trong con mua tdm ta.

yy\e*>

De biet dong tiif dtfdc suf dung la dong tuf lien ket
hay dong tuf chi hanh dong, hay thay th dong tijf do
bang am , are hofic is. Neu dpc len thay co nghla thi
dong tuf ban dau la dong tuf lien ket.

Tr<jf d o n g tuf

Trd dong tif (helping verbs) dufOc them vao mot dong tuf khac de lam
nghla. Trc( dong tuf bao gom moi dang cua cac dong tir to be, do ,does,
d, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must.
jm dong tuf diTdc tao thanh bcfi mot dong tuf chinh va mot hoac vai trO
mg tir.
They will run before dawn.
Ho se chay trudc binh minh.
They still have not yet found a smooth track.
Ho van chua tim diMc mot dudng chay bang phdng.

Tom ta t

Tieng A nh cd tam loai tit:

Tinh tu
Trang tur
Li?n tu

1n
 Thin tur
Danh tur
Gidi tu
Dai tu
D<?ng tu
Thong qua cdch suf dung tCr trong cau, ta c6 the xac dinh dUdc n6 lai
loai nao.

Tif kiem tra

Cau lUim q - m
1. Mot danh tijf dinh danh cho ngirdi, ndi chon hoc sir va
2. Danh tif chung dinh danh bat cti ai hoc vat nao tror
mot ldp ngUdi, ndi chon hoSc sir vat.
3. Danh tijf rieng cho biet ten cua mot ngirdi, ndi chon hoi
sir vat cu the. Danh tiif rieng khong bao gid viet hoa.
4. Danh tCr sd nhieu cho biet quan he sd thuoc.
5. Dong tir dien ta hanh dong, tinh trang hoSc trang th,
ton tai.
6. Co sau loai dong tuf can ban la: dong tir chi hanh don;
dong tir lien ket, trd dong tir, ngoai dong tir, noi dor
tir, va dong tir so" nhieu.
7. Trd dong tir dtfdc them vao mot dong tir khac de lam i
nghla. Trd dong tir bao gom tat ca cac dang cua to be
8. Tinh tir dung de mieu ta danh tir va dai tir.
9. Khong bao gid dtfdc dung tinh tir sau mot dong tir lie
ket.
10. Trang tir dung de mieu ta dong tir, tinh tir hoac trang I
khac.
11. Tat ca trang ttfdeu dtfdc thanh lap bang cach them -
vao sau tinh tir.
12. Gidi tir dung de lien ket dong tir vdi mot tir khac.
13. Dai tir lay nghia cua danh tir ma no thay the. Danh tir
d6 dtfdc goi la tien ngff.
14. Lien tir dung de lien ket tffho&c nh6m tir.
15. Thdn tir the hien cam xuc manh liet va thffdng cach ra
bang dau cham than (!).

Cau lutt danq (to4u tkmtk cau

Chon tir trong ngoSc thich hdp nhat vdi moi cau.
1. Tinh tir rieng dtfOc thanh lap tir (danh tir chung, danh tir
rieng.)
2. C6 ba mao tir la a, an va (the, then).
3. The dtfOc goi la (mao tir bat dinh, mao tir xac dinh).
4. (Tinh tir vi ngff, tinh tff rieng) mieu ta chu ngff cua cau
va nam cach danh tff hoac dai tff bdi mot dong tff lien
ket.
5. (Thdn tff, Trang tff lien ket) dtfOc sff dung de noi cac tff
khac, ndi cac y va doan van lai vdi nhau.
6. Cd (ba, bay) loai lien tff ding lap.
7. Lien tff tiTOng lien cung lien ket nhffng tff hoac nhom tff
tffdng dffdng, nhirng luon di (theo dip, mot minh).
8. Danh tff tap hop (dinh danh nhom, chi quan he sd thuoc).
9. (I, Which) la dai tff nhan xUng.
10. (Yours, Herself) la dai tff sd hffu.
11. Dai tff nhan manh, khac vdi dai tff phan than, (dffng
dau mot menh de phu, co tac dung nhan manh them).
12. (Dai tff nghi van, Dai tff bat djnh) dung de dat cau hoi,
bao gom what, which, who, whom, whose.
13. Cau nao cung phai co mot danh tff va mot (gidi tff,
dong tff).
14. Dong tff chi hanh dong co the thay bang mat hoac (thuoc
ve tinh than, co tinh lien ket).

21
15. Trong cau "Luis dropped his hat", dong tif dropped 1
(ngoai dong tif, noi dong tif).
16. Trong cau "Nita awoke early," dong lif awoke la (ngos
dong tif, noi dong tir).
17. De xac dinh dong tif c6 phai la ngoai dong tir ha
khong, hay tif hoi ("W ho?7W hat?", "How many?
sau dong tif.
18. (Trd dong tif, Dong tif lien ket) ket ndi chu ngff vil \
ngff va khong dien ta hanh dong.
19. Trd dong tff dffdc them vao mot dong iff khac de lar
ro nghla va co the bao gom moi dang cua (to be, to see
20. Trong cau "I traded my sandwich for three oatmea
cookies," tff oatmeal la mot (danh tff, tinh tff).

Cau ImUbvk. n*jlum

Xac dinh tif loai cua nhffng tff dUdc gach dirdi trong cau.
1. The outside of the boat needs scraping.
^X'd) Noun
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
2. You should scrape the boat without outside help.
(a) Noun
A (b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
3. L ets sit outside and laugh at you as you work in the
blazing sun.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective
Xc) Adverb
(d) Preposition
4. The ambulance is parked right outside the yard, next to
the beehive.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
5. The politician repented of his past mistakes.
(a) Noun
\ (b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
6. Turn right past the store with the neon sign in the win
dow.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
7. Did you hear that song before?
(a) Conjunction
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
8. Always follow through with what you start.
(a) Interjection
(b) Conjunction
k (c) Adverb
(d) Preposition
9. The remark went right through one ear and out the other.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective

23
 ^(c) Conjunction
,(d) Preposition
10. The gardener mowed the lawn after he reread Lai
Chatterlys Lover.
(a) Conjunction
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) Preposition

Qdp d*

C&u h o i d u n g s a i ( T r u e - F a ls e )

l .T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T
1 1 .F 12. F 13. T 14. T 15.T

C au h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1. Danh ttf rieng

2. The
3. Mao tir x ic dinh
4. Tinh tCr vi ngff
5. Trang tff lien ket
6. Bay
7. Theo cap
8. dinh danh nhom
9. I
10. Yours
11. Tang sff nhan manh
12. Dai tff nghi van
13. Dong tff
14. Thupc ve tinh than
15. Ngoai dpng tir
16. Npi dpng tr
17. W ho?/ W hat?
18. Dong tiif lien ket
19. To be
20. Tinh tir

C&u h o i tr& c n g h ie m

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b
6. d 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. a

25
Q huqng2

(Dung, d a i tit
(ttutg, mfCt p h a p

Toi co c a n doc ch u o n g n a y khong?

Dau ucu doc cbrfcfng uuy neu ban can on lai

hoac
boc
vc

^ Hi^u cho dung case (cach). Cach la dang cui

dai tur va no cho ta bit dai tur ducrc dung nhi
thSf nao trong cau.
Dung dai tu nhan xung dung ngir p h ip
Sua cach dung dai tu

Xem lai c ic h dung dai tu phan b if t gidi tinh

Su dung who, which, that

26
 c td u

Sau khi doc chtfdng 1, b an da bit dai tiif (pronoun)

la tiif dtfdc dung thay the cho danh tuf hoac mot dai tif
khac. Dai tif lay nghla cua danh tiif ma no thay th e,
va danh tuf do dtfdc goi la tien ngtf (antecedent).
Cach (case) dung de clii dang thtfc cua danh ttf hoac dai ttf; no
cho bieit danh tif hoac dai tif dtfdc suf dung nhtf th nao trong cau.

Tong quan v i cach ciia dai tit

Chi co hai loai ttf: danh ttf va dai ttf la co cach (case). Dieu nay co
nghla la danh ttf va dai ttf thay doi dang thtfc cua chung tuy vao vai tro
cua chung trong cau. Trong tieng Anh co ba cdch: chu ngff cach hay
thtfdng goi la danh cach (nominative), tan ngff cdch (objective) va sd
hffu cach (possessive).
Trong chu cach, dai tff dtfdc dung lam chu ngff.
I threw the ball.
Toi nem trdi banh.
Trong tan ngff cach, dai tff dtfdc dung lam tan ngff.
Give the ball to me.
Dua trdi banh cho toi.
Trong sd hffu cach, dai tff dtfdc dung de chi quan he sd thuoc.
The ball is mine.
Trdi banh la cua toi.
Bang sau day cho thay ba cach cua dai tff nhan xffng:
Chu ngff cach Tan ngff cach Sd hffu cach
(Pronoun as subject) (Pronoun as object) (Ownership)
Dai tff lam chu ngff Dai tff lam tan ngff Quan he sd thuoc
I me my, mine
you you your, yours
he him his
27
 she her her, hers
it it its
we us our, ours
they them their, theirs
who whom w hose
w hoever w hom ever w hoever
De trinh dilng dai tff nhan xffng sai ngff phip, ban phai
--------- ^ *
cang thing, thtfc ra cung chlng kh6 lm dau!

Sfi dung chil ngtt cach

1. Dung chu ngff cach de chi ra chu the cua dong tff.
Father and (I, me) like *o shop at flea markets.
Trd Idi: I la chu ngff cua cau. Vi vay, dai tff d chu ngff cich
Father and I like to shop at flea m arkets.
Bo va toi thich di mua sum d cuta hang do cu.
De xac dinh dai tff cho dung, ta hay bo di chu ngff dau tien roi
thff tffng trtfdng hdp, xem c ii nao dung hdn. Vi du:
I like to shop at flea markets.
Me like to shop at flea markets.
Ro rang la cau dau nghe dung hOn.
-N
y y \& &

Khi ban liet ke tif hai chu ngff trd len thi nen nh6 la luon
luon de b a n than minh sau cung. Vi vay , cau do
phai viet la F ath er and I , cliff khong bao gid la I
and F a th e r.

(Who, Whom) do you believe is the better shopper?

Trd Idi: Who la chu ngff cua dong tff is. Vi vay, cau phai la "Who
do you believe is the better shopper?
Ban cho ai Id nguui mua sum gidi hem?
28
 Hay loai bo nhffng cum tff chen vao nhff do you believe, you think,
o you suppose (va nhffng cum tffdng tff). Chung khong anh hffdng tdi
dch cua dai tff.
2. Dilng chu ngff cach cho vi chu ngff.
Vi chu ngff (predicate nominative) la mot danh tff hoSc dai tff
theo sau mot dong tff lien ket va co chtfc nang mieu ta hofic
dilng de chi chu ngff trong cau. Hay nhd r&ng dong tff lien ket cd
tc dung noi chu ngff vdi mot tff bo sung cho chu ngff do. dong
tff lien ket chi ra trang thai ton tai (am, is, are, v.v), lien he vdi
cac gi^c quan (look, smell, taste, v.v) hoac chi mot tinh trang
(appear, seem, become, v.v).
The salesman of the month was (I, me).
Trd Idi: Dung /, vi dai tff nay lap lai ten cua chu ngff, the sales
man of the month. The salesman of the month was I.
Nhan vien ban hang cua thdng Id toi.
Cau nao dung: It is / hay It is me? Tren ly thuyet thi dang
dung phai la It is I , vi chung ta dang suf dung mot vi chu ngff.
Tuy nhien, It is m e (va It is us) ngay cang dffdc nhieu ngtfdi
chap nhan va sff dung pho bien.

Dung tdn ngtt cach

1. Sff dung tan ngff cach de chi mot tan ngff trffc tiep (direct ob
ject).
Tan ngff trffc tiep la mot danh tff hoSc dai tff chiu tc dong cua
hanh dong.
Johns suit no longer fits (he, him).
Trd Idi: Johns suit no longer fits him.
Bo do cua John mac khong vita nita.
(Who, Whom) did she finally invite to the dinner party?
Trd Idi: She la chu ngff, ngffdi thffc hien hanh dong. Vi vay, cau
tren phai viet la "Whom did she finally invite to the dinner
p arty ?
Cuoi cung co ay tndi ai tdi bCta da tiec?
 Of course, she can invite (whoever, whomever) she wants.
Trd Idi: Of course, she can invite whomever she wants.
DT nhien, cd ay cd the mdi ai tuy y.

Khi b an co mot dai tiif k<;t h<?p vdi danh tif (vl du
nlnf tve guests, us guests), hay thuf d a t cSu m a khflng
co danh tif. B an co the nghe thuf xem dai tif nao
la dung.
It is always a pleasure for we to attend th e ir party.
It is always a pleasure for us to attend th e ir party.
Chung toi luon th a y vui khi dit tiec cua ho.
CSu thuf hai la dung.
J
2. Dung tan ngff cach de chi mot tan nguf gian tiep (indirect object).
Tan ngff gian tiep cho ta biet sff viec dtfOc thtfc hien doi vdi ai
(to whom) hoac cho ai (for whom). Ban co the biet tif nao la tan
ngff gian tiep neu ban co the them to hoac for vao trffdc no ma
khong lam thay doi nghla. Vi du: The book gave (to) my boss
and (to) me some new strategies.
The bill gave (we, us) a shock.
To hoa don khien chung toi sung sot.
Trd Idi: The bill gave us a shock.
3. Sff dung tan ngff cach cho tan ngff cua gidi tff.
Hay nhd gidi tff la mot tff nho co tac dung noi danh tff hoSc dai tif
theo sau no vdi mot tff khac trong cau.
Sit by (I, me).
Trd Idi: Dai tff la tan ngff cua gidi tff, vi vay cau tren phai viet la
Sit by m e.
Hay ngoi ke ben toi.

30
it dung sd hitu cach
J . D ing sd hffu cdch de chi quan he sd thuoc.
The child refused to admit that the sweater was (hers, hers).
Trd Idi: Hers 1^ dang dung cua sd hffu c&ch vii can phai dung d
day de chi quan he sd thuoc (thuoc ve co ay). Vi vay, cau nay phai
viet la: The child refused to admit that the sweater was hers.
Dtia be khong ch{u nhan cai do len Id cua no.
2. Dilng sd hffu cdch trtfdc dong danh tff (gerund).
Dong danh tff 1& mot dang cua dong tff nhffng co chffc nang nhtf
mot danh tff. Dpng danh tff luon tan cung b^ng -ing, va luon
ddng vai tro cua danh tff.
(You, Your) walking in the rain didnt cause your cold.
Trd Idi: Dong danh tff walking can phai co dai tff sd hffu your. Vi
vay, cau tren phai viet la: Your walking in the rain didnt cause
your cold.
Ban di mi/a khong khien ban bi cam.
Do you mind (my, me) borrowing your cell phone?
Trd Idi: Do you mind my borrowing your cell phone?
Ban cd phien neu toi mUtln di$n thoai di d(>ng cua ban khong?
3. Dung dai tff sd hffu mot minh de chi quan he sd thuoc.
This cell phone is mine, not yours.
Cdi di<?n thoai nay la cua toi, khong phai cua ban.

a nguyin tdc khac khi dung dai til

Day la ba nguyen tSc khac ap dung cho dai tff va cach.
1. Dai tff co chffc nang dong vi (apposition) vdi danh tff thi cung
cach vdi danh tff do.
Cum tff dong vi (appositive phrase) la mot danh tff hoSc mot dai tff
co chffc nang bo sung thong tin va chi tiet. Trong cau co the bo di
cum tff dong vi nen chung dffdc ngan cach vdi phan con lai cua
cau bang dau phay. Cum tff dong vi dffdc gach dffdi trong cau sau.
31
Two police officers, Alice and (she, her), w ere com m ended fa
bravery.
Tra Idi: Dai tir dong vi vdi danh ti* police officers, polic
officers lai d chu ngff cach nen dai tff phai d chu ngff cdch (she
Vi vay, cau tren phai viet hi Two police officers, Alice and sk
w ere commended for bravery.
Hai vien canh sat, Alice va co ay, duac tuyen duong ve ldn\
dung cam.
Ngoai le: Dai tff dffdc dilng lam chu the hanh dpng cua
dong tff nguyen mau (infinitive) phai d tan ngff cdch. Vi du: Juan
expects Luz and (I, me) to host the reception. Dai tff dung (
day phai la me, vi no la chu the h&nh dpng cua dong tff nguyS^
mau to host.

y y \& o

Dai tff biu thi quan h6 scl thufic khong bao gift co
dSu ltftfc. Hay d y cac d ai tff quan h sau: yours,
his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

2. Dung dang - s e lf cho dung vdi nhffng trffdng hdp phan than (re
flexive) va nhan manh (intensive).
Nhff da noi d Chffdng 1, dai tff phan than phan anh lai chu ngfl
ho^c tan ngff.
The child embarrassed himself
DiCa be tu gay lung tung cho minh.
Dffng dung dai tff phan than de thay the cho chu ngff xh tan ngil
The boss and (myself, I) had a meeting.
Trd Idi: Dung dai tff / chff khong phai dang phan than. Vi vay
cau tren phai viet la: The boss and I had a m eeting.
Ong chu va toi co myt cuoc hop.
3. Who d chu ngff cach; con whom d tan ngff cach.
Khong ai phan doi viec who va whom la nhffng dai tff r^c roi nhat
trong tieng Anh. Mac dii chung ta da ban ve who va whom trone
 chffdng trtfdc, nhffng nhffng tff nay gay khd nhieu phien toai nen
can phai danh rieng mot phan de n6i ve who v& whom. Ta hay
bt dau b&ng cich nhin lai bang mieu ta cch dilng dai tff sau.
Chu ngff TSn ngff Tff sd hffu
(Chu ngff cch) (Tan ngff cdch) (Sd hffu cch)
So it who whom whose
W hoever whom ever w hosoever
So nhieu who whom whose
W hoever whom ever w hosoever
Bay gid la mpt so nguyen tic:
Dilng who h oic whoever khi dai tff la chu ngff cua dong tff.
Who won the Nobel Prize this year?
Ai da doqt gidi Nobel ndm nay?
Dilng who hoSc whoever khi dai tff la vi chu ngff.
The winner was who?
NgUdi chien thang Id ai?
Dilng whom hoSc whomever khi dai tff la tan ngff trffc tiep cua
dong tff ho&c lam tan ngff cho gidi tff.
Whom did he fire this week?
Tuan nay ong ta sa thdi ai?

'Jung dai til ll$n hd dung ngQ phap

Dai tff lay nghla tff tien ngff (antecedent). Tien ngff la danh tff hoSc
lai tff ma n6 de cap tdi. Neu dung dai tff lien he vdi tien ngff khong r5
ang thi se gay kh6 hieu khi noi va v ie t
DSt vi tri cua dai tff mot cach cau tha co the tao ra nhffng cau rat ttfc
tfcJi lan khd hieu. Hay xem xet sff khac nhau giffa dieu ngtfdi viet
ighi vdi nghla cua n6 trong cac cau sau:
Last week, a wart appeared on my right thumb, and I want it re-
noved.
Tuan trUtfc, mot cai mun coc xud't hien tren ngon cai tay phai cua
edi, va toi muon bo no.
33
 (Are you removing the wart or the thumb?)
(Ban dinh loai bo cai mun coc hay Id ngon tay cai?)
Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and
your friends. You must get rid of them.
Toi loi vd sU tdn nhan co the gay tdn thU(tng tinh cam cho ban vc
ban be. Ban nen tong khii chung.
(Are you getting rid of the guilt or your friends?)
(Ban djnh tong khu toi loi hay la ban be cua ban?)
Co ba cdch de tranh gay khd hieu khi dung dai tif.
1. Mot dai tir phai de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngff duy nhat.
2. Bat dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua no.
3. Lam cho dai tff de cap tdi mot tien ngff xac dinh.
Ta hay tim hieu tffng nguyen tic nhe.
1. Mot dai tff phai de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngff duy nhat. Mot lo
thffdng gap khi ndi va viet la khi cung mot dai tff lai de cap td
hdn mot tien ngff. Vi du, trong cau cuoi cua phan trtfdc, them a
the de cap tdi guilt, unkindness, hoac your friends.
Nhd la mot dai tff cd chffc nang thay the cho mot danh tff. Muoi
chic chin ban viet va ndi rd rang thi hay luon luon dung danh tiJ
trtfdc khi dung dai tff. Lam cho cau rd rang hdn bang cach ddnf
danh tff thay cho dai tff gay map md. Nhff the, tat ca nhffng dai til
con lai se de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngtf duy nhat.
Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you ant
your friends. You must get rid of them.
Toi loi vd sU tan nhan co the gay tdn thUtfng tinh cam cho ban vi
ban be. Ban nen loai bo nhCtng dieu nay.
Day la hai cach sffa lai cau nay:
Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you am
your friends. You must get rid of these issues.
Toi loi va su tan nhan co the gay tdn thvtong tinh cam cho ban vi
ban be. Ban nen loai bo nluTng van de nay.
Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you an<
your friends. You must get rid of these destructive pnmtinnc
 Tgi loi vd sit tan nhan co the gay ton thucmg tinh cam cho ban va
ban be. Ban nen loai bo nhitng cam xuc gay thuctng ton nay.
2. DSt dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua n6. Neu co qud nhieu cum tff
chen giffa dai tff vk tien ngff cua n6 thi cau se trd nen kho doc va
khd hieu. Dieu ny cd the xay ra ngay ca khi phan chen vao c6
men lien he logic vdi phan con lai cua cau. Hay xem cau sau:
After m eeting a few guests, the President entered the recep
tion. At that point, Senator Chin and the other elected officials
began to pose for pictures. Even so, he did not join them.
Sau khi gap mot vai v/ khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phong dai tiec.
Vdo luc do, Thuang nghi si Chin va cac vien chiic duoc bau khac
bat dau dting chup anh. Du vay, ong ay khong tham gia vdi ho.
Trong cau nay, he cach xa tien ngff the President cua no. Mot
giai phap la thay the he bang the President. Cach khac la viet lai
cau sau cho dai tff dffOc dtfa lai gan tien ngff hOn.
After meeting a few guests, the President entered the reception.
At that point, Senator Chin and the other elected officials began
to pose for pictures. Even so, the President did not join them.
Sau khi gap mot vdi vi khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phong dai tiec.
Vdo luc do, Thuctng nghi si Chin vd cac vien chiic duuc bau khac
bat dau dicng chup anh Du vay, Thu tudng khong tham gia vdi ho.
After m eeting a few guests, the President entered the recep
tion. He did not join Senator Chin and the other elected offi
cials, even though they began to pose for pictures.
Sau khi gap m()t vdi vi khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phdng dai
tiec. Ong khong tham gia vdi Thuong nghi si Chin vd cac vien
chiic dU(fc bau khac, mac du ho dd bat dau dting chup anh.
- \

y y \e -&

Khi ban bat dau viet mot doan van mdi, hay lap
lai danh tff trong doan trffdc thay vi dung dai tff d
thay the no. Lap lai danh tff (thffdng la ten rieng) co
tliS giup ngffcfi dpc d ! dang liiSu dffpc logic cua ban.
 3. Lam cho mot dai tiif de cap tdi mQt tien ngff x&c dinh. Hay din
bao la tat ca dai tff chi de cap tdi mpt tien ngff duy nhat. Dai tiif it,
this, that va which d ie biet de gay nham lan. Hay xem cau sau
I told my friends that I was going to be a rock star, which an
noyed my mother.
Toi bao vdi ban be la toi sap thanh ngoi sao nhac rock, dieu na\
khien me tdi buc minh.
Kieu cau sau day tot hdn vl n6 it md ho hdn:
My mother was annoyed because I told my friends that I wa
going to be a rock star.
Me toi buc minh vi toi bao vdi ban be la toi sap thanh ngoi sa
nhac rock.

Thay doi cach dung dai til glong due

Dai tff co so ltfdng (number), ngoi (person) va giong (gender).
Djnh nghla Vi du
So ltfdng cho biet so ltfdng nhieu hay it. Lenny has changed his
plans.
Lenny do. thay doi ke
hoach cua minh.
Lenny and Sam have
changed their plans.
Lenny va Sam da thay
doi ke hoach cua hQ.
Ngoi (person) chi ra dai tff de cap tdi .1 like to read mysteries
ngoi thtf nhat (I: ngtfdi dang noi), ngoi Tdi thich doc tieu thuye
thtf hai (you: ngtfdi nghe), ho5c ngoi than bi.
thff ba (she: ngirdi, ndi chon hoac vat You can get them in th.
dffdc noi tdi). library.
Ban cd the lay sdch do
trong thu vien.
 Jill is studying math,
which she needs.
Jill dang hoc todn, mon
ma co d'y can.
Giong c6 the li giong dffc, giong c ii He is a butcher; she is a
hoc giong trung. baker.
dng ay la ngUdi ban th\t;
cd ay la ngUdi lam banh.
It is a fine car.
Do la mot chiec xe dep.
Luc trtfdc, dai ttf giong dffc dtfdc dilng de chi mot tien ngtf ddn le
thong xac dinh dtfdc la giong nao.
A student should turn in his assignments on time.
Sinh vien nen nc)p bai cua anh ta dung han.
C ich ddng ny hien nay khong con dtfdc cho la dung ntfa, vi no la
':dch noi phan b if t gidi tinh. Ban c6 the dilng ca dai ttf giong dtfc va
;iong c ii ho&c viet lai cau de bien dai ttf trd th&nh so nhieu:
A student should turn in his or her assignments on time.
Sinh vien nen nop bai cua anh ay hoac cd ay dung han.
Students should turn in their assignments on time.
Sinh vien nen nyp bai cua ho dung han.
Stf ltfa chon nao la tot nhat day? Hay chon cdch viet lai cau de bien
tai ttf thanh so' nhieu vi cau cu nghe troi chay hdn.

Dung 'Who. Which. That

C6 nhffng nguyen tac dSc biet chi phoi cdch dilng dai tff quan he
vho, which va that.
1. Who dilng de chi ngffdi hoac dong vat (chi nhffng dong vat co
ten hoSc tai nang d ie biet, nhff Lassie ching han).
She is not the actress who was orignally cast in the role.
Co ay khong Id nit dien vien duoc ch<pn vao vai do ngay tit dau.

37
 2. That va which dung de chi do vat, nh6m va dong vat kh6nf
dtfdc dat ten.
Chon dung which hay that la tiJy thupc vao viec menh de ma dai
ttf dtfng dau la menh de gidi han (restrictive clause) hay ment
de khong gidi han (nonrestrictive clause).
Menh de gidi han la yeu to bat buoc phai co trong cau.
M enh de khong gidi han co chtfc nang bo nghla, dtfdc del
bang dau phay, va c6 the bo khoi cau.
Dung that cho menh de gidi han va which vdi menh de khon{
gidi han.
Once, at a social gathering, Gladstone said to Disraeli, I pre
diet, sir, that you will die either by hanging or by some vile
disease. (menh de gidi han)
Mot Ian no, trong buoi gap mat xd giao, G ladstone noi vth
Disraeli, Thua ngai, tdi doan rang ngai se chet vi bi treo ci
hoac mac mot can benh nang.
Disraeli replied, That all depends, sir, upon whether I embraci
your principles or your mistress. (menh de gidi han)
Disraeli dap trd, Tat cd nhCtng dieu do cdn tuy, thua ngai, xei
la tdi dm cac nguyen tac cua ngai hay dm vd cua ngai.
Postage meters, which are easy to use, are available at the bool
store, (menh de khong gidi han)
May dong dau tem, loai may rat de sd dung, cd d nha sdch.

Khi dam thoai ting Anh, ivho va w hom ever cang

ngay cang it ditoc dung tdi. Ngtfdi ta thtfdng dung
who va whoever mot cach thSn m at trong hau ht
tat ca cac tinh liuong.

38
 Tom ta t

Cich (case) la m ot dang cua danh tur ho2c dai

tu. No chi cho ta bi<Tt danh tu ho2c dai tu ducrc
dung nhu th?f nao trong c iu .
TiSng Anh cd ba cach: chu ngu c ic h , ta n ngu
c ic h va sd huu cich.
Dung chu ngu c ic h i t chi chu th i cua dong
tu ; dung ta n ngu cach m uc ti u chi doi
tuqfng ta c dong c u a dong tu ; d u n g sd h u u
c ic h i t chi quan h? sd thuoc.
Hay lam cho dai tur lin h f rd rang vdi m ot
tiln ngu don x ic djnh.
P i t dai tu g in vdi tiln ngu cua no.

Tif kiem tra

Cau Icittcttiug - bai

1. Cach (case) dung de cho biet cach mot danh tCr hay
Cau hdi
dai ti* bien doi tuy vao cach ta dung tCr do trong cau.
2. Tieng Anh co ba cach la: chu ngff cdch, tan ngff cach
va sd hffu cach.
3. Trong chu ngff cach, dai tff dffdc dung de chi quan he
sd thuoc.
4. Trong sd hffu cach, dai tff dffdc dung lam tan ngff.
5. Who d chu ngff cach; whom d tan ngff cach.
6. Vj chu ngff la danh tff hoac dai tff theo sau mot dong
tff lien ket va xac dinh hoac goi lai ten cua chu ngff.
7. Dung tan ngff cach de chi tan ngff cua danh tff, dong
tff hoac tinh tff.

39
8. Dong danh tiif luon tan cilng b&ng -e d vik luon c6 chiit
nang lam dong tif.
9. Dai tir dong vi vdi danh tir thi d cilng cach vdi danh tir
10. Dai tir dffdc diing lam chu tir cua mot dpng tir nguyet
mau thi d chu ngff cich.
11. Dai tff chi quan hp sd thuoc luon luon cd dau ltftjc.
12. Dung dai tff phan than de thay the cho chu ngtfvi
tan ngff.
13. Dai tff phai lien he r5 rang tdi mot tien ngff xic dint
duy nhat.
14. Phai dat dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua no.
15. Who dung de chi ngtfdi hoSc con vat, trong khi that vi
which chi do vat, nhom va loai vat khong dtfdc d&t ten

Cfiu dang luuUt iJutick cau.

Chon tff thich hdp de hoan thanh cau.

1. Trish and (I, me) have decided to move to Brazil.
2. The new employees are (they, them).
3. The problem is unquestionably (she, her).
4. Human beings, (who, whom) are the most fascinat
ing species on earth, are also the most admirable.
5. Those (whom, who) are early to bed and early to risi
are healthy, wealthy, and very tired.
6. The best dressed employee has always been (him, he)
7. The winning contestants are the G riffels and (they
them).
8. The concept (which, that) intrigued (we, us) had no
yet been publicized.
9. My car, (who, which) was brand new, had relativel}
little damage.
10. The car (which, that) hit me was speeding.
11. From (who, whom) did you buy that beautiful purse'
12. The thunderstorm frightened my cat and (I, me).
13. Please sit next to Rita and (me, I).
14. Brenda gave (he, him) a lot of unsolicited advice.
15. With (who, whom) have you agreed to carpool?

Con ItiUtide
Chon cau viet lai dung nhat vdi ttifng cau mau.
1. W hen Harry and Chuck return home, he will call.
(a) W hen Harry and Chuck return home, they will
call.
(b) W hen Harry and Chuck return home, Harry will
call.
(c) When Harry and Chuck return home, him will call.
(d) When Harry and Chuck return home, calling will
take place.
2. W hen M arcia spoke to M argery that morning, she
did not realize that she would win the international
bodybuilding contest.
(a) W hen Marcia spoke to Margery that morning, her
did not realize that she would win the international
bodybuilding contest.
(b) W hen Marcia spoke to Margery that morning, they
did not realize that she would win the international
bodybuilding contest.
(c) When Marcia spoke to Margery that morning,
Marcia did not realize that she would win the inter
national bodybuilding contest.
(d) When Marcia spoke to Margery that morning, no
one realized that she w cvM win the international
bodybuilding contest.
3. When the rain started, we pulled out an umbrella. It
annoyed the people around us, but we decided to stay
at the ball field.
41
 (a) When the rain started, we pulled out an umbrelli
Its annoyed the people around us, but we decided
to stay at the ball field.
(b) When the rain started, we pulled out an umbrelli
Its annoyed the people around us, but we decided
to stay at the ball field.
(c) When the rain started, we pulled out an umbrelli
The umbrella annoyed people around us, but we
decided to stay at the ball field.
(d) When the rain started, we pulled out an umbrelli
They annoyed the people around us, but we decide,
to stay at the ball field.
4. If you asked Dick to describe Rudy, he would sa;
that he was sly, boring, and cheap and then he wouk
snicker.
(a) If you asked Dick to describe Rudy, Dick wouli
say that he was sly, boring, and cheap and then Did
would snicker.
(b) If you asked Dick to describe Rudy, Dick wouli
say that he was sly, boring, and cheap and then hi
would snicker.
(c) If you asked Dick to describe Rudy, he would sa;
that he was sly, boring, and cheap and then snick
ering would occur.
(d) If you asked Dick to describe Rudy, Rudy wouk
say that Rudy was sly, boring, and cheap and thei
Dick would snicker.
5. They awarded we losers a gag prize.
(a) They awarded them losers a gag prize.
(b) They awarded yours losers a gag prize.
(c) They awarded they losers a gag prize.
(d) They awarded us losers a gag prize.

42
6. My neighbor agreed to support he for the condo board.
(a) My neighbor agreed to support she for the condo
board.
(b) My neighbor agreed to support him for the condo
board.
(c) My neighbor agreed to support I for the condo
board.
(d) My neighbor agreed to support we for the condo
board.
7. Naturally, you can invite whoever you want.
(a) Naturally, you can invite who you want.
(b) Naturally, you can invite which ever you want.
(c) Naturally, you can invite whomever you want.
(d) Naturally, you can invite that you want.
8. A student must understand that homework is very im
portant to them.
(a) Students must understand that homework is very
important to them.
(b) A student must understand that homework is very
important to him.
(c) A student must understand that homework is very
important to her.
(d) A student must understand that homework is very
important to I.
9. The story was good, but they didnt explain what hap
pened in the end.
(a) The story was good, but he didnt explain what
happened in the end.
(b) The story was good, but the author didnt explain
what happened in the end.
(c) The story was good, but she didnt explain what
happened in the end.

43
 (d) The story was good, but explaining what happen^
in the end didnt happen.
10. Justin saw the ad on the web page yesterday, but ht
cant seem to find it today.
(a) Justin saw the ad in the web page yesterday, bt
he cant seem to find the today.
(b) Justin saw the ad in the web page yesterday, b|
he cant seem to find its today.
(c) Justin saw the ad in the web page yesterday, bi
he cant seem to find today.
(d) Justin saw the ad in the web page yesterday, bt
he cant seem to find the ad today.

Qdpdu,

l i/
L a u h o i d u n g sai

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F
11. F 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. T

C a u lio i d a u g h o a n t h a u h c a u

1. I 2. they 3. she 4. who 5. who

6. he 7. they 8. that, us
d
S

9. which
11. whom 12. me 13. me 14. him
15. whom

C a u h o i t r i e n g h ie m

1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. d
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. d

44
SHtfflfNG i
^Duutj (Tout/ tit
dung, nt/t? p h a p

Toi co c a n d ? c chirong n a y kh o n g ?

Ban lieu doc cliu'o'ui* nay neu ban can on lai

lio&c
boc
vc

Thi dng tu
Dijng tu co quy tic v i dQng tu bat quy tic (regular
and irregular verb)
Dang chu dong v i dang bj dong (active and passive
voice)
Dung dong tu dung ngu phip

45
/--------------
ct& u

Trong ti6'ng Anh, thi dff<?c dung d chi m6l vific gl

do xay ra khi nao. 0 dSy, ban se kham pha cach
dong tiif dif^c thanh lSp va suf dung d chi thcfi gian
nhu the' nao. Lffu y: Chtfdng nay dac bi6t quan trpng d6'i vdi
ngtfcfi hoc tie'ng Anh nhtf ngon ngff tliff hai.

Tong quan v i chuc ndng ciia ddng til

Trong chtfdng 1, dong tff la tff goi ten hanh dong hoSc mieu ta mQl
trang thai ton tai. Co bon loai dong tff can ban: dong tff chi hanh dong,
dong tff lien ket, trd dong tff va cum dong tff. Dong tff cung truyen dal
thong tin khi chung bien doi dang. Day la nam khia canh khac nhau cua
mot dong tff:
Thi (tense) (hanh dong dien ra khi nao: qua khff, hien tai, tffdng lai
Ngoi (person) (ai hoac cai gi thtfc hien hanh dong)
So ltfdng (number) (co bao nhieu chu the thffc hien hoac tiep nhac
hanh dong)
Thffc (mood) (thai do doi vdi hanh dong)
Dang (voice) (chu ngff thffc hien hay tiep nhan hanh dong: dang
chu dong va bj dong)

Sau thi cila dong til

Thi cua dong tff cho biet thdi gian cua dong tff do. Trons tieng Anh,
dong tff co sau thi. Moi thi co hai dang: can ban va tiep dien (con dvfcJc
goi la hoan thanh . Dang can ban chi hanh dong, viec xav ra hoac trang
thai ton tai dang dien ra d day va ngay bay gid. Dang can ban cung la ner
tang cho dang tffdng lai (tffc la / will sleep; they will sleep).
 B ing sau day cho thay sdu dang cua dong tff to walk:
Thi Dang can ban Dang tiep dien
Hien tai walk am walking
Qua khff walked was walking
Tffdng lai will walk will be walking
Hien tai hoan thanh have walked have been walking
Qua khff hoan thanh had walked had been walking
Tffdng lai hoan thanh will have walked will have been walking
Cac thi cua dong tff trong tieng Anh dffdc thanh lap tff trd dong tff va
hffng phan chinh. Moi dong tff deu co bon phan chinh, nhff dffdc the
ien trong bang sau.

N hffng p lia n c h in h cu a d o n g tiif

Hin tai Hi^n tai phan tff Qua khff Qua khff phan tff
look looking looked looked
dance dancing danced danced
1. Thi hien tai (the present tense)
Dong tff d dang hien tai dffdc dung de thanh lap thi hien tai (I
look") va thi tffdng lai ( I will look"). Tieng Anh dilng trd dong tff
will de chi thi tffdng lai.
2. Hien tai phan tff (the present participle)
Dang hien tai phan tff cua dong tff dung de thanh lap tat ca sau
dang tiep dien ( I am looking, I was looking, va van van)
3. Thi qua khff (the past tense)
Dang qua khff chi dung trong mot thi duy nhat la thi qua khff. Nhff
vdi trtfdng hdp thi hien tai, phan chinh cua dong tff dffng mot minh.
4. Qua khff phan tff (the past participle)
Dang qua khff phan tff thanh lap nen ba thi cuoi cung la thi hien tai
hoan thanh ( I have looked"); thi qua khff hoan thanh (I had
looked") va thi tffdng lai hoan thanh (I will have looked). De tao
nen dang qua khff phan tff, ban hay bat dau vdi mot trd dong tff nhff
is, are, was, has been, sau do them vao phan chinh cua dong tff.

47
 yy\& o

Khi ban cliia d6ng tiif, hay ligt k dang stf it vik s(f
nhieu cua dong tiif trong m6t thi xac dinh.

Dong tit co quy tdc vd b<$t quy tdc

Dong tijf trong tieng Anh chia ra lam hai loai: c6 quy tic bat quy
tic. Co sir phan chia n^y la do sir khde biet ve dang tijf cf thi qud khuf vi
dang qu khff phan tijf.
B0ng tCr c6 quy t<(c: dang dong tir cl thi qu khff v i qud khff phan ti
dffdc tao nen b&ng cach them -d , -ed ho&c - t v&o dang hi?n tai
nhiTng nguyen am van khong thay doi; vi du nhtr walk, walkei
walked.
Bong tir bat quy lie: Thi qua khuf va qua khuf phan tir dffdc th&nl
lap khong theo khuon mau nao ma co nhieu dang khac nhau. Vi di
nhir, vdi vai dong tir bat quy lie thi nguyen am bi bien doi v& thfin
-n hoSc - e vao sau, nhir trong begin, began, begun. Vdi nhfln)
dong tir khac thi nguyen am bien doi va them - d hoSc - t xho d&ni
sau, nhir trong lose, lost, lost.
Trong tat ca cac dong tir tieng Anh thi lie va lay cd ve de gay nham la
nhat. Lay la dong tif co quy tc; lie la dong tir bat quy tic .
Lie cd nghla la n&m nghi. Lie dffdc chia thanh lie, lay, lain.
Lay co nghla la dat, de. Lay chia thanh lay, laid, laid.
Vi lay vira la thi hien tai cua dong tir to lay vira \h thi qua khff cua dpn
tir to lie nen nhieu ngirdi khi ndi va viet da dilng lay trong khi y muon n(
la lie.
Lie la mot noi dong tir. Bieu do cd nghla la lie khong bao gid cd ta
ngff trffc tiep.
When people are exhausted, they should lie down for a rest.
Khi ngUdi ta ki?t si/c, ho nen nam xuong nghi ngai m ot lat.

dS
 Lay lil ngoai dpng tiif. Nhff vay c6 nghla 1&lay luon phi c6 m0t tan
ngff trffc tiep.
Lay the papers down.
Hay de xap gidy td xuong.
Bdng sau day lipt ke vai dong tff bat quy tic thong dung c6 dang hien
phan tff, qud khff va qud khff phan tff giong nhau.
Thi hin tai Hin tai phSn tff Qua khff Qua khff ph&n tff
bid bidding bid have bid
burst bursting burst have burst
cost costing cost have cost
hit hitting hit have hit
hurt hurting hurt have hurt
kneel knelt knelt have knelt
let letting let have let
put putting put have put
set setting set have set
Bang tiep theo lipt ke vi dong tff bat quy tic thong dung c6 dang qu$
iff xh qu khff phan tff giong nhau.
Thi hin tsii Hi<?n tai ph&n tff Qua khff Qua khff ph&n tff
beat beat beaten have beaten
become became become have become
bend bent bent have bent
bind binding bound have bound
bite bit bitten have bitten
bring bringing brought have brought
build building built have built
buy buying bought have bought
catch caught caught have caught
creep crept crept have crept
dig dug dug have dug
dive dived or dove dived have dived

49
 find finding found have found
fight fighting fought have fought
forget forgot forgotten have forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven have forgiven
get getting got have gotten,
have got
grow grew grown have grown
hang hung hung have hung
hang (execute) hanged hanged have hanged
hide hid hidden have hidden
hold holding held have held
keep keeping kept have kept
lay laying laid have laid
lead leading led have led
lose losing lost have lost
pay paying paid have paid
prove proved proved, have proved,
proven have proven
ring rang rung have rung
say saying said have said
send sending sent have sent
show showing showed have showed,
have shown
sit sitting sat have sat
sleep sleeping slept have slept
spend spending spent have spent
spin spinning spun have spun
stand standing stood have stood
stick sticking stuck have stuck
teach teaching taught have taught

50
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

YV \c&

Dong tuf blft quy t3c nhfit trong ting Anh la dong
tff to be. Nhffng phan chinh cua no gom be, being, was,
w ere, been, am , are, is.
_______________________________________________________ /

Bang sau day liet ke nhffng dong tff bat quy tac thong dung co sff bien
khong doan trffdc dffdc:
Thi hin tai Hin tai phSn tff Qua khff Qua khff phSn tff
arise arising arose have arisen
begin beginning began have begun
blow blowing blew have blown
break breaking broke have broken
choose choosing chose have chosen
come coming came have come
dive dived, dove dived have dived
s=e~
O.
O

doing did have done

draw drawing drew have drawn
drink drinking drank have drunk
eat eating ate have eaten
fall falling fell have fallen
Kfly flying flew have flown
freeze freezing froze have frozen
give giving gave have given
go going went have gone
know knowing knew have known
he (horizontal) lying lay have lain
ride riding rode have ridden
rise rising rose have risen
run running ran have run

51
 see seeing saw have seen
shake shaking shook have shaken
shrink shrinking shrank have shrunk
sing singing sang have sung
sink sinking sank have sunk
speak speaking spoke have spoken
spring springing sprang have sprung
steal stealing stole have stolen
strive striving strove have striven
swear swearing swore have sworn
swim swimming swam have swum
take taking took have taken
tear tearing tore have torn
throw throwing threw have thrown
wake waking woke, waked have woken, wak^
wear wearing wore have worn
write writing wrote have written

Cach dung thi

Sau thi dung de dien ta thdi gian trong ba pham tru chinh hi qud ktj
hien tai va tffdng lai. Ban muon dung thi cho dung ngff phap de dien ta
kien nay co lien quan den sff kien khdc nhff the nao. Bang sau day se dl
thay cac thi co moi lien he nhff the" nao.

T h i cu a d o n g tiif va tholi gian

Q ua khff Hi?n tai Tffdng lai

Qud khff ddn Hien tai ddn Tffdng lai ddn
Hien tai hoan thanh Tffdng lai hoan thanh
Qua khff hoan thanh
Qua khff tiep dien Hien tai Tffdng lai tiep dien

Si
Hi?n tai h oin thinh tiep dien Ttfdng lai hoan thanh tiep
dien
Q ui khtf h oin thinh tiep dien
Dilng hai dang hipn tai (hien tai dOn, hien tai tiep dien) de dien ta
stf ki6n dang dien ra ngay luc nay.
Dilng sdu dang q u i khtf (qua khtf dOn, hien tai hoan thanh, qua khuf
hoan thanh, q u i khtf tiep dien, hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien, qua
khtf h o in thanh tiep dien) de chi nhtfng stf kien da xay ra trtfdc
hien tai.
Dilng bon dang ttfdng lai (ttfdng lai dOn, ttfdng lai hoan thanh, ttfdng
lai tiep dien, ttfdng lai hoan thanh tiep dien) de mieu ta stf kien
xay ra trong ttfdng lai.
1. Dilng thi qua khtf cho chinh xac.
S iu thi q u i khtf bieu thi qua khtf theo cach khac nhau. Bang sau
day cho ta vi du ve cich stf dung cac thi nay.
Thi Cach dung Vi du
Q ui khtf ddn Hanh dong hoan tat We washed the car.
(thdi gian khong xac dinh)
Tinh trang hoan tat (thdi We were happy the party
gian khong xac dinh) was over.
Hanh dong hoan tat We washed the car
(thdi gian xac dinh) yesterday.
Tinh trang hoan tat (thdi I was delighted yesterday
gian xac dinh) to receive the news.
H ipntai Hanh dong hoan tat (thdi We have bought the gifts.
hoan thanh gian khong xac dinh)
Tinh trang hoan tat (thdi I have been very relieved,
gian khong xac dinh)
Hanh dong con tiep Sarah has called for two
tuc tdi hien tai hours.
Tinh trang c6n tiep tuc She has been in New
tdi hien tai York for a week.

53
 Qua khtf Hanh dong hoan tat Greg had called all his
hoan thanh trtfdc mot hanh dong friends before the part)
khac started.
Tinh trang hoan tat Greg had been a bulche
before he became a gun
Qua khtf Hanh dong da dang I was attending a spa
tiep dien dien ra that month.
Hien tai hoan Hanh dong cdn tiep Ralph has been exercisin
thanh tiep dien dien tdi hien tai all week.
Qud khtf hoan Hanh dong dang dien Katie had been repairir
thanh tiep dien ra trong qud khtf thi the fence that was
bi gian doan bdi mot damaged in the storm.
hanh dong khdc
2. Dung thi ttfdng lai cho dung ngtf phap.
Bang sau day se giai thich cdch dilng thi ttfdng lai.
Thi C ach dung Vi du
Ttfdng lai ddn Hanh dong trong The bus will arrive.
ttfdng lai
Tinh trang trong I will be shocked when
ttfdng lai it does.
Ttfdng lai Hanh dong trong By the time you read
hoan thanh ttfdng lai hoan tat this, the bus will have
trtfdc mot hanh dong arrived.
khac
Tinh trang trong The storm will have
ttfdng lai hoan tat been raging for an horn
trtfdc mot hanh dong before the phone goes
khac out.
Ttfdng lai Hanh dong tiep dien Janice will be exercisii
tiep dien xay ra trong ttfdng lai all summer.
Ttfdng lai hoan Hanh dong tiep dien When we go on vacatii
thanh tiep dien trong ttfdng lai dtfdc next week, I will have
hoan tat trtfdc mot been exercising for a
hanh dong khac month.
54
 3. Dtfng doi thi giffa chffng.
Khong bao gid doi thi giffa mot cau hay mot doan vi no khien
ngtfdi doc nham lan. Nguyen tic sau day dc biet quan trong neu
cau cua ban cd nhieu hdn mpt dong ttf.
Sai: I thought I had broken the CD player when I dropped it on the
floor, but it suddenly begins to play!
(thought): Qud khtf
(had broken): Qu khtf hoan thanh
(dropped): Qua khtf
(begins): Hien tai
D ung: I thought I had broken the CD player when I dropped it on
the floor, but it suddenly began to play!
Tdi tudng minh da lam vd cai may hat CD khi toi danh rcfi no xuong
san, nhung bong nhien no lai bat dau chcfi nhac!
(thought): Qud khtf
(had broken): Qua khtf hoan thanh
(dropped): Qud khtf
(began): Qua khtf

7ang chii dong vd dang bf ddng

Ben canh dien dat thdi gian thong qua cic thi, dong ttf chi hanh dong
!>n cho ta biet chu ngff thtfc hien hay tiep nhan hanh dong. Day dffdc goi
dang cua dong tff. Dong tff tieng Anh co hai dang: chu dpng (active) va
i dpng (passive). (Trd dpng tff khong co dang nay.)
1. Dpng tff d dang chu dong khi chu ngff thffc hien hanh dong.
We took the package home. ( W e dang thffc hien hanh dong)
Chung toi da mang ki?n hang ve nha.
I served a delicious meal. (I dang phuc vu)
Tdi dd don mQt bita an ngon.
Lffu y la trong dang chu dong, chu ngff dtfng dau cau. Trong hai vi
du tren, cau dau tien bt dau b<ing We, cau thtf hai 1&I.

55
 2. Bpng tir d dang bi dong khi hinh dpng dtfcfc thtfc hi^n tic d0ng d
chu ngtf.
A package was taken home. (Khong chi ra ngirdi n6i.)
M()t kien hang da. duac mang ve nha.
A delicious meal was served by me.
MQt bita an ngon da dUdc don ra bdi toi.
Lffu ^ trong dang bi dong, cau khong b it dau vdi chu ngff. Cau di
tien b it dau vdi tan ngtf a package. Trong cau thtf hai, tin ngff
delicious m eal dtfng dau cau.
Ndi t6m lai, dilng dang chu dong bat ctf luc n io cd the vi nd trtfctii
v i day stfc thuyet phuc hdn. Dilng dang chu dpng khien b ii vieft cua b<
trd nen khuc chiet v i manh me. Bong ttf dang chu dong li mpt ttf hdn
hai ttf. Hdn ntfa, khong can phai dilng mpt cum gidi ttf b it dau b&ng b)
neu ban dung dang chu dong.
Diing dang bi dong se thich ding hdn dang chu dong trong nhffng die
kien sau:
Ban khong muon chi ra ai l i ngffdi phai chiu trach nhipm.
A mistake occurred with the filling system.
Mot sai sot da xay ra vdi h$ thong befm.
Chlng co gi dang ngac nhien khi dang bi dong dffdc dung nhieu trot
v in ndi lan v in viet thuoc nginh kinh doanh. Bang bi dong se giup ngtf
viet hoic ngffdi ndi tranh phai chi tro ngffdi n iy ngffdi n o .
Ban khong biet ai thffc hien hanh dpng dd.
A prank phone call was made at 2:00 AM.
Mot cuqc goi chcfi khdm dd duac thuc hien vdo luc 2 gid sang.

56
 Tom ta t

Thi (tense) cua dng tu cho ta bi?ft hinh dng diln ra

v io luc nio. Hay dung thu tu thi cho dung Si diln ta
thu ty chinh x ic cua c ic su vif c.
ng tu trong ting Anh ixigc chia th in h hai loai; co
quy tic v i bSft quy tic. Co su phin chia niy li do dang
dng tu d thi qui khu v i qui khu phin tu khic nhau.
Pang (voice) cho ta bit chu ngu thuc hi?n (chu dong)
hay ti2p nhfn hinh dng (bj dong). Noi chung thi nSn
dung dang chu dng hem li dang bj 9d?ng.

Ttf kiem tr a

Cau kSi ddtuj tai

1. Trong tieng Anh, dpng tif co sau thi. Moi thi lai c6 hai
dang la dang can ban va dang tiep dien (cdn goi la dang
hoin thanh.)
2. Dang tiep dien dilng de chi hanh dpng, stf xuat hien
h o ic trang thdi ton tai dang dien ra ngay day va bay
gid.
3. Trong tieng Anh, thi cua dong tiif dtfdc tao nen ttf trp
dpng tiif va c ic thanh phan chinh.
4. C6 tim thi q u i khtf khic nhau. Moi thi dien dat mot stf
luan phien tinh te ve thdi gian.
5. Thi q u i khtf va dang qua khtf phan tiif cua dong ttf bat
quy tic dtfdc tao nen bang cach them -d, -ed hoac - t
vao dang hien tai nhtfng nguyen am thi khong thay doi.
6. Lie nghla la n&m, n&m nghi. Dpng tir lie chia thanh
lie, lay, lain.

57
 7. Lay nghla la dat xuong. Dong tdf lay chia thinht
laid, laid.
8. Dilng hai dang dong tir qud khff de the hien stfvi
dien ra hien tai.
9. Dung sau dang qud khff (qud khff ddn, hien tai ho
thanh, qud khff hoan th&nh, qua khff tiep dien, hin
hoan thanh tiep dien, qu khff ho&n thanh tiep dien)
dien ta sff vipc dien ra trffdc hien tai.
10. Dung bon dang tffdng lai (tffdng lai ddn, ttfdng lai ha
th&nh, ttfdng lai tiep dien, ttfdng lai ho&n thinh tii
dien) de dien ta stf vipc dien ra trong ttfdng lai.

CIU l k^i cUutg iluUck cau

Chon tff dung trong ngodc de hoan tat cac cau sau.
1. Croatia (is, was) the first country to recognize the Unii
States in 1776.
2. Ross Perot (resign, resig n ed , resigning) from the GtJ
eral Motors board of directors because of its decisia
to purchase Hughes Aircraft Company.
3. John Wilkes Booth (shotted, shot, shooted) Lincoln
a theater and was found in a warehouse.
4. Theodore Roosevelt (won, winned, wonned) the Nob
Prize for his arbitration of treaty discussions at the ei
of the Russo-Japanese War.
5. The Dominican Republic was called Santo Domim
when it first (gained, gain) independence.
6. The national anthem of the Netherlands is the olde
national anthem in the world: The music (appeart, a
peared) in 1572, the lyrics in 1590.
7. James Garfield could (wrote, write) Latin with one ha
and Greek with the other simultaneously.
8. Before Bill Clinton, no left-handed American presid<
had ever (serve, served) two terms.

58
9. Only three Presidents (have graduated, graduate) from
the military academies: Grant and Eisenhower from
West Point, and Carter from Annapolis.
10. The U.S. Constitution stipulates that, to be eligible for
the Presidency, a candidate must be a natural-born citi
zen, must (have lived, live) in the United States for a
minimum of 14 years, and must be at least 35 years
old.
11. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to
have a presidential aircraft, but he only (flewed, flew)
on the airplane once, to travel to the Yalta conference
during World War II.
12. Of all U.S. presidents, none (live, lived) to be older
than John Adams, who died at the age of 91.
13. John Quincy Adams (taked, took) his last skinny-dip in
the Potomac on his seventyninth birthday.
14. All U.S. presidents (have worn, weared, have weared)
glasses, but some of these men didnt like to be seen
wearing eyeglasses in public.
15. W hen Harry Truman left office in 1952, he (get, got)
in his own car and (drived, drove) himself back to Mis
souri.

C a u Idi ktic Hglum

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. There are four basic types of verbs:
(a) Action verbs, linking verbs, helping verbs, verb
phrases
(b) Helping verbs, action verbs, gerunds, participles
(c) Helping verbs, verb phrases, active verbs, passive
verbs
(d) Action verbs, normal verbs, regular verbs, irregular
verbs

59
2. When applied to verbs, the word tense indicates
(a) How many subjects act or receive the action
(b) Who or what experiences the action
(c) W hen the action takes place: past, present, or futun
(d) The attitude expressed toward the action
3. To show the future tense, English uses the helping vert
(a) Has
(b) Have
(c) Are
(d) Will
4. The past participle forms all the following tenses excep
(a) Future perfect
(b) The past perfect
(c) Present perfect
(d) The active voice
5. The past tense of the verb to give is
(a) Gived
(b) Gave
(c) Have given
(d) Gaved
6. The present participle of to lie (to be in a horizons
position) is
(a) Lying
(b) Lay
(c) Have lain
(d) Lie
7. The past tense of the verb to freeze is
(a) Freezed
(b) Have froze
(c) Froze
(d) Frozed
8. The past participle of the verb to write is
(a) Writing
(b) Have written
(c) Wrote
(d) Writed
9. The verb to be includes all the following principal parts
except
(a) Being, was
(b) Has, have
(c) Been, am
(d) Are, is
10. Which of the following sentences is in the active voice?
(a) Plans for an assisted-living center were revealed by
the city council at yesterdays meeting.
(b) The package was opened by my cousin Louie.
(c) At noon, the gates to the stadium were finally opened.
(d) A snail can sleep for three years.
11. Which of the following sentences is in the passive
voice?
(a) The electric chair was invented by a dentist.
(b) A dentist invented the electric chair.
(c) You share your birthday with at least nine million
other people in the world.
(d) You are more likely to be killed by a champagne
cork than by a poisonous spider.
12. You should use the active voice whenever possible
for all the following reasons except
(a) It creates a sentence that is direct and to the point.
(b) It creates a shorter sentence and is thus easier to
read.

61
 (c) It emphasizes the receiver of the action rather that
the doer of the action.
(d) It emphasizes the doer of the action rather than tht
receiver of the action.

Qdp (Ul

D u n g - sai

l .T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1. was
2. resigned
3. shot
4. won
5. gained
6. appeared
7. write
8 . served
9. have graduated
10. have lived
11. flew
12. lived
13. took
14. have worn
15. got, drove

62
Cau h o i tr&c n g h iem

1. a 2. c 3. d 4. d
6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b
11. a 12. c

63
 *****************************
******************************************************
ivs bNinp - bismp bNno
3HIT0NG $
(D u n g , tin h tut o il tra n g f/Y
ituM g n g U p im p

Tdi co c a n dpc chiiong n a y kh o n g ?

Bau ucu doc cbu'o'ug way ucu bau cau oil lai
boi&
c boc
vc

Phan b i|t tinh ta v i trang tu

Dung tinh tu v i trang tu d? so sinh
Dung tinh tu v i trang tu dung ngu phap
Trinh mic loi khi dung tmh tu v i trang tir

65
 it&U,

Trong clufdng 1, chung ta da biSt tinh tif va trang

tff la tif dung d e bo nghla: chung cho ta b ie t v m6t tif
nao do bang cach mi(3U ta tif d o . Trong clnfdng nay,
ban se Iiqc cach dung tinh tif va trang tif m6t cach
chinh xac khi mieu ta ngtfdi, ndi cli6n, do vSt va hanh d6ng.
Nhd vay, ban se co the viet va noi dung ngff phap, hdn nffa lai
con sinh dong hdn.

Ca tinh tit hay trang tit?

Ca tinh tff va trang tff deu dung de mieu ta tff khac.
Tinh tff mieu ta danh tff va dai tff.
Trang tff mieu ta dong tff, tinh tff hoac trang tff khac.

Nhieu trang tff difdc thanh lap bang cach them -ly
vao sau tinh tff (poor -> poorly; gentle gently),
nhung cung co mot so' lffdng ldn cac trang tff khong
theo kliuon mau nay.

Hdn nffa, vai tff co the vffa lam tinh tff vffa lam trang tff, phu thu
vao cach ta dung tff do trong cau.
Tinh tff: It was a hard exam.
(h a rd ): adj.
(exam): noun
Do Id mot ky thi kho.
Trang tff: I studied hard all week.
(studied)-, verb
(hard): adv.
Toi dd hoc chum chi cd tudn.

CtL
Tinh tiif: Herman took the late plane back to Washington.
(late): Adj.
(plane): noun
Herman don chuyen bay tre ve Washington.
Trang tff: Many of the guests stayed late, so we turned off the lights
and went to bed.
(stayed): verb
(late): adv.
Nhieu khdch dlai tdi khuya, vi vay chung toi tat den roi di ngu
Vi vay, cdch duy nhat de co the chiCc chan phan biet tinh tff va trang
la phan tich chffc nang cua tff trong cau. Bang sau day cho ban thay
;h nghien cffu cau de phan biet tinh tff va trang tff.
Tff bo nghla Chffc nang Vi du
Tinh tff Mieu ta danh tff I went to an early class.
(early): adj.
(class): noun
Tdi den Idp hoc sdm.
Tinh tff Mieu ta dai tff They were suffering
with the flu for days.
(They): Pronoun
(suffering): adj.
Ho chfu benh cum may
ngay lien.
Trang tff Mieu ta dong tff Mia awoke early in the
morning.
(awoke): verb
(early): adv.
Mia thlie day sdm vao
buoi sang.
Trang tff Mieu ta trang tff Mia awoke very early in
the morning.
(very): adv.
 (early): adv.
Mia thuc day rat S(imxi
budi sang.
Trang tiif Mieu ta tinh tiif The dawn was really
beautiful.
(really): adv.
(beautiful): adj.
Binh minh thuc sUrdt&\

Cac cclp dd so sank

Tinh tiif va trang tCr khong chi mieu ta sir vat ma con so sanh sifvStvl
nhau. Tinh tir vd trang tir co nhffng dang khac nhau de the hien dcd
do so sanh. Co ba cap do so sdnh: cap nguyen, ttfdng doi v tuy^tdo
Dffdi day la t6m tdt ba cap do so sanh d6:
Cfip nguyen (positive): dang can ban cua tinh tff ho5c trangl
khong sff dung trong phep so sanh.
CSp ttfdng d6l (comparative): dang cua tinh tff hoSc trang tirdiC
dung de so sdnh hai thff.
CS'p tuy^t do! (superlative): dang cua tinh tff va trang tirdit
dung de so sanh tff ba thff trd len.
Sau day la bang tom gon:
CSp d$ so sanh So"ltfdng dtfqfc so sanh Vi du
Cap nguyen khong Donald is rich.
Cap tffdng doi hai Ross is richer than
Donald.
Cap tuyet doi tff ba trd len Bill is the richest ofii
Nhffng nguyen tac sau day se cho ban biet cdch thanh lap tinh tin
trang tff d cap do so sanh ttfdng doi va tuyet doi.
1. Trong hau het cac trtfdng hdp la dilng -er/-est vdi cac tinh tir hd
trang tff co mot hoSc hai am tiet.

68
CSp nguydn Tffdng dd'i Tuyet doi
poor poorer poorest
rich richer richest
low lower lowest
high higher highest
large larger largest
2. Khi mot tinh tff hoSc trang tff co tff ba am tiet trd len thi dung more
va most hoc less va least de thanh lap dang so sdnh tffdng doi va
tuyet doi.
CS p nguyen Tffdng doi Tuy^t d6'i
uncommon more uncommon most uncommon
unusual more unusual most unusual
adorable more adorable most adorable
delightful more delightful most delightful
attractive less attractive least attractive
popular less popular least popular
3. Neu doc len nghe khong xuoi thi hay pha nguyen tac.
Vi du nhff just. Vi just chi co mot am tiet nen dang so sdnh tffdng
doi phai la juster con so sanh tuyet doi la justest. Tuy nhien, vi
nhffng tff nay nghe la tai nen chung ta dCing more just va most just.
Hay doc to tff de xac dinh dang nao nghe c6 ve tff nhien hdn. Neu
con ban khoan thi hay tra tff dien cho chac.
4. Khong bao gid dung mot liTdt - e r va more, -est va most cho cung
mot tff.
Dffng sff dung so sanh kep. Vi du, dffng bao gid noi the most
furthest" ma chi noi furthest thoi. Khong noi least happiest
ma hay noi least happy.
5. Tat ca cdc trang tff tan cung bang -ly thi them more va most de so
sdnh tffdng doi va so sanh tuyet doi.
CS'p nguyen Tffdng doi Tuyet do'i
smoothly more smoothly most smoothly
easily more easily most easily

69
 calmly more calmly most calmly
gracefully more gracefully most gracefully
gently more gently most gently
6. Vai tinh tir va trang tff c6 dang bat quy tic.
Mot so tinh tir va trang tir khong theo nhffng nguyen tic tren khi so
sanh tiTdng do'i va tuyet doi. Khong may la nhffng tff do lai thirftng
dffdc dung nhat de bo nghla trong tieng Anh, vi vay ban c6 xu
hffdng la phai dung den chung hau nhff moi ngay. VI nhffng tffmly
khong theo khuon mau nao nen tot nhat la co ging ghi nhd chung.

C ac tin h iff va tra n g tff b at q u y tSc

C S p nguyen Tffdng doi Tuyet d o i

bad worse worst
badly worse worst
far (distance) farther farthest
far further furthest
good better best
ill worse worst
late later later or latest
little (amount) less least
many more most
much more most
some more most
well better best
Good va well dac biet phffc tap. Hay lam theo cac nguyen tdc sau:
Good luon luon la tinh tff.
You should read this novel. It has a good plot.
(good): adj.
(plot): noun
Ban nen doc quyen tien thuyet nay. No cd cot truyen rat hay.

70
 Rory traded in her old car for a good one.
(good): adj.
(one): noun
Rory doi chiec xe cu lay mot chiec nidi.
Well la mot tinh tff dude dung de mieu ta sffc khoe tot.
You look well in that gorilla suit.
(look): verb
(well): adj.
Trong ban rat khoe trong bo do khi d(>t do.
You sound well - for someone who has laryngitis.
(sound): verb
(well -): adj.
Giong ban nghe khoe do - doi vdi mot ngUdi bi viem thanh quan.
Well la trang tir khi dung de mieu ta nhffng thff khac ngoai sffc
khoe.
Chef Big Hat cooks well.
(cooks): verb
(well): adv.
Dau bep Big Hat nd'u an rat ngon.
As a result, everyone in his house no doubt eats well!
(eats): verb
(well): adv.
V? vay, moi ngUdi trong nha khong ai la khong an ngon mieng!

Dung tinh tit vd trang tit d i so sanh

Vi bay gid ban da biet cach thanh lap dang so sanh tffdng doi va so
sanh tuyet doi cua tinh tff va trang tff, hay theo nhffng nguyen tac sau
day de lam ph6p so sanh cho dung ngff phap.
1. Dilng cap so sanh tffdng doi (dang -er hoSc more) de so sanh hai
thff.

71
 Your house is bigger than mine.
Nha cua ban to hem nha toi.
Your house has more rooms than mine.
Nha ban co nhieu phdng h(Tn nha toi.
2. Dung dang so sanh tuyet doi (-est hoac most) de so sanh tiif ba thur
trd len.
The kitchen is the largest room in the house.
Nha bep la phdng to nhat trong nha.
It is the most impressive room of all.
No la can phdng an tUcfng nhat.

y y \e &

Fewer va less co nghla khac nhau va khong th

dung cai nay the cai kia dff<?c. Fewer dung dS chi
nhffng vat co the dem diftfc (fewer sandw iches, fe w er
cookies). Less thi chi nhffng s6' ltftfng khong dem dityc
(less sugar, less sand, less anger, less filling).

3. Dung other va else trong ph6p so sanh cho dung ngff phap.
Khi ban so sanh mot vat trong nhom vdi phan con lai cua nhom do
thi hay dam bao la co kem theo tff other hoac else, nhff vay thi
phep so sanh mdi co nghla.
So sanh gay kho hieu: Truman was greater than any American
president.
Truman vi dai han bat cvt tong thong My.
So sanh hqfp logic: Truman was greater than any other American
president.
Truman vi dai hem bat cvC tong thong My nao khac.
So sanh gay kho hieu: The sinkhole in our front yard is deeper
than any in the neighborhood.
Cai Id trong sdn trudc cua chung tdi sau htfn bat cut cai lo d nha
hang xdm.

72
 So sanh htfp logic: The sinkhole in our front yard is deeper than
any other in the neighborhood.
Cai lo trong sdn trudc cua chung tdi sau hem bat cii cai 16 nao khac
d nha hang xom.
So sanh gSy kho hieu: Tina scored more points than anyone on
the badminton team.
Tina ghi nhieu diem hem bat cU ai trong d(}i cau long.
So sanh h<jfp logic: Tina scored more points than anyone else on
the badminton team.
Tina ghi nhieu diem hem bat cut ai khac trong d(>i cau long.
So sanh gSy kho hieu: The sumo wrestler is heavier than anyone
in the competition.
Vo si suma nang hem bat cut ai trong cuoc thi dau.
So sanh hn/p logic: The sumo wrestler is heavier than anyone else
in the competition.
Vo si suma nang hem bat cii ai khac trong cuqc thi dau.
4. Phep so sanh phai hoan chinh.
Nhffng cau co phep so sanh hoan chinh mdi co nghla. Nhffng so
sdnh chffa day du hoac so sanh nhffng vat khong hdp logic se trd
nen Ion xon. Dieu nay khien cho ngtfdi doc cam thay md ho va
cau van trd nen toi nghla.
So sanh gay kho hieu: Jack spends more time playing video games
than homework.
Jack bo nhieu thdi gian chefi dien tut hem bai tap.
So sanh h</p logic: Jack spends more time playing video games
than doing homework.
Jack bo nhieu thdi gian chefi dien tit hem lam bai tap.
So sanh gSy kho hieu: My suit is more stylish than Nick.
Bo do cua toi hop thdi trang hem Nick.
So sanh h</p logic: My suit is more stylish than Nicks suit.
Bo do cua tdi hdp thdi trang hem bo do cua Nick.

73
Dung tinh til v( ngU sau dong til lldn kbt
Tinh tuf vi ngff la mot tinh tff dffng sau mot dong tir lien ket va mieu ta
chu ngff cua cau. Hay nhd rang dong tff lien ket mieu ta mot trang thdi
ton tai hoSc mot tinh huong nao do. Dong tff lien ket bao gom tat ca cdc
dang cua dong tff to be ( nhu am, is, are, were, was) va cac dong tff lien
quan den giac quan (look, smell, sound, feel). Dong tff lien ket c6 chut
nang ket noi chu ngff cua cau vdi mot tff lap lai ten hoic mieu ta chu ngff.
Sai: This goulash tastes deliciously.
(goulash): Noun
(tastes): link, verb
(deliciously): adv.
D ung: This goulash tastes delicious.
(goulash): noun
(tastes): link, verb
(delicious): adj.
Mon ragu nay co vi ngon.
Dung tinh tff thay vi trang tff sau mot dong tff lien ke't. Vi vay, ta phai
dung delicious thay vi deliciously sau dong tff lien ket tastes.
Sai: The child felt badly.
(child): noun
(felt): link, verb
(badly): adv.
D ung: The child felt bad.
(child): noun
(felt): link. - verb
(bad): adj.
Dua be cam thay kho chju.
Dung tinh tff thay vi trang tff sau mot dong tff lien ket. Vi vay, ta phai
dung bad thay vi badly sau dong tff lien ket felt.

74
 Sai: I look awfully in that shade of orange.
(I): Pronoun
(look): link, verb
(awfully)', adv.
D ung: I look awful in that shade of orange.
(I): pronoun
(look): link, verb
(awful): adj.
Trong toi that kinh khung vdi sac cam do.
Dung tinh tir thay vi trang tir sau mot dong tir lien ket. Vi vay, ta phai
dilng awful thay vi awfully sau dong tir lien ket look.
Sai: Sammi is happily.
(Sammi): noun
(is): link, verb
(happily): adv.
D ung: Sammi is happy.
Sammi sung sudng.
(Sammi): noun
(is): link, verb
(happy): adj.
Vi is (mot dang cua dong tir to be) la mot dong tuf lien ket nen ban phai
dilng tinh tir happy chuf khong phai trang tir happily.

y y \c & r t A j

Mot so' dong til' tlitfc hien ca hai nliiem vu: luc thi
co chffc nSng lam dong tif lin ket, nliiTng luc khac lai
lam c6ng vi6c cua dong tir chi hanh d6ng. Khi lam
dong tff lien kt thi cac d6ng tir nay suf dung tinh tuf
lam btf ngff (complement). Khi lam dong tir chi hanh dong thi
cac dong tir nay dung trang tff lam bo ngff.

75
Thi} d i n h k e p

Cdc tff sau day 1k tff phu dinh:

Tff phu djnh
never no nobody
none not nothing
nowhere nt hardly
barely scarcely

y v \c &

Nhffng tff phu djnh th6ng dung nhSt trong tifing

Anh deu b it dlu bang chff n. Hay dung m<?o nay d
nh6 cac tff tren.

Dung hai tff phu dinh trong cilng mot menh de (mot nhom tff) se tao
nen phep phu dinh kep. Phu dinh kep Id cdch dung sai va ban nen trdnh
mac phai loi nay. Muon vay, ban chi nen dilng mot tff phu dinh de dien
dat y phu dinh.
Phu djnh kep: The traveler did not have no energy after the long
flight.
Dung: The traveler did not have any energy after the long flight.
hoac
The traveler had no energy left after the long flight.
NgUdi du hanh khong con chut site luc nao sau chuyen b a \ dai.
Phu djnh kep: Shakira could not hardly see in the blizzard.
D ung: Shakira could hardly see in the blizzard.
hoac
Shakira could barely see in the blizzard.
Shakira kho cd the thay gi trong tran bao tuyet.
Phu dinh kep dSc biet co xu hffdng gay kho hieu khi dung tff rut gon.
Khi tff not dffdc viet rut gon - vi du nhff isn t, doesn 7, wouldn 't. couldn t,

76
dont - thi ta c6 xu htfdng quen di cho dd Id phu dinh. Ket qua Id khi ndi
va viet, ta lai them mQt tiif phu dinh kMc.
Phu djnh kep: Billy didnt bring nothing with him on vacation.
D ung: Billy didnt bring anything with him on vacation.
Billy chdng mang theo gi trong ky nghi.
hoac
Billy brought hardly anything with him on vacation.
Billy hdu nhu chdng mang theo thu: gi trong ky nghi.
Tuy nhien, de ndi giam thi ban cd the dilng nhffng tff cd tien ngff phu
dinh (negative prefix) va mot tff phu dinh kMc. Hai tien ngff phu dinh
thong dung nhat la un- va in-.
Nowadays, it is not uncommon to take six years to complete a four-
year college degree.
Ngay nay, khong co gi la la khi phai mat sau ndm mdi hoan thanh bac
hoc bon ndm d dai hoc.
The report is not inaccurate, but no one should stake their reputation
on it.
Ban bao cdo khong phai la khong chinh xac, nhung khong ai gop cd
danh tieng cua ho vdo do.

Dung tinh tu $8 mi2u t i danh tu v i dai tu; dung trang

til S mo t i dong tu, tinh tu hole m^t trang tu khic.
Dung so sin h tuong doi d mi2u t i hai thu; dung so
sin h tuyft doi $8 miSu t i tu ba thu trd 13n.
Hay can thfn khi dung tinh tu sau dong tir li2n kt,
Trinh mic loi phu dinh kp.

77
Tif kiem tr a

C au Vii (tiuuj fta t

A1. Nhieu tinh tiif dffdc thanh lap bang cach them -ly vdo
sau trang tir.
2. Mot so tff co the la tinh tuf lan trang tff, tuy thupc vdo
cach ta dung tff d6 trong cau.
3. Cach duy nhat de co the xac dinh chic ch in stf khdc
biet giffa mot tinh tff va trang tff la hoc thuoc danh sdch
cac tff d6.
4. Tinh tff va trang tff khong chi mieu ta sff vat ma c6n so
sanh chung.
5. Dang can ban cua tinh tff hoac trang tff chffa dffdc dilng
de so sanh dffdc goi la "cap nguyen."
6. Dang tinh tff hoac trang tff dtfdc dung de so sanh hai
vat goi la "cap tuyet doi."
7. Dang tinh tff hoac trang tff dffdc dung de so sanh ba vat
trd len goi la "cap tffdng doi."
8. Trong nhieu trffdng hdp, de the hien sff so sanh, ta phai
dung -er/-est vdi tinh tff hoac trang tff co mot hoSc hai
am tiet.
/ 9. Khi tinh tff hoac trang tff co tff ba am tiet trd len, ta
phai dung mure va must hoac less va least de tao thanh
dang so sanh cap tffdng doi va tuyet doi.
10. Trong mot vai dieu kien nao do, ban co the dung ca -
er va mure hoac -est va must cho cung mot tff bo nghla.
11. De tao thanh dang so sanh tffdng doi va tuyet doi, tat
ca nhffng trang tff tan ciing bang -ly phai them more va
must.
12. Cum tff "must smuothly" la so sanh tuyet doi.
13. Tat ca tinh tff va trang tff deu co dang bat quy tic.
14. Dang so sanh tuyet doi cua bad la baddest.
 15. Dang so sanh tuyet doi cua far la furthest.
16. Good luon luon la tinh tif.
17. Well la trang tff dtfdc dung de mieu ta stfc khoe tot.
18. Well la tinh tff dung de mieu ta nhffng thff khac trff sffc
khoe.
19. Dung cap so sanh tffdng doi (-er hoac -more) de so
sanh hai vat.
20. Dung cap so sanh tuyet doi (-est hoac -most) de so
sanh ba vat trd len.
21. Fewer dung de chi nhffng thff khong dem dtfdc.
^22. Less dung de chi nhffng thff co the dem dffdc.
23. Khi ban so sanh mot thff trong nhom vdi phan con lai
cua nhom, hay dam bao la co bao gom ca tff other hoac
else.
24. Tinh tff vi ngff la tinh tff theo sau dong tff lien ket va
mieu ta chu ngff cua cau.
25. Dung trang tff chff khong phai tinh tff sau dong tff lien
ket.
26. Dilng hai tff phu dinh trong cung mot menh de (tffc la
mot nhom tff), tao nen phep phu dinh kep va nen tranh
m ic loi nay.
27. Hardly khong phai la tff phu dinh.
28. De ndi cffdng dieu, ban cd the dung mot tff vdi tiep
dau ngff phu dinh va mot tff phu dinh khac.

Cau Idi dm u j luuin ikank can

Chon tff thich hdp nhat trong ngo&c de hoan thanh cau.
1. The elevator in my sisters apartment moves so (slowly,
slow) we can make whoopee, conceive a child, and give
birth before reaching her floor. And her apartment is
on the first floor.
2. China has (most, more) English speakers than the
United States.
79
 3. The (longer, longest) town name in the world has 167
letters.
4. I ve learned that you shouldnt compare yourself to the
(better, best) others can do.
5. I ve learned that two people can look at the exact same
thing and see something (total, totally) different.
6. Every day (most, more) money is printed for Monopoly
than for the U.S. Treasury.
7. My friend Fred is not the (brightest^ brighter) hght on
the Ferris wheel.
8. If everything seems to be going (good, well), you have
obviously overlooked something.
9. The grass is always (more greener, greener) when you
leave the sprinkler on.
10. The (longer, longest) recorded flight of a chicken is 13
seconds.
11. The average person is about a quarter of an inch (tall,
taller, tallest) in the morning.
12. The Neanderthals brain was (big, bigger, biggest) than
yours is.
13. Your right lung takes in (more, most) air than your left
lung does.
14. W om ens hearts beat (fast, faster, fastest) than mens
hearts.
15. There are (more, most) plastic flamingos in America
than real ones.
16. Each day is 0.00000002 seconds (long, longer, long
est) than the one before because the Earth is gradually
slowing down.
17. The total weight of all insects on Earth is 12 times
(more great, greater, greatest, most greatest) than the
weight of all the people on Earth.

80
 18. There are more than three million lakes in Alaska.
The (large, larger, largest), Lake Iliamna, is the size of
Connecticut.
19. When North America was first settled, beavers there
grew (bigger, biggest) than bears.
20. The (bright, brighter, brightest) star in the sky, Sirius,
gives out 26 times as much light as the Sun.
21. The (older, oldest) national flag still in existence, that
of Denmark, dates back to the thirteenth century.
22. The ashes of the metal magnesium are (more heavier,
heavier) than magnesium itself.
23. M urphys Oil Soap is the chemical (more, most) com
monly used to clean elephants.
24. If things get any (worse, worst), Ill have to ask you to
stop helping me.
25. How much (deep, deeper, deepest) would the ocean
be if sponges didnt grow in it?
26. Nothing in the known universe travels (more fast, more
faster, faster) than a bad check.
27. Did you hear about my new boyfriend? H es not the
(sharper, sharpest) tool in the shed.
28. Good advice: Love (deep, deeply) and (most passion
ate, passionately). You might get hurt, but its the only
way to live life completely.
29. Talk (slow, slowly) but think (quick, quickly).
30. Doctor: Youre coughing (easier, easiest) today.
Patient: No wonder. I practiced all night.

Cau lutf tiic wjlcicut

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. Adjectives are modifiers that describe a
(a) Noun or verb
(b) Pronoun or adverb
81
 (c) Noun or pronoun
(d) Verb or preposition
2. Adverbs are modifiers that describe all the following
words except
(a) Verbs
(b) Pronouns
(c) Adjectives
(d) Adverbs
3. Which is the best revision of the following sentence1
Nicks feet are bigger than Charles.
(a) Nicks feet are bigger than Charles feet.
(b) Nicks feet are more bigger than C harles feet.
(c) Nicks feet are biggest than C harles feet.
(d) Nicks feet are big than Charles.
4. Each of the following is a degree of comparison except
(a) Positive
(b) Comparative
(c) Superlative
(d) Negative
5. What is the comparative form of popular ?
(a) Popularest
(b) Popular
(c) Most popular
(d) More popular
6. The comparative and superlatives forms of ill are
(a) Worse, most worse
(b) Worster, worstest
(c) worse, worst
(d) More ill, most ill
7. The comparative and superlatives forms of many and
much are
 (a) Double comparisons
(b) Many, more
(c) Regular
(d) Identical
8. Which is the best revision of the following sentence?
My brothers CD collection is larger than my sons.
(a) My brothers CD collection is larger than my sons
CD collection.
(b) My brothers CD collection is large than my sons
CD.
(c) My brothers CD collection is largest than my sons
CD.
(d) My brothers CD collection is more larger than my
sons CD collection.
9. Which is the best revision of the following sentence?
In my opinion, collard greens is most delicious than
broccoli.
(a) In my opinion, collard greens is delicious than broc
coli.
(b) In my opinion, collard greens is deliciouser than
broccoli.
(c) In my opinion, collard greens is more delicious than
broccoli.
(d) In my opinion, collard greens is deliciously than
broccoli.
10. All the following are negative words except
(a) Scarcely
(b) Hardly
(c) Did
(d) nt
11. Which is the best revision of the following sentence?
Which of the twins writes gooder?

83
 (a) Which of the twins writes best?
(b) Which of the twins writes better?
(c) Which of the twins writes good?
(d) Which of the twins writes more better?
12. Which of the following words best completes the sen
tence?
Mr. Big is willing to cooperate than his attitude sug
gests.
(a) Less
(b) Least
(c) Leastest
(d) Lesser
13. Which is the best revision of the following sentence?
Two can live most cheaply than one.
(a) Two can live cheaply than one.
(b) Two can live moster cheaply than one.
(c) Two can live more cheaply than one.
(d) Two can live mostest cheaply than one.
14. When you are comparing a member of a group with
the rest of the group, make sure that your sentence con
tains the words
(a) Than or if
(b) Good or worse
(c) More or better
(d) Other or else
15. Which of the following sentences is not correct?
(a) Nico could not see in the gloomy night.
(b) Nico could not hardly see in the gloomy night.
(c) Nico could barely see in the gloomy night.
(d) Nico had difficult seeing clearly in the gloomy night.
 f)dp d u

C au h o i d u n g sai

1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
11.T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. T
16. T 17. F 18. F 19. T 20. T
2 1 .F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. F
26. T 27. F 28. F

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h cau

I. slowly 2. more
3. longest 4. best
5. totally 6. more
7. brightest 8. well
9. greener 10. longest
II. taller 12. bigger
13. more 14. faster
15. more 16. longer
17. greater 18. largest
19. bigger 20. brightest
21. oldest 22. heavier
23. most 24. worse
2 5 .deeper 26. faster
27. sharpest 28. deeply, passionately
29. slowly, quickly 30. easier

85
C au h o i trS c u g liie m

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. d
6. c 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. c
1 1 .b 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. b
 St/ hoa htfp giAa ede.
thanh phan tiotu/ eaa

Tdi co c a n dpc chuong n a y kh o n g ?

Bau ucu doc clirfobig uay ucu bau cau du lai

boSc
boc
vc

^ Dung chu ngu hoa hop

Lam cho chu ngu v& dong tu hoa hop voi nhau
Lam cho tfai tu vi tiln ngu hoa hop voi nhau
Noi va vi?t cau troi chiy va hop logic

87
 t& u

Si/ hoa h^p co nghla la cac thanh phan cua ciu

lioa h(?p vdi nhau. Chu ngff phai hdp vdi ddng tff, con
dai tff phai hdp vdi tien ngff. Neu khong thi cu cua
ban se nghe lung cung va gSy kho hieu cho ngtfdi dpc
va ngtfdi nghe.

7s/hu ddu trong vd (like peas in a pod)

Romeo and Juliet
Spaghetti and meatballs
Peanut butter and jelly
The birds and the bees
Co vai thtf ghep lai vdi nhau rat hdp. Ta co the mang khai niem nay
vao ngff phap bang cach ghep tat ca cac thanh phan cua cau lai vdi
nhau. Viec ket hdp cac thanh phan cua cau nay goi la sff hoa hdp (agree
ment). Dieu nay giup ban tao nen nhffng cau troi chay va hdp logic.
Nguyen lie can ban de hoa hdp cac thanh phan trong cau rat ddn
gian: Chu ngff phai hoa hdp vdi dong tff cua n6 ve so. So d day y ndi li so
it hoSc so' nhieu.
Chu ngff so it dung de dinh danh mot ngffdi, ndi chon, do vat hoic
y niem.
Chu ngff so nhieu co tac dung dinh danh hdn mot ngffdi, ndi chon,
do vat hoac y niem.
Day la mot vai vi du:
Chu ngff soft Chu ngff so nhieu
Ngffdi I they
Ndi chon beach beaches
Do vat desk desks

Y niem freedom freedoms

88
1. Danh tCr so it vh danh tir so nhieu
Trong tieng Anh, dang so nhieu cua danh tir dffdc tao nen b&ng
cdch them - s hoac -e s vdo dang so it. Vi du: bike -> bikes; race -
races; inch -> inches. Mot so danh tff c6 dang so' nhieu khong theo
quy tic tren, vi du nhff mouse > mice; woman -> women; goose >
geese. Ban c6 the tim thay dang so nhieu cua danh tff bat quy tic
trong tff dien.
2. Dai tff so it va dai tff so nhieu
Dai tff cung c6 dang so it va so nhieu. Hay hoc bang sau day.
S6' it So' nhieu So'ft hoac so' nhieu
I we, they you
She, he
It
3. Dpng tff so it va dong tff so' nhieu
Cung nhff vdi danh tff va dai tff, dpng tif cung cd dang so' it va so
nhieu. Co hai ndi ma ban co the gap kho khan khi x&c dinh dang so
it va so nhieu cua dpng tff, dd la: thi hien tai ddn va nhffng thi dung
dong tff lien ket to be.
Khi ban nghien cffu bang dtfdi day, hay chu <j dang cua dong tff chi
thay doi trong cot ngoi thff ba so it, cot giffa. Hay tim -5 hoac -e s
dffdc them vdo sau dong tff. Do la phan rat rc roi:
Dong tff so' it tan cung bang - s hoac -es.
Danh tff sd nhieu tan cung bang -5 hoac -es.
Day la mot vai vi du:
Ngoi thff nhat Ngoi thff ba so' l't Ngoi thff nhS't, thff hai,
hoac thff hai thff ba so' nhieu
(I, you) begin (he, she, it) begins (we, you, they) begin
(I, you) do (he, she, it) does (we, you, they) do
Nhff ban thay trong bang nay, sff hoa hdp giffa chu ngff va dong tff
d thi hien tai la kho xac dinh nhat.

89
 4. Dang sd it va sd nhieu cua dpng tir to be
Dang cua trd dong tir be cung c6 the giup ban xac dinh xem dpng
tir la sd it hay sd nhieu. Bang sau day cho biet nhffng dang cua be
bien doi khac nhau tff dang sd it sang dang sd nhieu.

Be dffdc d u n g la m trd d o n g tff

So' it So' nhieu
Am (we) are
(he, she, it) is (they) are
(I, he, she, it) was (we, they) were
(he, she, it) has been (they) have been

CM ngU sb it phdt dt vai dong til sb ft

Bay gid ban da nhan ra dffdc cac danh tff, dai tff va dong tff sd it lan
sd nhieu, ban se co the ket hdp cc thanh phan cua cau cho hdp ve
sd. Hay ghi nhd quy tac dffdc gidi thieu d dau chffdng nay: Chu ngfl
phai hoa hdp vdi dong tff cua no ve sd.
Tat ca nhffng nguyen tac khac deu tuan theo quy lie nay. De nhat
la hai nguyen tac sau:
Chu ngff sd it phai di vdi dong tff sd it.
Chu ngff so nhieu phai di vdi dong tff sd nhieu.
Ta hay nghien cffu nguyen tac dau tien.
5. Chu ngff sd it phai di vdi dong tff sd it.
She hesitates at all intersections, making the other drivers angry.
Co ta khong dut khodt <) tat cd cac giao lo, khien nhtfng tdi xe khac
gian dit.
(She): chu ngff sd it
(hesitates): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it she hoa hdp vdi dong tff sd it hesitates.
Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday.
Tri hoan la ke such de tiep tuc viec cua ngdy hom qua.

90
 (Procrastination): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it procrastination la hdp vdi dong tff sd it is.
I am ready for dinner now.
Bay gid tdi sdn sang an toi.
(I): chu ngff sd it
(am): dong tff so" it
Chu ngff sd it / hoa hdp vdi dong tff sd it am.
6. Hai hoac nhieu hdn hai chu ngff sd it dtfdc ghep vdi nhau bang or
hoac nor thi phai dung dong tff sd it.
Dieu nay cung rat de hieu: ban dang ltfa chon giffa hai chu ngff sd
it. Chff or cho biet ban chi dtfdc chon mot cai thoi.
Either the dog or the cat has to go.
Hoac la con cho hoac la con meo phai ra di.
(or): chu ngff sd it or
(has): dong tff sd it
Chi co mot con vat nuoi se ra di - con cho hoac con meo. Vi vay,
ban chi con lai co mot con. Hai chu ngff sd it - dog va cat - co or
d giffa phai di vdi dong tff so' it has.
N either Elvis Costello nor Elvis Presley is in the room.
Cd Elvis Costello Ian Elvis Presley deu khong co trong phdng.
(nor): chu ngff sd it nor
(is): dong tff sd it
Moi chu ngff deu dffdc xem xet rieng le. Vi vay, hai chu ngff sd it -
Elvis Costello va Elvis Presley - co nor d giffa phai di vdi dong tff
sd it is.
7. Chu ngff ve nghla la so it nhffng c6 dang sd nhieu van phai di vdi
dong tff sd it.
Chu ngff loai nay bao gom nhffng tff nhff measles, civics, social
studies, mumps, molasses, news, economics, vd mathematics.
The news is on every night at 11:00 PM.
Ban tin phdt moi toi vao luc 11 gid.
91
 (news): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it news phai di vdi dong tff sd it is.
8. Chu ngff sd nhieu nhffng cd chffc nang nhff mot ddn vj thi di va
dong tff sd it.
Spaghetti and meatballs is my favourite dish.
Spaghetti vdi thft vien la mon Ua thich cua tdi.
(Spaghetti and meatballs): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff so it
Chu ngff so it spaghetti and meatballs can phai cd dong tff so it is.
Bacon and eggs makes a great late night snack.
Thit muoi vdi trung la mon an khuya rat tuyet.
(Bacon and eggs): chu ngff sd it
(makes): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it bacon and eggs hdp vdi dong tff sd it makes.
9. Tffa de luon luon la so" it.
Khong can biet tffa de dai bao nhieu, ten gi, hay nghe c6 ve nhff la
sd nhieu di chang nffa - mot tffa de luon di vdi dong tff sd it.
For Whom the Bell Tolls is a story about the Spanish Civil War.
Chuong nguyen hon ai la cau chuyen ve cuoc noi chien d Tuy Bar.
Nha.
(For Whom the Bell Tolls): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff so it
Tffa de sd it For Whom the Bell Tolls can phai cd dong tff sd it is.
Stranger in a Strange Land was written by Robert Heinlein.
Ke la d xu ngudi duoc viet bdi Robert Heinlein.
(Stranger in a Strange Land): chu ngff sd it
(wasj.'dong tff sd it
Tffa de so it Stranger in a Strange Land can phai co dong tff so it
was.

92
 Hau het cdc dcfn vi do ltfdng deu la sd it - mSc di trong cd ve la sd
hieu. Vi du nhtf: H alf a dollar is more than enough (NvCa do la qua du
n ) (khong phai are more than enough).
it
ZM ngTlsb nht$u phdl di voi dong tit sb nhitu
Cung ttfdng ttf nhtf vipc chu ngff so" it di vdi dong tff so" it, mot chu ngff
o nhieu can phai co dong tff sd nhieu. Dffdi day la mot sd vi du:
1. Chu ngff so" nhieu phai di vdi dong tff so" nhieu.
Men are from Earth. Women are from Earth. Deal with it.
Ddn ong den tti Trdi Dat. Phu nit den tU Trdi Ddt. Hay gidi quyet
van de do di.
(Men): chu ngff so" nhieu
(are): dOng tff sd nhieu
(Women): chu ngff so"nhieu
(are): dong tff sd nhieu
Chu ngff so" nhieu men di vdi dong tff sd nhieu are. Chu ngff sd
nhieu women di vdi dong tff so" nhieu are.
On average, people fear spiders more than they do to death.
Trung blnh, ngudi ta so nhen h(Jn la so chet.
(people): chu ngff sd nhieu
(fear): dpng tff so" nhieu
(they): Chu ngff sd nhieu
(do): dong tff so" nhieu
Chu ngff so" nhieu people phai di vdi dong tff so" nhieu fear (khong
phai dong tff so" it fears). Chu ngff sd nhieu they can phai co dong
tff sd nhieu do (khong phai dong tff sd it does).
Students at US colleges read about 60,000 pages in four years.
Sinh vien trong cac trudng dai hoc My doc khodng 60,000 trang
trong bon ndm hoc.
(Students): chu ngff sd nhieu
(read): dong tff sd nhieu

93
 Chu ngff sd nhieu students can phai c6 dong tff sd nhieu read (khon;
phai dong tff sd it reads).
Facetious and abstemious contain all the vowels in the corrector
der, as does arsenious, meaning containing arsenic.
Facetious va abstemious chCta tat cd cac nguyen dm theo dung Ikj
tu, cung nhuti(arsenious, cd nghia Id chUa asen".
(Facetious and abstemious): chu ngff so" nhieu
(contain): dong tff so" nhieu
Chu ngff sd nhieu facetious and abstemious can phai co dpng tir so
nhieu contain (khong phai dong tff sd it contains). Hay suy nghi ve
lien tff and; do la mot dau hieu cong them day. Bat ke cdc thinh
phan cua chu ngff co and d giffa la sd it hay so" nhieu di nffa (hay ca
hai), thi khi cong vao deu thanh mot chu ngff sd nhieu, vi vay can
phai co dong tff so" nhieu.
2. Hai hoac nhieu hOn hai chu ngff sd nhieu co or hoiic nor d giffa
phai co dong tff sd nhieu.
Day la nguyen tac md rong dtfa tren logic cua nguyen tic ban da
hoc. Do la nguyen tic hai hoac hdn hai chu ngff sd it dtfdc noi
b ing or hoac nor thi di vdi dong tff so it. O day, vi ca hai chu ngff
deu la sd nhieu nen dong tff cung phai la so" nhieu.
Either the children or the adults are clearing the table.
Hoac Id bon tre hoac Id nhung ngudi Idn dang don ban.
(children): chu ngff sd nhieu
(adults): chu ngff sd nhieu
(are): dong tff so" nhieu
Vi ca hai chu ngff deu la so nhieu nen khi dffng mot minh thi van
la so" nhieu. Vi vay, hai chu ngff so" nhieu children va adults noi
vdi nhau bang or thi di vdi dong tff sd nhieu are.
N either my relatives nor my friends are leaving any time soon.
NgUdi than hay ban be cua toi deu khong ve sdm.
(relatives): chu ngff sd nhieu
(friends): chu ngff sd nhieu
(are): dong tff so" nhieu
O/l
 VI ca hai chu ngff deu Id sd nhieu nen khi dffng mot minh thi van la
sd nhieu. Vi vay, hai chu ngff sd nhieu - relatives xk friends - ndi
vdi nhau b&ng or thi di vdi dong tff sd nhieu are.
3. Chu ngff gh6p dffdc ndi b&ng and thi d dang sd nhieu va phai di vdi
dong tff sd nhieu.
Lien tff and cd chffc nang nhtf mot dau cong (+), cho biet 1 + 1 = 2
(ho&c 1 + 1 + 1 =3...).
Brownies and ice cream are a spectacular dessert.
Banh socola hanh nhan va kem la mon trang mieng rat ngon.
(Brownies): chu ngff sd it
(ice cream): chu ngff sd it
(are): dong tff so" nhieu
Brownies and ice cream = two desserts. 1 + 1 =2. Vi vay, dong tff
phai la sd nhieu: are.
Nina and Christopher have donated money to charity.
Nina va Chirstopher dd tang tien cho hoi tit thi$n.
(Nina): chu ngff sd it
(Christopher): chu ngff sd it
(have): dong tff sd nhieu
Nina and Christopher = two people. 1 + 1 = 2. Vi vay, dong tff phai
la so" nhieu: have.
4. Neu cd hai hoac hdn hai chu ngff so"it hoac so"nhieu dtfdc ndi bang
or hoac nor thi chu ngff gan dong tff nhat se quyet dinh dong tff dd
la sd it hay so nhieu.
Ve can ban thi day la mot ngoai le ve phat am: dong tff hoa hdp vdi
chu ngff gan no nhat thi nghe hay hdn.
Margery or the twins are coming on the trip to Seattle.
Margery hoac la cap sinh doi dang den tren chuyen di tdi Seattle.
(Margery): chu ngff sd it
(tH'ins): chu ngff so nhieu
(are): dong tff so" nhieu

95
 VI chu ngff so' nhieu twins gan dpng tff nhat nen dpng tiif phii li so
nhieu: are.
The twins or Margery is coming on the trip to Seattle.
Cap sinh doi hoac la Margery dang den tren chuyen di tdi Seattle,
(twins or): chu ngff sd nhieu
(Margery): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff so it
Vi chu ngff sd it Margery gan dpng tff nhat nen dong tff li sd it: is.

Danh til tdp hap vd dal tit belt dinh

Danh tff tap hdp co chffc nang goi ten mQt nhdm ngffdi hoic vat. Danh
tff tap hdp bao gom nhffng tff nhff class, committee, flock, herd, team, au
dience, assembly, team va club. Danh tff tap hdp cd the li sd it hoic so
nhieu, tCly thuoc vao cach ngffdi ta dilng danh tff dd trong cau nhtf the
nao. Dffdi day la nhffng nguyen tic can ban:
Danh tff tap hdp dffdc coi li sd it khi nd cd chffc n in g li mpt ddn vj
duy nhat. Danh tff tap hdp chi mot ddn vi di vdi dong tff sd it.
Danh tff tap hdp dffdc coi li sd nhieu khi tap hdp m i n6 de cap tdi
dffdc xem nhff li cac ca the rieng le. Danh tff tap hdp chi nhieu ddn
vi thi di vdi dong tff sd nhieu.
Day li mot sd vi du:
The team has practiced for tonights big game for months.
(team): chu ngff sd it
(has practiced): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it team di vdi dong tff so' it has practiced vi trong trtfdng
hdp n iy , team co chffc nang la mot nhom (so' it).
The team have practiced for tonights big game for months.
(team): chu ngff so' nhieu
(have practiced): dong tff sd nhieu

96
 Chu ngff team trd thdnh so nhieu vi moi thdnh vien trong nhdm
dffdc coi nhff nhffng cd the rieng le.
Dai tff baft dinh (Indefinite pronouns) giong nhff danh tff tap hdp,
cung cd the Id so it hodc so nhieu tily vdo cdch ta dilng dai tff trong
cau nhff the ndo. Dai tff bat dinh dilng de chi ngffdi, ndi chon, do
vat md khong chi cu the Id cdi ndo. Dai tff bat dinh bao gom nhffng
tff nhff everyone, someone, all, vd more.
Dai tff bat dinh so" it di vdi dong tff so it.
Dai tff bat dinh so nhieu di vdi d0ng tff so" nhieu.
Bang sau day liet ke cdc dai tff bat dinh so it vd so" nhieu. Trong
bdng cung cd nhffng dai tff luc thi so it, luc thi so nhieu, tily thuoc
vdo cdch ta dilng tff dd trong cau.
S oft So"nhieu So"it hoac sS" nhieu
another both all
anybody few any
anyone many more
anything others most
each several none
either some
everyone
everybody
everything
little
many a
much
neither
nobody
no one
nothing
one
other

97
 somebody
someone
something
Hay nhin lai bang liet ke, ban se thay c6 nhffng khuon m lu sau:
1. Dai tir bat dinh tan cilng la -body luon \k so it. Cac tir loai n&y bao
gom anybody, somebody, nobody.
2. Dai tir bat dinh tan cilng la -one luon 1 so it. Nhffng tff dang niy
bao gom anyone, everyone, someone v& one.
3. Dai tff bat dinh both, few, many, others xk several luon \k sd nhieu.
4. Dai tff bat dinh all, any, more, most, none va some c6 the 1&s6 it
ho&c so nhieu, tily vao cach ta dilng tff d6 trong cau nhff the nio
Day la mot sd vi du:
One of the gerbils is missing.
Mot con chuot nhdy da di mat.
(One): chu ngff sd it
(is): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff so it one phai di vdi dong tff sd it is.
Both of the gerbils are missing.
Cd hai con chuot nhdy dd di mat.
(Both): chu ngff sd nhieu
(are): dong tff sd nhieu
Chu ngff sd nhieu both phai di vdi dong tff sd nhieu are.
All of the b eef stew was devoured.
Toan bo mon thit bd ham deu duoc an het sgch.
(All): chu ngff sd it
(was): dong tff sd it
Trong trffdng hdp nay, all dffdc dung de chi mot ddn vi. Vi vay, no
phai di vdi dong tff so it was.
Many of the guests are sick of Tedious T eds endless chatter.
Nhieu ngudi khdch thay phdt chan cau chuy$n huyen thuyen doty
dai cua Tedious Ted.

oe
 (Many): chu ngff sd nhieu
(are): dong tff sd nhieu
Chu ngff sd nhieu many phai di vdi dong tff sd nhieu are.
i
Nhttng vdn d$ d$c bti>t khi chia dong tit cho hod
\gp vat cM ngtt
Nguyen tic chia dong tff khong vie roi lim nhffng van c6 v&i van de
:;ai gdc ndi len. Day lii hai van de kh6 khan nhat: chu ngff kh6 tim va
phffng cum tff xen vo.
1. Xac dinh chu ngff kh6 tim
Co v&i chu ngff c6 the kh6 tim hdn c ic chu ngff khic. Nhffng chu
ngff dffng sau dong tff d3c biet phffc tap. Tuy nhien, chu ngff van
phai hoa hdp vdi dong tff ve sd, nhff trong vi du sau day:
In the bottom of the lake are two old cars.
Dudi day ho la hai chiec xe hdi cu.
(are): dong tff sd nhieu
(cars): chu ngff sd nhieu
Chu ngff so" nhieu cars hoa hdp vdi dong tff sd nhieu are.
There were still half a dozen tires in the lake, too.
Cung cdn niia ta lop xe trong ho.
(were): dong tff so" nhieu
(tires): chu ngff so" nhieu
r
<v/vj

Tff there hoSc here d dau cau thtfdng la d"u hieu

cua cau dao trS t ttf tuf.
v,__________________________________________________________________
2. Bo qua cac cum tff xen vao
Hay bo qua nhffng tff ho3c cum tff xen vao giffa chu ngff va dong
tff. Mpt cum hoc menh de dffng giffa chu ngff va dong tff thi khong
anh hffdng den viec chia dong tff cho hoa hdp vdi chu ngff.
99
 The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.
Ca manh nhat trong ca the la ludi.
(muscle): chu ngff sd it
(in the body): cum gidi tff
(is): d6ng tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it muscle hoii hdp vdi dOng tff sd it is. Ta da bo qua cum
gidi tff in the body xen giffa.
The captain o f the guards stands at the door of Buckingham Pal
ace.
D<?i trudng dqi bao v? dvtng d ctia cung di?n Buckingham,
(captain): chu ngff sd it
(o f the guards): cum gidi tff
(stands): dong tff sd it
Chu ngff sd it captain di vdi d0ng tff sd it stands. Hay b6 qua cum
gidi tff o f the guards xen giffa.

Cam cho dal tit vd ttin nglt hod hop vdi nhau
Giong nhff chu ngff va dong tff, dai tff v i tien ngff (tien ngff lit tff mi
dai tff de cap den) phai hoa hdp vdi nhau. Hay theo nhffng nguyen \Ac sau
de dam bao dai tff hoii hdp vdi tien ngff.
1. Dai tff phai hoa hdp vdi tien ngff ve sd, ngoi xk giong (number,
person and gender.)
Hortense gave half her cupcake to Shirley.
Hortense dua ntia cai banh cho Shirley.
Ca hai tien ngff Hortense va dai tff her deu la sd it, ngoi thff ba vi li
giong cai.
Sai sot thffdng xay ra khi chuyen dich ngoi va giong khong dung.
Sai: Hortense will eat her bran flakes and tofu, which you need to
stay healthy.
D ung: Hortense will eat her bran flakes and tofu, which she needs
to stay healthy.
 Hortense se dn bdnh b(>t nudng vd dau hu, nhitng mon co can de g ift
site khoe.
2. Dilng dai tir nhan xitag sd it vdi dai tir bat dinh sd it.
If anyone questions the edict, refer him or her to the boss.
Neu cd ai hdi ve sac l$nh, hay chi anh ta hoac cd ta tdi cho ong chu.
Dai tir sd it him h oic her trong tnrdng hdp n&y chi dai tir sd it any
one.
3. Dilng dai tir sd nhieu khi tien ngiT dffdc ndi b&ng and. Nguyen tc
n iy cung dung khi c ic tien ngiT li sd it.
The dog and cat maintain their friendship by staying out of each
others way.
Con cho vd con meo duy tri tinh ban bang cach tranh mat nhau.
(dog): chu ngiT so' it
(cat): chu ngff sd it
(their): dai tff so' nhieu
Vi hai tien ngff sd it dog va cat dffdc ndi b&ng and nen ta phai
dilng dai tff so' nhieu their. Day la trffdng hdp 1 + 1 =2 (mot con
chd + mpt con m6o = hai con)
4. Vdi c ic tien ngff dffdc ndi bang or, nor hoic nhffng hen tff tffdng
USn nhff either...or, neither...nor thi dai tff phai hdp vdi tien ngff
gan nhat.
Neither my baby sister or the twins sleep in their bed.
Em gdi toi hay hai dtia sinh doi deu khong ngu tren giuefng cua
minh.
(sister): chu ngff so' it
(twins): chu ngff sd nhieu
(their): dai tff sd nhieu
Dilng dai tff sd nhieu their de hoi hdp vdi tien ngff sd nhieu twins.
Neither the twins nor my baby sister sleeps in her bed.
Hai dtia sinh doi hay em gdi tdi deu khong ngu tren giucmg cua
minh
Dilng dai tff so' it her de hoi hdp vdi tien ngff sd it sister.

101
5. Hay dam bao l i dai tff chi dan trffc tiep tdi danh tff.
Khi dai tff chi nhieu hdn mot tien ngff thi c6 the gay roi nghTa. Nffu
ban viet cau roi rm thi nn viet lai cau.
Roi r im : Norman saw a coupon in last years newspaper, but he
cant find it.
Norman thay mQt phieu giam gid trong td bao ndm ngoai, nhung
anh khong tim thay no.
N orm an khong th e tim dffqfc cai gi: the coupon hay the newspa
per?
D ung: Norman cant find the coupon he saw in last years news
paper.
Norman khong the tim ducfc cai phieu giam gid md anh dd thay trong
td bao ndm ngoai.

Tom ta t

Su hoi hap (agreement) nghla li cic th in h phin cua

c iu hoi hcrp vdi nhau.
Chu ngu phii hoi hcrp vdi iijng tu, con dai tur phii
hoi hcrp vdi tiln ngir.
Hay tim chu ngu cua ciu. Xic djnh xem chu ngu li scf
ft hay so nhilu. Chon dang dng tu dung cho hoi hgp
vdi hinh thuc cua chu ngu.
Ttf k ie n t r i

C au lutt dwiq m

C&u hdi 1. Chu ngff phai hoa hdp vdi dpng tff cua no ve sd. So' co
nghla la sd it hay sd nhieu.
2. Chu ngff sd nhieu goi ten mpt ngffdi, ndi chon, vat hoac
$ tffdng.
3. Chu ngff sd it goi ten nhieu hdn mpt ngirdi, ndi chon,
vat hoac y tffdng.
4. Trong tieng Anh, hau het c ic danh tff tao thanh dang sd
nhieu bang cich them -s hoac -es vao dang sd it.
5. Dai tff khong cd dang sd it v& sd nhieu.
6. Dpng tff cung cd dang sd it va sd nhieu.
7. Dang cua dong tff chi thay doi khi d dang ngoi thff ba sd
it.
8. Chu ngff sd nhieu phai di vdi dong tff sd it. Chu ngff sd
it phai di vdi dong tff sd nhieu.
9. Hai hoac nhieu chu ngff sd it dffdc ket ndi vdi nhau
b&ng or hoac nor phai di vdi dong tff so' it.
10. Chu ngff sd it ve nghla nhffng lai d dang sd nhieu thi
can phai cd dong tff sd it.
11. Chu ngff so' nhieu cd chffc nang la mot chinh the ddn
le thi di vdi dong tff sd nhieu.
12. Tffa de luon la sd it.
13. Hai hoac nhieu chu ngff so'nhieu dffdc ket ndi b&ng or
hoac nor phai di vdi dong tff so' nhieu.
14. Chu ngff ghep vdi nhau b&ng and la chu ngff so' it va
phai di vdi dong tff so' it.
15. Neu hai hoac hdn hai chu ngff so' it va so' nhieu ghep
vdi nhau bang or hoac nor thi luon dung dong tff sd
nhieu.
16. Danh tff tap hdp goi ten mpt nhom ngffdi hoac vat.

103
 17. Danh tir tap hpp luon 1& so nhieu, bat ke ta dilng tff d6
nhir the nao trong cau.
18. Dai tir bat dinh c6 the lit sd it ho4c sd nhieu, phu thugc
vao cdch ta dilng tir d6 trong cau.
19. Dai tir bt dinh bao g6m nhffng tff nhir everyone, some
one, all v& more.
20. Khi ban xc dinh sff ho& hdp giffa chu ngff v dpng tif,
dffng de <j tdi nhffng tff hoac cum tff xen giffa chu ngff
v& dong tff.
21. Dai tff phai h o i hdp vdi tien ngff cua nd ve sd vii ngoi
nhffng khong ph ii ve giong.
22. Dung dai tff chi ngffdi sd it vdi dai tff bat dinh sd it.
23. Ndi chung, ta phdi dilng dai tff sd nhieu khi cic tien
ngff dffdc lien ket vdi nhau b&ng and. Dieu n&y khong
dung neu tien ngff la sd it.
24. C ic tien ngff dffdc lien ket bang or, nor hoSc lien tir
tiTdng lien nhff either... or, neither... nor phai hoa hdp
vdi tien ngff gan dai tff hdn.
25. Sff hoa hdp lam cho cau nghe suon se v i hdp logic.
26. Danh tff car la sd it nhffng cars li sd nhieu.
27. Danh tff tomatoes la sd it nhffng tomato la sd nhieu.
28. Danh tff women la so" it nhffng woman la sd nhieu.
29. Dai tff I la sd it nhffng we la sd nhieu.
30. Dong tff stands la sd it nhffng stand la sd nhieu.
31. Dong tff are la sd it nhffng is la sd nhieu.
32. Dong tff was eating la sd it nhffng were eating la sd
nhieu.
33. Dong tff were la sd it nhffng was la sd nhieu.
34. Dong tff grows la sd it nhffng grow la sd nhieu.
35. Cum dong tff have been watching la sd it nhiTng has
been watching la so" nhieu.

104
C au kitt dang iicdnJc tan
Chon tif trong ngoSc phii hdp nhat vdi moi cau.
1. The pop you get when you crack your knuckles (are, is)
actually a bubble of gas bursting.
2. Polar bears (is, are) left-handed.
3. The name of all the continents (ends, end) with the same
letter that they start with.
4. No president of the United States (were, was) an only
child.
5. Everyone (are, is) entitled to my opinion.
6. Here is some good advice: Dont sneeze when some
one (is, are) cutting your hair.
7. If a man (are, is) wearing a striped suit, its against the
law to throw a knife at him in Natoma, Kansas.
8. In 1659, Massachusetts (mades, made) Christmas ille
gal.
9. Unless you have a doctors note, it (are, is) illegal to
buy ice cream after 6 P.M. in Newark, New Jersey.
10. It is a misdemeanor to show movies that (depicts, de
pict) acts of felonious crime in Montana.
11. I (drives, drive) way too fast to worry about choles
terol.
12. If Barbie (are, is) so popular, why do you have to (buys,
buy) her friends?
13. Many people (quits, quit) looking for work when they
find a job.
14. A Rolling Stone (play, plays) the guitar.
15. Its always darkest just before I (open, opens) my eyes.
16. The squeaking wheel (get, gets) annoying.
17. A journey of a thousand miles (begin, begins) with a
blister.
18. Dont count your chickens it (take, takes) too long.
105
 19. Donald Duck comics (was, w ere) banned from Fin
land because he doesnt wear pants.
20. Kemo Sabe (mean, means) soggy shrub in Navajo.
21. All porcupines (floats, float) in water.
22. The only nation whose name (begins, begin) with an A
but doesnt end in an A is Afghanistan.
23. Emus cannot (walks, walk) backwards.
24. Most Americans car horns (beep, beeps) in the key of
F.
25. No word in the English language (rhymes, rhyme) with
month.

C a u luii biit
Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. The American slogan for Salem cigarettes, Salem-
Feeling F ree, ________ translated into the Japanese
market as When smoking Salem, you will feel so re
freshed that your m ind________ to be free and empty.
(a) Was, seems
(b) Was, seem
(c) W ere, seem
(d) W ere, seems
2. Frank Perdues chicken slogan, It takes a strong man
to make a tender chicken, ________ translated into
Spanish as I t ________ an aroused man to make a
chicken affectionate.
(a) W ere, takes
(b) W ere, take
(c) Was, takes
(d) Was, take
3. I had a linguistics professor who said that its mans
ability to use language th a t________ him the domi-

106
 nant species on the planet. That may be. But I think
theres one other thing th a t________ us from animals.
We arent afraid of vacuum cleaners. Jeff Stilson
(a) Make, separate
(b) Make, separates
(c) Makes, separate
(d) Makes, separates
4. According to the national average: Once someone
an elevator button, 58 seconds will pass be
fore they w ill________ it again. In New York, its 11
seconds.
(a) Push, push
(b) Push, pushes
(c) Pushes, push
(d) Pushes, pushes
5. If police arrest a mime, do t h e y ________ him he
________ the right to remain silent?
(a) Tell, have
(b) Tell, has
(c) Tells, has
(d) Tells, have
6. I ve learned that i t ________ years to build up trust and
only seconds to destroy________ .
(a) Takes, them
(b) Takes, it
(c) Take, them
(d) Take, it
7. I ve learned that either y o u ________ your attitude or
i t ________ you.
(a) Control, controls
(b) Control, control

107
 (c) Controls, control
(d) Controls, controls
8. Ive learned that our background and circumstances
may have influenced who we________ , but we are re
sponsible for who w e ________ .
(a) Is, become
(b) Is, becomes
(c) Are, becomes
(d) Are, become
9. I ve learned that credentials on the wall do not_______
you a decent human being.
(a) Made
(b) Makes
(c) Make
(d) Making
10. Up to 3,000 species of tre e s________ been cataloged
in one square mile of the Amazon jungle.
(a) Is
(b) Was
(c) Has
(d) Have

Bfli lap Kcniq tM-

1. Sffa tat ca nhffng loi sai ve sff hoa hdp trong doan sau
day.
Two people left a 15-mile-long trail of doughnuts after
they tooks a donut truck from a parking lot and fie
police said Thursday. The truck were parked at a /Vn
venience store with its rear doors open and its <enSine
running while a deliveryman carried doughnu'tS ^ns^ e
said a Slidell police spokesman. Two suspe<-'ls hPPd
in the truck and sped off to the nearby town Lacombe,

108
 with doughnuts spilling out along the way, he said. They
abandoned the truck when they was spotted by police
responding to reports of a dangerous driver who were
losing his doughnuts. A passenger were captured, but
the driver, whose name were not released, ran away.
Their motive for taking the truck filled with donuts were
unclear. I dont know if it were a need for transporta
tion or if they just had the munchies, the police said.
2. Sura tat ca nhffng loi sai ve sff ho i hdp trong doan sau
day.
A wife are complaining about her husband spending
all his time at the local tavern, so one night he take her
along with him. W hatll ya have? he ask. Oh, I dont
know. The same as you, I suppose, she reply. So the
husband order a couple of Jack Daniels and gulp his
down in one go. His wife watch him, then take a sip
from her glass and immediately spit it out. Yuck, it
tastes awful, worse than aw ful! she splutter. I dont
know how you can drink this stuff! Well, there you
goes, cry the husband. And you thinks I m out enjoy
ing myself every night!

ddp in

Cau h o i d u n g - sai

l .T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T
1 1 .F 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. F
16. T 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T
2 1 .F 22. T 23. F 24. T 25. T
26. T 27. F 28. T 29. T 30. T
3 1 .F 32. T 33. F 34. T 35. F

109
 C au h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1. is 2. are 3 . ends
4. was 5. is 6. is
7. is 8. made 9. is
10. depict 11. drive 12. is, buy
13. quit 14. plays 15. open
16. gets 17. begins 18. takes
19. were 20. means 21. float
22. begins 23. walk 24. beep
25. rhymes

C au h o i tr^ c n g h ie m

1. a 2. c 3. d
4. c 5. b 6. b
7. a 8. d 9. c
10. d

B a i ta p n a n g c a o

1. Two people left a 15-mile-long-trail of doughnuts after they took

a donut truck from a parking lot and fled, police said Thursday.
The truck was parked at a convenience store with its rear doors
open and its engine running while a deliveryman carried dough
nuts inside, said a Slidell police spokesman. Two suspects hopped
in the truck and sped off to the nearby town of Lacombe, with
doughnuts spilling out along the way, he said. They abandoned
the truck when they were spotted by police responding to reports
of a dangerous driver who was losing his doughnuts. A passenger
was captured, but the driver, whose name was not released, ran
away.
Their motive for taking the truck filled with donuts was unclear.
I dont know if it was a need for transportation or if they just had
the m unchies, the police said.

110
2. A wife is complaining about her husband spending all his time at
the local tavern, so one night he takes her along with him.
W hatll ya have? he asks.
Oh, I dont know. The same as you, I suppose, she replies.
So the husband orders a couple of Jack Daniels and gulps his down
in one go.
His wife watches him, then takes a sip from her glass and immedi
ately spits it out. Yuck, it tastes awful, worse than aw ful! she
splutters. I dont know how you can drink this stuff!
Well, there you go, cries the husband. And you think I m out
enjoying myself every night!

I ll
CHiftm o &
25 l&i t*e each dung,
tlniiftnj (fiip nhat

j ) Tdi co c a n d9C ch u o n g n a y khong?

^ 0 *

Dau neu doc cbrftfug nav ucu bau cau ou lai

bo&
c boc
vc

Loi vi*ft sai thudng gap

Tim loi sai trong bii vit cua ban
^ Sua cic loi niy

112
 & < Lt ct& u

Hcfn bao gid het, viit gioi la chia khoa cua thanh
c6ng. Khi viS't ddn gian, ro rang va dting thi se tit
ki6m dtfdc thdi gian, gSy thi6n cam va tranh bi hiu
nhim . Trong chtfdng nay, chung ta se tSp trung vao p h in dung
cua phtfdng trinh nay de bai vUft cua ban co th6 dung tdi tffng
chfl.

TS/hUng chB rdc rot nh&t khi vtit

Khi cd ngtfdi than phien la ai d6 khong the viet dtfdc thi da phan la
ho dang ndi den nhffng loi ve ngff phap v i cich dilng. Dffdi day li 25
cho sai thffdng gap nhat.

2 5 lo i sa i tlirtofng g a p n h a t k h i v ie t

Ngff phap va cach dung

1. Thieu ro ring
2. Rffdm r i (nhffng tff khong can thiet)
3. Van de chia dong tff cho hoa hdp vdi chu ngff
4. Thieu cau true song song (parallel structure)
5. Dilng thi sai
6. Phep an du lan Ion
7. Tff bo nghla sai lac
8. Tff bo nghla sai vj tri
9. Dilng sai thanh ngff
10. C ich dien dat gay thanh kien
11. Sai dang dong tff (dang chu dong hay bi dong)
Cau
12. Cau chffa hoan chinh (fragments)
13. Cau run-on (hai cau khong tach ra)

113
 Chinh ta
14. Thieu chff cai
15. Dff chff cai
16. Doi vi tri cua chff cai
17. Dung dang so' nhieu khong dung
18. Loi nham lan giffa cSc cSp tff (vi du nhff weather/whether)
Dfi'u cSu
19. Thieu hoSc dff dau phay
20. Thieu ho&c dilng sai dau lffdc
21. Dung sai dau cham than
22. Dung sai da'u cham phay
V iet hoa
23. Danh tff rieng khong viet hoa
24. Loi trong tffa bai
SuTa bai
25. Thieu tff
Bay gid chung ta se on lai tffng van de de ban cd the viet dung tdi tffng
chff.

ZNhltng loi v$ ngit phap vd cach dung thitdng gdfp

nhdt
1. Thieu ro rang
Sai: Prehistoric people used many inorganic substances difficult
to find at archaeological sites, which included clay and rock.
Dung: Prehistoric people used many inorganic substances, includ
ing clay and rock, which are difficult to find at archaeological sites.
NgUdi tien su dung nhieu chat vo cd, bao gom dat set va dd, nhitng
thu rat kho tim <) dia diem khdo co.
Cau cd the trd nen md ho vi nhieu ly do khac nhau. Trong vi du
tren day, cd qua nhieu cum tff chen vao giffa dai tff va tien ngff
cua no. Ket qua la chi dan cua dai tff trd nen md ho. Dieu niy c6
11A
 the xay ra ngay ca khi nhffng phan chen v&o c6 lien he rat logic vdi
phan c6n lai cua cau, nhff vi du vffa roi.
Phan cau true cau rat quan trong vk se dude n6i tdi trong bon chtfdng
7, 8, 9 va 13. Neu ban gap kh6 khan trong viec cau true cau cho
dung logic vii mach lac, hay on lai tat ca nhffng chtfdng neu tren.
Dffdi day 1&mot so" meo nho:
Mot cau = mot y tffdng day du. Dffng nh<St qua nhieu y ttfdng vao
mot cau.
Y tffdng cua ban cang phffc tap thi cau phai cang ngan va ddn
gian cang tot.
Kiem tra xem tat ca cac thanh phan cua cau cd lien he hdp logic
hay khong, vi du nhtf cac thanh phan trong cau co cung thi hay
khong?
Doc lai cau Ciia ban de dam bao la tat ca cac dai tff deu chi d in
den dung tien ngff va dffdc dat gan tien ngff nhat cang tot.
Kiem tra xem ban da danh dau cau dung hay chffa.
2. Rtfdm ra (nhffng tff khong can thiet)
Sai: If you reread your work, you will find upon serious reconsid
eration that a geat deal of repetition can be avoided by careful
editing and revising and attentive reevaluation. Scrupulous edit
ing can also help you make your writing less wordy.
Dung: If you reread your work, you will find that a great deal of
repetition can be avoided by careful editing.
Neu ban doc lai bai cua minh, ban se nhan thay cd nhieu cho lap
lai cd the tranh diUtc bang cach bien tap can than.
Nhffng bai viet dai dong van tff thoat nghe co ve co trinh do va an
tffdng, nhffng thffc ra no khien ngffdi doc thay chan vi qua mat thdi
gian. Hay noi nhffng dieu can noi that sue tich. Nhff vay bai viet
cua ban se de doc hdn va trffc tiep truyen dat thong diep can noi.
3. Van de chia dong tff cho hoa hdp vdi chu ngff
Sai: Verbs has to agree with their subjects.
Dung: Verbs have to agree with their subjects.
Dong tti phai hoa lulp vdi chu ngit cua no.

115
 Sir hoa hdp nghla la c ic thanh phan trong cau phai h6a h<?p vdi
nhau, so it di vdi so it c6n so nhieu thi di vdi so nhieu. Vi chO ngit
verbs la so nhieu nen nd phai di vdi dong tiif so nhieu have.
Van de nay phtfc tap d cho chung ta them - s hoac -e s xko d lim
th^nh dang ngoi thtf ba so it cua hau het c ic d0ng tif, trong khi u
lai them -5 hoac -e s de lam thanh dang so nhieu cua hau het
danh ttf. Vi du nhtf, he starts la so it, nhtfng six papers lai 1&s6
nhieu. Ca hai deu tan cilng la 5. Stf h6a hdp dtfdc trinh bay cu the
trong chtfdng 5.
4. Thieu cau true song song
K hong song song: To avoid getting hit by lightning, never seek
protection under a tree, lying down on wet ground, or staying on a
bike.
Song song: To avoid getting hit by lightning, never seek protec
tion under a tree, lie down on wet ground, or stay on a bike.
De tranh bi set danh, dung bao gid tru dut'fi cay, ndm tren dat dm
hay ngoi tren xe dap.
Cau true song song (parallel structure) cd nghla la dat cic y ti/dng
ttfdng dong vao cung mot cafu true ngtf phap. Bai viet (va bai n6i)
cua ban nen cd ttf, cum ttf va menh de song song.
Ttf song song (parallel words) cd cung loai ttf (vi du nhtf danh til,
tinh ttf hoac dong ttf) va thi (neu cac ttf dd la dong ttf)
Cum ttf song song (parallel phrases) tao ra mot nhip dieu cd ban
trong bai ndi hoac viet cua ban.
Menh de song song (parallel clauses) cung mang den stf can b<ing
cho bai viet cua ban.
Cau true song song dtfdc mieu ta chi tiet trong chtfdng 9.
5. Sai thi
Sai: President John Quincy Adams owns a pet alligator, which he
kept in the East Room of the White House.
D ung: President John Quincy Adams owned a pet alligator, which
he kept in the East Room of the White House.
Tong thong John Quincy Adams sd htfu mQt con cd sau cUng mil
ngai nuoi trong can phdng phia Dong Nha Trdng.
116
 Thi cua dpng tiif cho ta biet thdi gian dien ra cua hanh dong. Dong
tiif tieng Anh c6 sdu thi. Moi thi c6 hai dang: cd ban v& tiep dien
(cdn goi lil ho^n thiinh). Trong vi du d day, h&nh dong dien ra
trong qud khff nen phai dilng thi qud khff. Thi cua dong tff 1^ chu de
cua chffdng 3.
6. Ph6p an du lan lpn (mixed metaphor)
Sai: Take the bull by the toe.
Nam con bd bang mong.
Dung: Take the bull by the horns.
Ndm con bd bang sCcng.
Phdp an du (metaphor) la php tu tff so snh hai vat khong giong
nhau de giai thich mot vat la. Khi dilng dung thi ph6p an du khien
cho bai viet cua ban mieu ta ro rang va chinh xac hdn. Trong
nhieu trffdng hdp, phep an du khong dilng tff theo nghla den. Vi
du nhff d day, chung ta khong ndi ve viec n<(m sffng con bo ma
chung ta dang ndi ve viec nam b&t cd hpi theo nghla bong.
De ph6p an du cd hieu qua tot thi no phai so sanh nhffng hinh anh
hoiic sff vat hdp vdi nhau. Vi du nhff d day, chung ta se nam sffng
con b6 chff khong phai la mdng cua no. Khi hai hinh anh doi choi
nhau dtfdc gh6p lai trong mot phep so sanh thi chung ta co ph6p
an du lan Ion, gay kho hieu cho ngtfdi doc.
7. Ttf bd nghla sai lac (dangling modifiers)
Sai: Flying over the countryside, cars and houses looked like toys.
Bay qua vung nong thon, xe hoi vd nha cuta trong nhu do choi.
Dung: As we flew over the countryside, cars and houses looked
like toys.
Khi chung toi bay qua vung nong thon, xe hai vd nha cuta trong nhu
do chai.
Tff bd nghla (modifier) la mot tff hoac cum tff mieu ta mot chu ngff,
dong tff hoiic tan ngff. Ta noi tff bd nghla bi sai lac khi tff ma no bd
nghia bi bo di trong cau. Tff bd nghla sai lac khien ngffdi doc cam
thay kho hieu va cho rang y cua ban tdi nghla vi cau chlng co
nghla gi ca.

117
 Sura loi tiif bd nghla sai lac bUng cach them tir hoac cum tir da bj bo
di. d day, chu ngff we dffdc them vao va flying doi thanh flew de
cau trd nen co nghla.
Bay gid ta hay xem xet mot cau true sai khac, do la dong tinh tir sai
lac (dangling participles). Dong tinh tir la mot dong tir tan cilng
bang -ing. Ta noi dong tinh tijf bi sai lac khi chu ngff cua n6 xb chu
ngff cua cau khong hoa hdp nhau. Vi du:
Sai: Rushing to finish the paper, Bobs printer broke.
Voi vd hoan thdnh bai viet, may in cua Bob bi hong.
D ung: While Bob was rushing to finish the paper, his printer broke.
Khi Bob voi vd hoan thdnh bai viet, may in cua anh bi hong.
Co mot cach de biet dong tinh tff co bi sai lac hay khong, d6 la dSt
menh de vdi dong tinh tff do ngay sau chu ngff cua cau: Bobs
printer, rushing to finish the paper, broke. Ban co the de d&ng
nghe ra la cau bj sai.

Luu y:
Khong phai tat cd nhffng tit tan cung bang - in g deu la dyng
tinh tff. Vi du: Completing the task by Tuesday is your next
assignment. Tff completing dday co chffc nang nhff mQt danh
tff, khong p hai dqng tff. (Danh tff tan cung bang -in g dfftfc g(ti
la dQng danh tff (gerund).

8. Tff bd nghla sai vi tri

Sai: My parents bought a kitten for my sister they call Paws.
Bo me mua mot con meo cho em gdi toi md fu) goi la Paws.
D ung: My parents bought a kitten they call Paws for my sister.
B6 me mua mot con meo md ho goi la Paws cho em gdi toi.
Tff bd nghla sai vi tri la mot tff, cum tff hoc menh de dat qu xa
danh tff hoac dai tff ma no mieu ta. Ket qua la cau khong dien dal
dffdc y ban muon noi. Khi viet cau nay ra thi co nghla la co em gi
chff khong phai con meo dffdc dat ten la Paws. Do la vi cum tif bo
nghla they call Paws da d sai vi tri trong cau. De sOfa loi tif bo

118
 nghla sai vi tri, ban hay chuyen tir bd nghla len gan tir hoSc cum tir
nd mieu ta, cang gan cang tot.
9. Dilng th&nh ngff khong chinh \ i c
Sai: Its raining cats and puppies.
Dung: Its raning cats and dogs.
Trdi dang mUa xoi xd.
Cum tff Its raining cats and dogs" la mot thanh ngff (idiom) c6
nghla bong chff khong the hieu theo nghla den. Cac cum tff nhff
make a big deal out o f it, on the double va down and o u t la
thanh ngff. Neu ban quyet dinh dung thanh ngff trong khi viet thi
hay ch^c cM n 1&ban dung cum tff chinh xc. Vi du, ngffdi ta thffdng
n6i She talked down to him. Con noi She talked under to him thi
lai khong chinh x&c.
Nhffng gidi tff c6 tinh chat thanh ngff (idiomatic prepositions) rat
thong dung nhffng cung rat kho dilng. Bang dtfdi day liet ke nhffng
gidi tff hffu ich nhat:
Sai dung
according with the plan according to the plan
accuse with perjury accuse 0/p erju ry
apologize about apologize for
board o f bored with
capable to capable o f
comply to the rules comply with the rules
concerned to concerned about, over, with
conform in standards conform to, with standards
in search for in search o f
in accordance to policy in accordance with policy
independent from independent o f
inferior than ours inferior to ours
interested about interested in, by
jealous for others jealous o f others

119
 outlook o f life outlook on life
puzzled on puzzled at, by
similar with similar to

Nhin cliung, ta nn tranh dung thanh ngff khi vit

cho ngtfdi phi ban xtf, vi lip thtfcfng kho doan dityc
nghla cua thanh ngtf.

10. Cach dien dat gay thanh kien

Sai: That old geezer is taking my parking space!
Lao gia do dang chiem cho dau xe cua toi!
Dung: That man is taking my parking space!
Ngi/di dan ong do dang chiem cho dau xe cua toi!
Tranh dung cach dien dat vdi y giem pha ngtfdi khac ve tuoi tic,
gidi tinh, chung tpc hoiic tinh trang the chat. Dieu nay die bi?l
quan trong trong kinh doanh, ndi ma nhtfng cach ndi nhtf the c6
the dan tdi kien cao.
11. D ing dang dong ttf sai (dang chu dong va bi dong)
Dang bj dpng: The meeting was attended by the executive.
C uqc hop duac tham du bdi uy vien ban quan tr(.
Dang chu dpng: The excutive attended the meeting.
Uy vien ban quan tri tham du cuqc hop.
Nhtf da hoc d chtfdng 3, trong phan ndi ve dang chu dong v& bi
dong, tieng Anh co hai dang la chu dong va bi dong. Dong tif d
dang chu dong khi chu ngff thffc hien hanh dong. Dong tff d dang
bi dong khi hanh dong dtfdc thtfc hien tac dong len chu ngff. Dang
chu dong thi ro rang va sue tlch hdn dang bi dong.
Mac du dang chu dong co hieu qua hdn dang bi dong, ban van
nen dung dang bi dong trong hai tinh huong sau:

120
 B e trnh do loi cho ngtfdi khdc (A mistake was made (Dd xay ra
m Q t sai sot) thay vl You made a mistake. (Ban dd p h g m sai sot)).

Trdnh ndi th^ng ra ngtfdi thtfc hien hanh dong (The letter was
sent (Biic thu da duac giii) thay vl Nicole sent the letter. (Nicole
dd gdi bvtc thu)).

TJhXtng iBi cu phap thucmg g$p

12. Cau chtfa hoan chinh (fragments)
Cfiu chffa hoan chinh: If you want to be clearly understood.
Neu ban muon dU(/c hieu rd.
Cfiu dung: Dont write sentence fragments if you want to be clearly
understood.
DiCng viet cau chua hoan chinh neu ban muon ngudi khac hieu rd.
Bat ctf cau nao cung phai co ba yeu td sau:
M$t chu ngff: chu ngff cd chffc nang thtfc hien hanh dong. Chu
ngff phai la danh tff hoac dai tff.
MQt dQng tff: cho biet chu ngff lam gi.
MQt y hoan chinh.
Cau chffa hoan chinh trong vi du neu tren da thieu chu ngff va dong
tff. Ket qua la nhom tff do khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh. Hay
doc chffdng 8 de xem phan ban luan sau hdn ve cau chffa hoan
chinh.
13. Hai cau dinh lien (Run-ons)
Hai c&u dinh lin: Daddy longlegs spiders are more poisonous
than black widows, daddy longlegs spiders cannot bit humans be
cause their jaws wont open wide enough.
Nh$n chan dai d$c hem cd nhen den goa phu, nhen chan dai khong
the can ngudi vi ham cua chung khong md du to.
Viet dung: Daddy longlegs spiders are more poisonous than black
widows, but daddy longlegs spiders cannot bit humans because
their jaws wont open wide enough.

121
 Nhen chan dai dgc hem cd nh?n den gda phu, nhung nhen chan din
khong the can ngudi vi ham cua chung khong md du to.
H oqc Id
Daddy longlegs spiders are more poisonous than black widows;
however, daddy longlegs spiders cannot bit humans because their
jaws wont open wide enough.
May con nhen chan dai doc hon cd nhen den gda phu; tuy nhien,
nh^n chan dai khong the cdn ngudi vi ham cua chung khong mddu
to.
Cau run-on xay ra khi hai cau ho&n chinh (menh de d$c 12p")
ghep lai bi sai. Cac cau chi c6 the ghep lai b&ng mot hen tif kl
hdp (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) hoiic mot dau cham phay - mpt
dau phay khong thi chffa du. Hay xem chUOng 8 vdi phan bin luan
sau hdn ve cu phap.

Col chinh td thuong g#p nhdt

Khi viet ta thffdng viet sai chinh ta l i do phat am tff dd sai. Ba loi
thffdng gap nhat la:
Bo mot chff cai hoac am tiet khi phat am tiif dd
Them mot chff cai khong can thiet khi phdt am
Phat am tff sai nen viet sai chinh ta
14. Thieu chff cai
Dtfdi day la 10 tff thffdng viet sai chinh ta vi ngffdi ndi thffdng bo
mot chff cai hoiic am tiet.
A ccidentally: Tff nay cd nam am tiet; bo mot am tiet va acciden
tally bien thanh accidently.
A ccom panim ent: Chff a thff hai va chff / la van de trong chff n&y.
De nhd la phai cd chff i, ban hay nhd cau sau day: theres a lot of
animal in accompaniment.
A creage: Chff e la van de trong tff nay vi khi ndi, ngffdi ta it khi
nhan manh no. Vi vay, ngffdi ta hay viet thanh acrage. Ngffdi ta
cung hay dat chff e sai vi tri, nhff trong acerage.

122
 Anecdote: Khi dpc anecdote thanh anedote thi viet se bo sot chff c.
Roi con antidote - mot tff co nghla, nhffng dung trong ngff canh thi
khong phii hdp.
Asked: Tff nay hay bi nham thanh ast hoiic tham chi axed. Ket qua
la ngffdi ta se viet thanh nhffng chff nhff askd, askt va axst.
Asterisk: Tff nay co the bi viet nham thanh aterisk, askterisk, hoac
tham chi la acksterisk.
Broccoli: Bo bdt mot chff c va them mot chff / vao chff nay thi
khong kh6. Phat am dung cung chdng co tdc dung gi d day, vi vay
hay chia tff nay thanh hai phan: broc va coli.
Calisthenics: Hay nhan manh chff i dau tien va chff e de tranh bo
bdt chff cai khi viet chff calisthenics. Neu khong, ban co the viet
thanh calesthenics hoac calesthinics.
Category: Hay chac chan la ban doc dung chff e chff khong phai la
a de tranh viet sai thanh catagory.
Cemetery: Khi phat am chff e thff ba nhff a thi ket qua khi viet se
lk cemetary.
15. Thffa chff cai
Vi mac loi khi phat am nen khi viet, ngirdi ta thffdng them mot
nguyen am thffa giffa hai chff cai. Dffdi day la mot so tff hay bi
viet sai chinh ta nhat:
Athlete: Thffdng bi doc sai la athalete, ket qua la viet thffa chff a.
Disatrous: Ngirdi ta hay viet chff nay thanh disasterous do suy ra
tit disaster. Ban thay dffra chff cai nao khong?
Grievous: Mot loi phat am khac, khien ngffdi ta hay viet thanh
grieveous hoac grievious. Khong dffdc them chff e hay i nao ca.
Hindrance: Chff nay cung tffdng tff nhff trffdng hdp chff disastrous:
tff hinder suy ra thanh hinderance. Qua nhieu am tiet!
Lightning: Anh chdp giffa trdi mffa nay thffdng bi phat am sai va
viet sai thanh lightening. Dung la co ton tai tff lightening; no co
nghla la trd nen bdt toi tarn hdn. Hay doc tffng chff cai de viet dung
tff ban muon viet.

123
 M ischievous: Ddng ngac nhidn l i rat nhieu ngirdi hay doc sai think
mischievious, do dd them v&o mQt chff i.
P e rse v e ra n c e : Ngffdi ta thffdng them v&o mot chff r v i ket qud li
perserveranee. Doc tff cho dung thi ban se trinh dffdc loi niy.

Y Y \e & txkxr

Ngirdi dpc va noi tigng Anh trong thdi gian d&i da

diTQc m 6 'i li6n I16 cSn ban giffa 5 m va td h?p chil
I iq c

cai d6 co thg vi"t diTQc rSt nhiu chff. Tuy nhign, do

nguyn nhan ljch suf, mot vai td hQp cliil cai co phat
5m khong giong nhiT vit. Vi du nhiT ough co thd phat m khac
nhau trong thought, bough, through, drought.

16. Doi cho c ic tff

Phat am sai cung c6 the dan tdi viet chff bj dao cho. Dtfdi day lit
nhffng tff hay bi sai theo kieu nay:
aesthetic allegiance analysis analyze anonymous
auxiliary bureaucrat diaphragm entrepreneur gasoline
gauge gorgeous irrelevant khaki lingerie
mileage psychology resuscitate rhyme rhythm
17. Sai dang so" nhieu
Hay nhd la danh tff sd nhieu dung de chi nhieu hdn mot ngffdi, ndi
chon hoac sff vat. Cd danh tff so" nhieu theo quy tic lan bat quy
tac. Dang so" nhieu theo quy tic it khi bi viet sai, nhffng dang so
nhieu bat quy tic lai thffdng gay ric roi. Hay phan biet dang so
nhieu theo quy tic va bat quy tic cho ro rang va ban se cd the loai
bd dffdc nhieu loi chinh ta. Dffdi day la vai quy tic chinh ta de
giup ban viet dang sd nhieu cho dung.
Hau het cac dang sd" nhieu theo quy tic dffdc thanh lap bing cich
them s vao cuoi tff.
So ft So"nhieu
bird birds
hat hats
124
arrow arrows
pencil pencils
duck ducks
dog dogs
Them es neu danh tff tan cilng b&ng s, sh, ch
So it So'nhi^u
class classes
inch inches
box boxes
stress stresses
sex sexes
tax taxes
Jones Joneses
Neu danh tuf tan cung bang y va trffdc n6 la mot phu am thi doi y
thanh i va them es.
S oft So'nhieu
city cities
lady ladies
happy happiness
icy iciness
activity activities
cry cries
blueberry blueberries
Neu danh tuf tan cilng bang y va trffdc no la mot nguyen am thi
them s.
S o ft So' nhieu
essay essays
monkey monkeys
journey journeys
survey surveys
attorney attorneys
 Ngoai 1$: Co ngoai le doi vdi nhffng tff tan cung b ln g -quy, nhu
soliloquy doi thanh soliloquies.
Nhffng tff tan cung bang -ly van giff chff y khi doi sang dang so
nhieu.
So' ft So' nhieu
bialy bialys
Neu danh tff tan cung bang o va trffdc no la mot nguyen am thi
them s.
Ngoai 1: dollies lilies
S6'it So' nhieu
radio radios
ratio ratios
patio patios
studio studios
Neu danh tff tan cung bang o va trffdc no la mot phu am thi danh ti/
co the them es, s hoac s hoac es deu dffdc.
So it So' nhieu
Them es potato potatoes
hero heroes
tomato tomatoes
echo echoes
veto vetoes
Them s silo silos
solo solos
piano pianos
soprano sopranos
alto altos
dynamo dynamos
Them es hoac 5 zero zeros, zeroes
tornado tornados, tornadoes
cargo cargos, cargoes
1 76,
 motto mottos, mottoes
domino dominos, dominoes
buffalo buffalos, buffaloes
Them s v&o hau het cac danh tuf tan cilng b^ng f. Tuy nhien, cac tiif
tan cung b&ng f nay cung rat bat quy tic, gan nhir la ching co quy
tic nao. Neu ban con nghi ngd thi hay tra tir dien cho chan.
S o ft Son h ilu
brief briefs
chief chiefs
proof proofs
belief beliefs
staff staffs
sheriff sheriffs
belief beliefs
Ngoai 1$: Trong vai triTdng hdp, ta phai doi f hoSc fe thanh v roi
them es:
So it So nhieu
half halves
knife knives
leaf leaves
life lives
self selves
thief thieves
wife wives
wolf wolves
Ngoai 1: Quy t^c nay khong ap dung doi vdi ten rieng. Trong
triTdng hdp nay, ta chi viec them vao mot chff s: Mr. and Ms. Wolf
trd thanh The Wolfs.
Nhffng tff tan cung bang -ey, -ay hoac -o y khong doi thanh -ies
khi d dang so nhieu.

127
 Stf ft S d 'n h ilu
-ey valley valleys
abbey abbeys
jitney jitneys
-ay tray trays
clay clays
-oy ploy ploys
Trong tir ghep thi hay bien tir chinh th&nh so nhieu.
So' it Sd'nhieu
mother-in-law mothers-in-law
passerby passersby
sister-in-law sisters-in-law
Ngoai 1: Neu trong tir gh6p khong c6 danh tir nao thi them s vio
cuoi tir, nhu trong mix-ups, takeoffs. Neu tir ghep tan cung b&ng -
ful thi them s vao cuoi tir, nhir trong cupfuls.
Mot so danh tir doi cach viet khi doi thanh so' nhieu.
So it S o 'n h iiu
child children
foot feet
goose geese
louse lice
man men
mouse mice
ox oxen
tooth teeth
woman women
Mot so danh tir van giff nguyen dang du d so it hay so nhieu.
swine series deer sheep
moose species Portuguese
Nhffng trffdng hdp so nhieu phai di vdi dau lffdc la dang so nhieu
cua so, chuT cai va nhffng tff dffdc dung de chi ban than tff d6.
128
 How many 3s make 9? There were too many buts in the speech.
Mot so" tff trong c ic ngon ngff khac tao thanh dang so nhieu theo
nhffng cach kM c nhau va thffdng tuan theo ngff phdp cua ngon
ngff goc do.
So' ft So' nhieu
alumnus alumni (female)
alumna alumnae (male)
analysis analyses
axis axes
bacterium bacteria
basis bases
crisis crises
criterion criteria
hypothesis hypotheses
index index, indices
memorandum memorandums, memoranda
parenthesis parentheses
phenomenon phenomena
stimulus stimuli
thesis theses
18. Loi dung nham dip tff (nhff weather/whether)
Mot so' tff trong tieng Anh co cung cach viet va phat am nhffng lai
c6 nghla khdc nhau, vi du nhff bay/bay va beam/beam. Cung co
nhffng tff phat am giong nhau nhffng cach viet va nghla khac nhau,
vi du nhff coarse/course hay bridal/bridle. Phan biet nhffng cap tff
nay la dieu rat quan trong vi ban se viet dUdc chinh xac y ma ban
muon noi.
Dffdi day la mot so' tff hay bi viet sai chinh ta vi phat am va/hoac
cdch viet cua chung rat giong nhau. Tuy nhien, sau khi ban hoc
xong danh sach nay, ban se co the phan biet de dang va sff dung
cac tff that chinh xac.

129
 Air: khong khi
T heres no air in a vacuum - hence his empty head.
Khong co khong khi d cho chan khong - va cai dau rong tuech cua
anh ta cung vay.
Err: pham loi
To err is human; to purr, feline.
Pham loi lam la con ngudi; keu gCc gif, loai meo.
A lot: nhieu
A lot of people are absent from work today.
Horn nay rat nhieu ngUcti khong di lam.
Allot: chia
Allot the prizes among all guests, please.
Lam tfn chia gidi thudng cho tat cd khdch mdi.
All together: tat ca cung mot luc
The students spoke all together.
Cac sinh vien noi cung mot luc.
Altogether: hoan toan
The job is altogether complete.
Cong viec dd hoan tat cd roi.
Allowed: dtfdc phep
You are allowed to vote for the candidate of your choice.
Ban duoc phep bau cho Ung cut vien ban chon.
Aloud: noi to, bang Idi noi
D ont say it aloud. Dont even think it quietly.
Dimg noi ra. Dimg co suy nghi ve no trong yen lang.
Already: da roi
We had already packed.
Chung tdi dd sap xep hanh ly roi.
All ready: san sang
The cole slaw is all ready to serve.
Mon xd Idch cai bap dd sdn sang de don ra.
Altar: be thd
The priest placed the prayer book on the altar.
Vien muc sU dtft quyen sach cau nguyen len b thd.
Alter: thay doi
She had to alter her dress.
Co ay phai doi vay.
Arc: dffdng cong
The walls have an arc rather than a straight line.
Cac btfc tudng co dudng cong chit khong phai dudng thang.
Ark: con thuyen l<5n
Noah loaded the ark with animals.
Noah dua cac con thu len thuyen.
Are: dpng tff so nhieu
M ae W est said, Brains are an asset, if you hide them .
Mae West dd noi, B q ndo la tdi san Idn, neu ban giau no di.
Our: cua chung ta
T heres someone in the corner of our living room.
Co ai do trong gdc phong khdch cua chung tdi.
Ascent: di len
She made a quick ascent up the corporate ladder!
Co ay di len rat nhanh tren ndc thang sUnghiep d cong ty!
Assent: dong y
I assent your plan.
Tdi dong y vdi ke hoach cua ban.
Bare: tran
You can find a lot of bare people in nudist camps.
Ban co the gap rat nhieu ngudi d tran trong cac trUdng phai khoa
than.
Bare: tff nhien, gian di
Just take the bare essentials when you go camping.
Ctf dem nhtfng thtf can thiet nhat khi ban di cam trai.
1
 Bear: con gau
Look at the bear!
Nhin con gau kia!
Bear: mang, cam
I bear no grudges.
Toi khong cd moi ac cam nao cd.
Base: phan dy cua vat, gdc san bong chiky, h6n ha
The vase has a wide, sturdy base. The catchers wild throw missed
the base. The criminal is base and corrupt.
Cai lo cd day r Q n g vd chac. Cu nem cua cau t h u bdt bong khong
miic. Ten tQi pham r a t hen ha vd doi bai.
tru n g

Bass: giong nam tram, mpt loai cd, mpt nhac cu

He sings bass. We caught a striped bass. She plays the bass in the
orchestra.
Anh ay hat giong nam tram. Chung tdi bat mQt con cd pecca. Co 6)
choi ken bass trong ddn nhac.
Beau: ngtfdi yeu
My beau bought me flowers.
Ngudi yeu cua tdi mua hoa cho tdi.
Bow: cui chao, cung ten, ci nd btfdm, mui tau
The dancer liked to bow to his partner. We shoot deer with a boh
and arrow. The baby wore a pretty hair bow. The passengers satin
the ships bow.
Ngudi vu cong thich cui chao ngudi nhdy cap vdi anh Chung tdi
ban con huou vdi mot cay cung vd mui ten. DUa be C Q t m o t cai nd
budm rat dep tren tdc. NhCtng hanh khdch ngoi tren mui td u .
Board: tarn van go
The karate master cut the board with his bare hand.
Vd su karate chat tam go vdi ban tay khong.
Board: uy ban
The school board meets the first Tuesday of every month.
Ban giam hieu trudng hop vdo ngdy thii ba dau tien moi thang.
111
 Bored: khong htfng thu
The movie bored us so we left early.
Bo phim chan ngdt nen chung tdi ve sdm.
Born: bam sinh
Born free... taxed to death.
Sinh ra dtfOc tu do... bi danh thue den luc chet.
Borne: chiu dtfng
Fortunato had borne his insults the best he could.
Fortunaton da het svlc chiu dung nhtitng Idi lang ma.
Bore: ngtfdi ch&n n g it
What a bore he is!
Han la m Q t ke chan ngdt!
Boar: Idn 16i dtfc
They found a boar in the woods.
H q tim thay mot con Ion due trong rCtng.
Brake: th^ng xe
Use the car brake!
Dung thang xe do!
Break: 1km nut hokc vd
Dont break my back.
DUng lam gay lung toi.
Breadth: be rong
The desk has a breadth of more than 6 feet.
C&i ban co be rong hdn 6 feet.
Breath: hdi thd
She has bad breath.
Co ta co hoi thd kho chiu.
Capital: thu do, rat quan trong, tien von, ttf ban
Albany is the capital of New York state. What a capital id e a ! The
business has $12 million operating capital.

133
Albany la thu phu bang New York. That la mQt y tudng quan trpng!
Viec kinh doanh nay co 12 tri$u do tien von.
Capitol: toa nha d Washington, D.C, ndi Quoc hpi My hop mat
The Capitol is a beautiful building.
Toa nha Quoc hoi Hoa Ky la m Q t cong trinh kien true tuyet dep.
Conscience: ltfdng tam
Your conscience helps you distinguish right from wrong.
Luang tarn giup ban phan biet phai trdi.
Conscious: tinh tao
Being conscious: that annoying time between naps.
Tinh tao: dd la khodng thdi gian kho chiu giUa cac giac ngu.
Cheep: tieng keu chiem chiep
Cheep, said the canary.
Chip, con chim hodng yen keu len.
Cheap: re
Talk is cheap because supply exceeds demand.
Ldi ndi chdng mat tien mua vi cung vUcft cau.
Deer: con htfdu
The deer sneered at the inept hunter.
Con huou nhucudi che nhqo ngudi tha san vung ve.
Dear: ngtfdi than men
You are my dear," the man said to his wife.
Em la ngudi yeu quy cua anh, ngudi dan ong ndi vdi va minh.
Draft: gio lua
W hats causing that draft on my neck?
Cai gi gay ra ludng gid sau gay toi vay?
Draft: ban phac thao
Life: a first draft, with no rewrites.
Cuoc ddi: ban thao dau tien, khong cd lan nao duac viet lai.
C J/ ch&m cdu thucmg g$p
19. Thieu ho3c thffa dau phay
Sai: Avoid commas, that are not necessary.
Dung: Avoid commas that are not necessary.
Tranh dung dau phay khong can thiet.
Ban da bao gid nghe ai khuyen la hay them dau phay khi ban
muon dffng lai de thd? Doi khi Idi khuyen nay rat hieu qua -
nhtfng cd khi lai khong. Dac biet nguy hiem la khi ban da xem di
xem lai bai viet cua minh. Luc do ban cd cam giac nhff chang co
g'l sai ca. De tranh roi ram va bffc boi cho ngffdi doc, ban dffng
lam bffa ma hay on lai cac quy t&c dung dau phay trong chtfdng
10. Hay lam theo cac quy tac ngay khi viet de cd the cham cau
trong van ban cho dung.
20. Thieu hoiic dung sai dau ltfdc
Sai: Save the apostrophe for its proper use and omit it where its
not needed.
Dung: Save the apostrophe for its proper use and omit it where
its not needed.
Chi dung dau liMc dung cach va loai bd no khi khong can den.
Trong chtfdng 10, dau ltfdc () dtfdc dung theo ba cach: the hien
quan he sd thuoc, the hien dang so nhieu va dung de viet rut gon
(khi mot chff hoac so dtfdc ltfdc bdt). Bang sau day cho thay its,
its va its dtfdc dung nhtf the nao:
Tff Loai tff Nghla
Its Viet rut gon It is
Its Dai tff sd hffu Thuoc ve no
Its Khong phai tff Khong co nghla
21. Dung sai dau cham than
Sai: Of all US presidents, none lived to be older than John Adams,
who died at the age of 91!
Dung: Of all US presidents, none lived to be older than John
Adams, who died at the age of 91.

135
 Trong tat cd cac tong thong My, khong ai song Idu hem John Adams,
ngudi chet d tuoi 91.
DCrng bao gid lam dung dau cham than. Thay vi dilng dau chUm
than, hay truyen dat y ma ban muon nhan manh b&ng cich chpn
tff can than va sinh dong. Dau cham than tao cam giac cau ky vi
thffdng lam giam trong tam trong y cua ban.
22. Dung sai dau cham phay
Sai: Use the semicolon correctly always use it when it is appropri
ate; and never where it is not suitable.
D ung: Use the semicolon correctly; always use it where it is ap
propriate, and never where it is not suitable.
Dung dau cham phay cho dung; luon dung dau cham phay khi thich
dang vd khong bao gid dung tdi khi khong phii hop.
Dau cham phay co hai tac dung can ban la: tich hai cau hoin
chinh (menh de doc lap ) c6 quan he gan ve y hokc dilng de
tach nhffng menh de trong d6 co chffa dau phay. Phan nay dffdc
ban luan sau hdn trong chffdng 10.

Col vlfa hoa thucmg gtfp

23. Khong viet hoa danh tff rieng
Sai: louisa adams, Wife of john quincy Adams, was the first (and
only) foreign-born First Lady.
D ung: Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was the first
(and only) foreign-born first lady.
Louisa Adam, vd cua John Quincy Adams, la bd tong thong dau tien
(vd duy nhat) sinh ra d nude ngoai.
Day la mot so'quy tac viet hoa:
Viet hoa tat ca danh tff rieng. Danh tff rieng bao gom ten rieng, vi
tri dia ly, sff kien lich sff cu the, nien dai, va tai lieu, ngon ngff.
quoc tich, quoc gia va chung toe.
Viet hoa chff dau tien trong cau.
Hay doc chffdng 11 ban ve viet hoa.

136
 24. Loi trong khi viet tffa
Sai: The Wind In The Willows
D ung: The Wind in the Willows
Viet hoa nhffng chff trong yeu trong tffa sch, kich, phim, bao va
tap chi.
Khong viet hoa c ic mao tff: a, an, the.
Khong viet hoa gidi tff: at, by, for, o f in, up, on, so, to, v.v.
Khong viet hoa lien tff: and, as, but, if, or, nor.
Hay doc chffdng 11 ban ky hdn ve viet hoa.

Col thucmg g$p khi sita bai

25. Thieu tff
Sai: Proofread carefully to see if you have any words out.
D ung: Proofread carefully to see if you have left any words out.
Doc va sita bai can than de xem xem ban co bd sot tit nao khong.
Day la quy t^c ddn gian nhffng nhieu ngffdi thffdng khong co thdi
gian doc lai va sura bai. Hay luon luon danh thdi gian sura bai. Va
hay de bai viet qua mot ben trong vai gid. Sau dd, cac loi se trcf
nen ro rang hdn va de tdch ra hdn.

Cdt thi$n bdt vlit cila ban titng budc mot

Ban co the ap dung 25 nguyen tac tren nhff the" nao de cai thien bai
viet cua minh? Hay lam theo nhffng y sau:
1. Dffng co" gang nam vffng toan bo ngff phap va cach dung cung mot
luc; nhff vay vffa vo ich vffa de nan long.
2. Thay vi vay, ban hay lang nghe Idi phe binh cua ngffdi doc khi ho
ndi ve bai viet cua ban.
3. Hay theo doi nhffng loi khi viet bang cdch kiem tra bai viet theo
nhffng nguyen tSc da neu. On lai cic quy t^c nay moi khi ban viet
mot tai lieu quan trong. De tim ra nhffng loi thffdng gSp nhat khi
viet, hay chon nhieu bai viet nhff thff bao, thff tff hoSc ban bao cao.

137
 Doc nhieu lan tai lieu ma ban chon de phan tich.
Khoanh tron tat ca nhffng loi ma ban tim dtfdc. Dimg hoang mang
neu ban khong the xac dinh moi loai loi d btfdc nay. Cti 1km het
kha nang co the.
Nhc> mot ngtfdi ban hokc ngtfdi nha doc tki lieu va tim them l5i.
Cong lai tat ca so" loi sai trong moi loai.
Doc lai nhffng chtfdng giai thich ve loi viet dd cua ban.
Tap trung vao nhffng mat nay khi viet.
4. Hay kien nhan. Muon nam vffng quy tac can rat nhieu thdi gian lan
cong stfc. Hay nhd rkng dung ngff phap chuan mtfc vdi stf ttf tin se
giup ban xay dtfng dtfdc hinh anh dang tin cay ma ban muon - v&
can.

Tom ta t

Su dung dung ngii phap vi cach dung co tim quan

trong rat Ion doi voi nhung ngucri co trinh d3 trong
moi Enh vuc.
N3m vung nhung quy t3c chun muc khi vi?t
Anh, nhung dung qua 1| thuoc vio cic nguvjSn tic
khi?fn cho bai vi2t cua ban trd n2n lung cung vi toi
nghla.
Theo doi cac loi sai khi vi?t vi tip trung sua nhung loi
ban thudng mlc phii nhat

138
Ttf kiem tra

C a u lutt ikuu} tai

Cdu hdi 1. Bai viet dai dong van ttf nghe ra co ve la trinh do cao
va an ttfdng, nhtfng thtfc ra nd chi khien ngtfdi doc chan
nan vi lam ho mat thdi gian.
2. Cau true song song co nghla la cac thanh phan trong
cau hoa hdp vdi nhau, so it vdi so" it va so nhieu vdi so
nhieu.
3. B e phep an du dtfdc hieu qua, n6 phai so sanh hinh
anh hoiic do vat co lien quan vdi nhau.
4. Ta n6i ttf bd nghla la dtf thtfa khi ttf ma n6 bd nghla
bi bo khoi cau.
5. Thanh ngtf la mot dong ttf tan cung bang -ing. Thanh
ngtf luon luon cd nghla den.
6. Khong bao gid diing ngon ngtf che bai ngtfdi khac vi
tuoi tac, gidi tinh, chung toe hay tinh trang the chat
cua ho.
7. Tranh dilng dang bi dong vi dang chu dong cd tac dong
manh me va ro rang hdn.
8. Cau chtfa hoan chinh xay ra khi hai cau hoan chinh
( M enh de doc lap ) dtfdc ghep vdi nhau chtfa dung.
9. Ngtfdi viet thtfdng viet sai chinh ta vi phat am sai.
10. Viet accidentally la dung chinh ta.

C a u kiti dm uj kcun Uuuik cau

Chon ttf dung nhat trong ngoac de hoan thanh moi cau.
1. Chung ta them -5 hoac -e s de tao thanh dang ngoi thtf
ba sd it cua hau het (danh ttf, dong ttf) nhtfng them -5
hoac -e s de tao nen dang sd nhieu cua hau het cac
(danh ttf, dong ttf.)

139
 2. (Viet thira thdi, ph6p In du) lk ph6p tu rtf so sinh hai
thff khac nhau de dien ta sff viec it quen thuoc hdn.
3. (Tiif bd nghla, thknh ngff) lk mQt tff hokc cum tir mifiu li
mot chu ngff dqng tiif hokc tan ngff.
4. (Tff bd nghla sai cho, cau true dtf thffa) Ik mQt cum til,
menh de hokc tff dkt quk xa danh tff hokc dai tir mk n6
mieu ta. Ket qua lk cau khong the truyen tai chinh x$c
^ tudng cua ban.
5. Tff (baggy, sacrifice, exhaust, vegtable) viet sai chinh
ta.
6. Do loi phat am nen khi viet ta thtfdng them nhtfng (til
bd nghla, nguyen am) khong can thiet vko gitfa tif.
7. (Their, There, They're) lk tiif sd hffu.
8. (Dau ltfdc, dau phay) dtfdc dung de chi quan h? sd
thuoc vk dang sd nhieu.
9. Dau cau nay cung cho biet (tff rut gon, cau true song
song) ma trong dd cd mQt tff hokc sd da dtfdc bd bdt.
10. (Dau ngokc kdp, dau cham than) tao nen mot giong
dieu cau ky khien <j cua ban bi giam bdt.

CflU |c& h i t KgkifMl

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hdi.
1. The following are all grammar and usage errors except
(a) Incorrect idioms
(b) Lack of parallel structure
(c) Missing commas or extra commas
(d) Dangling modifiers
2. The following are all classified as errors in mechanics
except
(a) Biased language
(b) Missing or misused apostrophes

140
 (c) Missing commas or extra commas
(d) Misused exclamation marks
3. Which is a run-on sentence?
(a) Harry Trumans middle name was just S, but it isnt
short for anything.
(b) Harry Trumans middle name was just S, it isnt
short for anything.
(c) Harry Trumans middle name was just S; it isnt
short for anything.
(d) Harry Trumans middle name was just S, and it isnt
short for anything.
4. Which is the best revision of the following sentence
fragment:
Since Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd
W rights son.
(a) Because Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd
W rights son.
(b) W hen Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd
W rights son.
(c) After Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd
W rights son.
(d) L incoln Logs w ere invented by Frank Lloyd
W rights son.
5. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
(a) Madison lived at Montpelier (tall mountain), Tho
mas Jefferson lived at Monticello (little mountain).
(b) Madison, lived at Montpelier (tall mountain), Tho
mas Jefferson, lived at Monticello (little mountain).
(c) Madison lived at Montpelier (tall mountain) Tho
mas Jefferson lived at Monticello (little mountain).
(d) Madison lived at Montpelier (tall mountain); Tho
mas Jefferson lived at Monticello (little mountain).

141
6. Which sentence has a dangling modifier?
(a) Coming up the hall, the clock struck ten.
(b) As we came up the hall, the clock struck ten.
(c) The clock struck ten when we came up the hall.
(d) We heard the clock strike ten as we came up the I
hall.
7. Which sentence has a misplaced modifier?
(a) Yesterday, the city police reported that two cars
were stolen.
(b) Two cars were reported stolen by the city police
yesterday.
(c) The city police reported yesterday that two cars were
stolen.
(d) The city police reported that two cars were stolen
yesterday.
8. Which sentence is not parallel?
(a) My date was obnoxious, loud, and cheap.
(b) My date was obnoxious, loud, and tightfisted.
(c) My date was obnoxious, loud, and didnt spend
money easily.
(d) My date was obnoxious, loud, and economical.
9. Every sentence must have all the following elements
except:
(a) A subject, a noun or pronoun
(b) A modifier, an adjective or an adverb
(c) A verb
(d) A complete thought
10. Which of the following idioms is correct?
(a) Outlook on life
(b) In search for
(c) Jealous for others
(d) Puzzled on
 Bdt tap K&tuj c m

Sufa tat ca nhffng loi co trong doan van sau.

Sherlock holmes and watson camping in the forest. They
gone to bed and were laying beneath the night sky.
Holmes said Whatson look up what do you s e e
I see thosands of stars.
And what do that means to you? Holmes ask?
I suppose it mean that of all the planets, in the uni
verse, we are truly fortunate to be here on Earth. We
are small in Gods eyes should struggle every day to be
worthy of our blessings. In a meteorological sense it
mean, well have a sunny day tomorow. What does it
mean to you Holmes
To me it, means someone have stole our ten t

f)d{> dtt

P a
C au h o i d u n g sai

l .T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1. Dong tff, danh tff 2. Phep an du

3. Tff bo nghla 4. Tff bd nghla sai cho
5. Vegtable 6. Nguyen am
7. Their 8. Dau lffdc
9. Tff rut gon 10. Dau cham than

C au h o i trS c u g h ie m

1. c 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. d
6. a 7. b 8. c 9. b 10. a

143
 B a i tap n an g cao

Sherlock Holmes and Watson were camping in the forest. They had
gone to bed and were lying beneath the night sky. Holmes said, Watson,
look up. W hat do you see?
I see thousands of stars.
And what does that mean to you? Holmes asked.
I suppose it means that of all the planets in the universe, we are truly
fortunate to be here on Earth. We are small in Gods eyes, but should
struggle every day to be worthy of our blessings. In a meteorological
sense, it means w ell have a sunny day tomorrow.
What does it mean to you, Holmes?
To me, it means someone has stolen our tent.

144
nya vrp v|ijb\|
 1

@uwi tit DO m in h ite

Tdi co c a n d p c c h u c n g n a y khong?

Dau ucu <loc cliiAiug uav ucu bau cau on lai

bo&

c boc

vc

Cum gioi tiif, dong vj ngir, cum dong tu

*^ Su khac biSt giua m?nh & doc 12p va mfnh & phi)
thuoc
MSnh di trang tu, m?nh di tmh tu, m?nh d quan h?
vk m2nh di danh tu

146
 Clnfdng nay md d iu bang p h in ban luan cum
tuf, mot trong nhtfng phan quan trpng cau thanh cau.
Co nhigu loai cum ttf, bao gom cum gidi ttf ca cum tinh
ttf va cum trang ttf, dong vi ngff va cum dong ttf. Sau
do, b an se on ve m enh d e , mot nhom ttf co chu ngff va d6ng ttf
rieng.

TSng quan cum tit

Cum tff (phrase) la mot nhom tff co chffc nang nhu mot tff loai trong
cau. Mot cum tff khong co chu ngff hay dong tff, v'l vay no khong the dffng
mot minh nhff mot ddn vi doc lap dffdc - no chi cd chffc nang nhff mot tff
loai thoi. Khi viet, ban dung cum tff de tang tinh chi tiet bang cach mieu
ta. Cum tff giup ban dien dat rd rang hdn.
Loai cum tijf Djnh nghfa Vi du
Gidi tff Bat dau bang mot Near the house over the
gidi tff va ket thuc moon under the desk
bang mot danh tff Gan nha; qua mat trang;
hoac dai tff dudicaiban
Tinh tff Cum gidi tff cd chffc Marci has a scarf with
nang nhff mot tinh tff green stripes.
Marci co mot cai khan
quang soc xanh.
Trang tff Cum gidi tff cd chffc The fans shouted with
nang nhff mot trang tff hoarse voices.
Ngudi ham mo la het den
khan giong.
Dong vi ngff Danh tff hoac dai tff Fran, a teacher, enjoys
dung de chi mot danh summer vacation.
tff hoac dai tff khac Fran, mot gido vien, thich
ky nghi he.

147
 Dong ttf Dang dong tif dtfdc Xem phan Dong tinh
dung nhir mot tir loai tir, dong danh tir vik
khac tir nguyen m lu dQng tir nguyen mau.
Dong tinh tiif Cum dong tir c6 chtfc Screaming loudly, the
nang nhir mQt tinh tir baby was disconsolate.
La rat to, diia be khong
the do dUQc.
Dong danh tijf Cum dong tir co chute Working overtime
nang nhir mot danh tir requires great sacrifice.
Lam vi^c ngoai gid can
phai co sU hy sinh rat Itk
Dong tijf Cum dong tirco chute To clean house on a
nguyen mau nang nhir m Q t danh tir, spring day is depressing
tinh tir hoiic trang tir Don nha vao mot ngdy
mua xuan that Id chan.

Cum giat til

Cum gidi tir (prepositional phrase) la mot nhom tir bat dau b&ng mQt
gidi tir va ket thuc bang mot danh tir hoac dai tir. Danh tir hoac dai tif n&y
dude goi la doi ttfdng cua gidi ttf.
By the wall near the closet over the garage
With help in the desert below sea level
1. Cum tinh ttf (adjectival phrase)
Khi mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf, no dtfdc goi to
cum tinh ttf. Cung giong nhtf tinh ttf, cum tinh ttf mieu ta mQt danh
ttf hoac dai ttf. De biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum
tinh ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no co tra Idi cho nhtfng cau h6i sau
khong: which one?" (Cai ndo?) va what kind?" (Loai ndo?)
The cost o f the jeans was surprisingly high.
Gid quan jean cao mot cach dang kinh ngac.
Cum tinh ttf o f the jeans mieu ta danh ttf cost.

148
 The clown with the mask terrifies the children.
Anh he vdi mat ng lam bon tre sd chet khiep.
Cum tinh tiif with the m ask mieu ta danh tif clown.
2. Cum trang tir (adverbial phrase)
Khi mot cum gidi ttfc6 chtfc nang nhtf mot trang ttf, nd dtfdc goi la
cum trang ttf. Trong trtfdng hdp n&y, nd mieu ta mot dong ttf, tinh
ttf hoiic trang ttf. Be biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot
cum trang ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no cd trd Idi cho nhffng cau
hoi sau khong: Where? (d dau?), When? (khi nao?), In what
manner?" (theo cdch nao?) va To what extent? (tdi mtfc nao?)
The Mets played at Shea Stadium.
Doi Mets chdi d sdn van dong Shea.
Cum trang ttf at Shea Stadium bd nghla cho dong ttf played.
The game lasted into the fourteenth inning.
Tran dau keo dai tdi lUdt thu mudi bon.
Cum trang ttf into the fourteenth inning bd nghla cho dong ttf
lasted.

Dong 171 ngtt vd cum dong vf

Bong vj ngtf (appositive) la mot danh ttf hoac dai ttf dung de neu lai
mpt danh ttf hoac dai ttf khac. Bong vi ngff dtfdc dat ngay sau danh ttf
hoac dai ttf ma nd bd nghla. Cum dong vi (appositive phrase) la danh ttf
hoac dai ttfdi vdi phan bd nghla.
Lisa, a friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, m()t ngudi ban, le ra phai hieu ndi sd cua tdi.
Bong vi ngtf a frie n d dung de chi danh ttf Lisa.
Tom s new car, a PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway.
Chiec xe nidi cua Tom, mot chiec PT Cruiser, het xdng tren dudng
cao tdc.
Bong vi ngtf a PT Cruiser dung de chi danh ttf car.

149
 Lisa, a dear old friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, mot ngudi ban cu rat than, le ra phai hieu noi so cua tdi.
Cum dong vi a dear old frien d dilng de chi danh tif Lisa.
Tom s new car, a cherry red convertible PT Cruiser, ran out of gas
on the highway.
Chiec xe mdi cua Tom, mQt chiec PT Cruiser bd mui mau do anh
duo, het xdng tren dudng cao toe.
Cum dong vi a cherry red convertible PT C ruiser' dung de chi
danh tir car.

Cum dong til

Dang dong tir (verbal) la mot dang cua dong tir diTdc dung nhir mot tir
loai khac. Dang dong tir co ba bien the: dong tinh tir (participle), dpng
danh tir (gerund) va dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive). Moi loai c6 chtfc
nang khac nhau trong cau:
Dong tinh tir co chute nang nhir tinh tir.
Dong danh tir co chufc nang nhir danh tir.
Dong tir nguyen mau co chute nang nhir danh tir, tinh tir hoic trang
tir.
Mac du dang dong tir khong co chute nang nhu" dong tir trong cau nhiTng
no van giuT hai tinh chat cua dong tif:
Dang dong tir co the diTdc bd nghla bdi trang tir hoiic cum trang ttf.
Dang dong tir co the them tir bd nghla va bien thanh cum dong ttf
(verbal phrase).
3. Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrases)
Dong tinh tif (participle) la mot dang cua dong tirco chufc nang nhtf
mot tinh tir. Co hai loai dong tinh tir: dong tinh tir hien tai (present
participle) va dong tinh tir qua khi? (past participle)
Dong tinh tir hien tai tan cung la -in g (jumping, burning, speaking)
Dong tinh tir qua khuf thudng tan cung bang -ed, -t hoac -en (jumped,
burnt, spoken).

150
 The wailing cats disturbed the neighbors.
Lu meo keu gdo lam ndo d()ng cac nhd hang xdm.
Dpng tinh tir hien tai wailing bd nghla cho danh tCr cats.
Annoyed, the customer stalked out of the store.
Gian dit, ngudi khdch hang budc ra khoi ciia hang.
Dong tinh tir qua khuf annoyed" bd nghla cho danh tir customer.
Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrase) bao gom mot dong tinh tir
dtfdc bd nghla bdi mot trang ttf hoac mot cum trang ttf. Cum dong
ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf va cd the dat trtfdc hoSc sau ttf ma
nd bd nghla.
Walking carefully, I avoided the spilled juice.
Budc di can than, toi tranh cho nude ep bi do.
Cum dong tinh ttf walking carefully bd nghla cho dai ttf I.
Nina, bothered by the mess, cleaned it up.
Nina, buc b(>i vdi cho ban, chui nd di.
Cum dong tinh ttf bothered by the m ess bd nghla cho danh ttf
Nina.
4. Cum dong danh ttf (gerund phrase)
Dong danh ttf (gerund) la mot dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
Dong danh ttf cd the lam chu ngtf, tan ngff trffc tiep (direct object),
tan ngff gian tiep (indirect object), tan ngff cua gidi tff (object o f a
preposition), chu vi ngit (predicate nominative), va dong vi ngd (ap
positive).
Dong danh tff luon tan cung bang -ing.
Dong danh tff luon cd chffc nang nhtf danh ttf.
In adult education, the Kitters discovered dancing.
Trong Idp hoc tai chiic, nhom Kitters dd phat hien ra mon khieu vu.
Dong danh ttf dancing la mot tan ngtf trtfc tiep.
Giong nhtf dong tinh ttf, dong danh ttf co the la mot phan cua cum
tir.

151
 The slow, steady dripping annoyed him.
Nude chay nhd giot deu deu khien anh ta buc bqi.
Cum dong danh tiif lii the slow, steady dripping.
Jills morning schedule includes exercising fo r a fu ll hour.
Lich lam vi$c buoi sang cua Jill bao gom tap the due du nu}t titfng.
Cum dong danh tir la exercising fo r a fu ll hour.

Cum ddng til nguyen mclu

Dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) la mot dang cua dong tir; n6 di sau
tir to va c6 chtfc nang nhtf mot danh ttf, tinh ttf hoSc trang tif. Mpt
cum dong ttf nguyen mau bao gom c ic ttf bd nghla gop lai v& thtfc
hien chtfc nang cua mot ttf loai.
His goal, to get promoted before age 30, didnt seem realistic.
Muc tieu cua anh ay, dUOc thang chiic trudc ndm 30 tuoi, dU(fng nhu
khong thuc te lam.
Cum dong ttf nguyen mau to get promoted before age 3 0 bd nghla
cho danh ttf goal.
The honorees did not want to attend the banquet in the evening.
Nhitng ngudi dUOc vinh danh khong muon tham du bda ti?c toi.
Cum dong ttf nguyen mau la to attend the banquet in the evening."

TSng quan mdnh

Mot menh de (clause) la mot nh6m ttf vdi chu ngff va dong ttf rieng
cua nd. Giong nhtf cum ttf, menh de cd tac dung lam bai viet hoSc b&i ndi
cua ban trd nen phong phu bang cdch them c ic chi tiet lam cho y cua
ban chinh xac hdn. M enh de cung cho phdp ban ket hdp y ttfdng lai de
the hien moi quan he giffa chung. Viec nay lam tang tinh logic vd mach
lac cho bai ndi hoSc viet cua ban.
Co hai loai menh de: Menh de doc lap, con goi la menh de chinh) vi
menh de phu thuoc con goi la menh de quan he.

152
 Bdng sau day cho vi du ve cdc loai menh de.
Mnh de phu thupc
When opossums are playing
possum,
Khi con thu opot dang gid chet,
In the great fire of
London in 1666,
Trong tran hoa hoan Idn d Ludn
Don ndm 1666,
For a period of one year
before an election,
Trong giai doan mot ndm trudc
ky bau cu
Mnh de dpc lap
they are not playing.
chung khong phai dang choi.
half of London was burnt down.
mot ntfa thdnh pho London
bi thieu rui.
all office-seekers in the Roman
Empire were obliged to wear a
certain white toga.
tat cd nhtfng ngudi muon lam
cong chtfc trong de che La Md
buoc phai mac m Q t loai do dai
trdng.

M?nh d i phu thuoc

Menh de phu thuoc (dependent clause) lam tang thong tin cho menh
de chinh, nhtfng khong can co no mdi day du </. Mac dll moi menh de phu
thuoc trong bang tren deu co chu ngtf va dong ttf nhtfng n6 khong dien
dat mpt ^ hoan chinh. Vi vay, no khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc.
Mpnh de phu thuQC thtfdng bat dau b&ng mot ttf khien cho menh de
khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc. Hay xem lai ba menh de phu thuoc trong
bang d tren. Nhffng tff dffdc dung d day bao gom when, in va for. Cac tff
nay dtfdc goi la lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction).

y y \c ^

B an kh6ng tht; xac dinh mot m enh de la doc lap

hay phu thu6c ng'u chi dtfa vao d6 d ai cua no.

153
 Moi loai m enh d d&u co th r^t dai hoftc rift ngSn - hoiic vifa
phai. Ngtfdi viSt klieo thtfdng bin tifu d6 dai cua cac m^nh d d
tao ra nhip di$u, stf cSn bang va y nghla trong bai vit cua hp.

Lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) c6 tic dung lien ket
menh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc. Moi hen ttf phu thuoc dien dat
mot mdi quan he gitfa menh de phu thuoc vd menh de doc lap. Vi du nhu
mot sd lien ttf chi thtf ttf thdi gian, trong khi sd khac lai chi quan h? nhan
qua.
Bang sau day liet ke nhtfng lien ttf phu thupc thtfdng dung nhat vk moi
quan he ma chung dien dat:
L ien tff phu thuQC Md'i quan h<?
Unless, provided that, if, even if dieu kien
Because, as, as if nguyen nhan
Rather than, than, whether ltfa chon
Though, although, even though, but ttfdng phan
W here, wherever ndi chon
In order that, so, so that, that ket qua, he qua
While, once, when, since, as thdi gian
whenever, after, before, until, as soon
-----------------------------------------------------------
yy\c-&

Khi m enh de phu thuoc b at dSu bang lien ttf phu

thuoc va dtfng trtfdc m enh de doc lap tlii chung thtfdng
cach nhau bcfi mot dau ph5y.
W hen you are in G reece, you should visit the P arth en o n .
(dtfng trtfdc)
K hi ban den H y L ap, ban h a y den tham den P arthenon.
\ o u should visit the P arth en o n when you a re in Rome.
(dtfng sau)
B an nen den tham den Parthenon kh i ban d en Rom e.

154
 C6 ba loai menh de phu thupc: menh de trang tir (adverb clause),
i<?nh de tinh tir (adjective clause), va menh de danh tir (noun clause).
1. Menh de trang tir
Menh de trang tir la mot menh de phu thuoc bo nghla cho mot
dong tir, tinh tir hoSc trang tir khac. Giong nhir trang tir, menh de
trang tir tra Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau:
W here? Why? When?
To what extent? Under what condition? In what manner?
Ban co the dat menh de trang tir 6 dau, giffa hoac cuoi cau.
Menh de trang tff d dau cau:
Wherever Misty goes, she leaves broken hearts behind.
Misty di tdi dau, co ay deu de lai nhtfng trdi tim tan vd phia sau.
Menh de trang tff wherever Misty goes bd nghla cho dong tff
leaves
Menh de trang tff d giffa cau:
Fritz liked the meal more than Tish did because she is a picky eater.
Fritz thich btfa an hdn Tish bdi vi co ay Id ngtfdi ken an.
Menh de trang tff more than Tish did bo nghla cho trang tff more.
Menh de trang tff d cuoi cau:
Harvey wanted to change his appearance because he was wanted
for embezzlement.
Harvey muon thay doi ngoai hinh vi anh ta bj truy nd ve toi tham o.
Menh de trang tff because he was wanted for embezzlement bd
nghla cho dong tff change.
2. Menh de tinh tff
Menh de tinh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc bd nghla cho danh tff va
dai tff. Giong nhff tinh tff, mot menh de tinh tff tra Idi nhffng cau hoi
sau:
What kind? Which one? How many? How much?
Hau het cac menh de tinh tff deu bat dau bang cac dai tff who,
whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where.

155
 The traffic is never light on the days when I m in a hurry.
Xe co khong bao gid it vao nhtfng ngay toi cd vifc gap.
M enh de tinh tiif when I m in a hurry " bo nghla cho danh tir dan
W e selected the candidates who were best qualified fo r the job.
Chung toi chon nhtfng ting vien dap ting dieu ki?n tot nhat cho cong
viec.
M enh de tinh tif who were best qualified fo r the job * bd nghla cho
danh tir candidates.
3. M enh de quan he (relative clause)
M enh de tinh tif bdt dau bdng nhffng dai tff quan he dffdc goi li
menh de quan he. Cac dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose,
which, that. Dai tff quan he c6 chffc nang lien ket mot menh de tinh
tff vdi tff md nd bd nghla.
Ms. Harris, whose son is an athlete, is used to having their home
filled with sporting equipment.
Ba Harris, ngtfdi cd con Id van dong vien, quen vdi vi$c trong nhu
luon day dung cu the thao.
Menh de quan he whose son is an athlete bd nghla cho danh tif
Ms. Harris.
The person o f whom you spoke is my cousin.
Ngtfdi md ban dd noi chuygn la em ho cua tdi.
M enh de quan he o f whom you spoke bd nghla cho danh l\lper
son.
4. M enh de danh tff
M enh de danh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc co chffc nang nhir mpt
danh tff.
Tracey does whatever her parents ask her to do.
Tracey lam bdt cti viec gi bd me yeu cdu cd lam.
M enh de danh tff la whatever her parents ask her to do
The teacher did not accept my excuse that the dog ate my home
work.

156
Thay khong chap nhan Idi bao chita la con cho dd an mat bdi tap ve
nhd cua toi.
Menh de danh tuf li that the dog ate my homework.

Cum tu (phrase) li mpt nhom tu khong co chu ngu

ho2c dpng tu, co chuc n3ng nhu mpt tu loai. Cum tu
khong thf dung mot minh nhu mpt don vj dpc lip.
Cum gidi tu (prepositional phrase) b it diu vdi mot gidi
tur vi k<5t thuc being mpt danh tur hoSc dai tu; cum gidi
tur co chuc n3ng nhu mot cum tinh tu (adjectival phrase)
ho3c cum trang tu (adverbial phrase).
f>ong vj ngu (appositive) dung dS chi mpt danh tu ho3c
dai tu khic; cum dong vi (appositive phrase) bao gom
ci phin bo nghla.
Dang dong tur (verbal) li cic dang cua dong tu dupe
dung nhu mot tu loai khic. Pong tinh tur (participle) co
chuc ning nhu tinh tu; dpng danh tu (gerund) co chuc
ning nhu danh tu; dong tur nguySn mlu (infinitive) co
chuc nang nhu danh tu, tinh tu ho|c trang tur.
M|nh di doc lap / mfnh di chinh (independent / main
clause) li mot ciu hoin chinh.
M?nh di phu thupc / mfnh di phu (dependent / sub
ordinate clause) li mpt phin cua ciu; no khong thf
dung mot minh.

157
 Ttf kiem tr i

CouluU&Uu) MU
1. Cum tir la mot nhom tir co chtfc nang nhtf mpt tir loai
Cdu hdi
trong cau.
2. Mot cum ttf co mot chu ngff va mot dong tffde n6c6thc
dffng mot minh nhff mot dOn vi doc lap.
3. Cum gidi tffia mot nhdm tff bat dau bang mot gidi tir vi
ket thuc la mot danh tff hoac dai tff.
4. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau la mot cum gidi tff:
Frisky, my loyal Irish setter, can always sense when
I m upset.
Frisky, con cho giong Ailen trung thanh cua toi, lutmco
the cam nhan dtfdc khi toi buon.
5. Cum tinh tff mieu ta danh tff hoac dai tff.
6. B e biet mot cum gidi tffco lam chffc nang cua cum tinh
tff hay khong, hay tra Idi nhffng cau hdi sau: "Theo
phtfdng thtfc nao?" hoac "Tdi mtfc nao?"
7. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhir mot
cum tinh tff:
The fireworks continued late into the night.
Phdo hoa tiep tuc ban tdi khuya.
8. Cum trang tff mieu ta mot dong tff, tinh tff hoac trang tir.
9. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau cd chffc nang nhff mot
cum trang tff:
The Little League team competed in the local arena.
Doi Little League thi dau tren sdn nhd.
10. M enh de la mot danh tff hoac dai tff goi lai ten cua
danh tff hoac dai tff khac.
11. Dang dong tff la mot dang dong iff dtfdc xem nhtf mot
tff loai khac.

158
12. Dang dong tiif cung y het nhu1cum dong vi.
13. Dong tinh ttfco chtfc nang nhtf tinh ttf.
14. Dong ttf nguyen mau co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
15. Dong danh ttf co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf, tinh ttf hoac
trang ttf.
16. Dong tinh ttf hien tai luon luon tan cung being -ing (kiss
ing, leaping, moaning.)
17. Dong tinh ttf qua khtf thtfdng tan ciing bang -ed, -t hoSc
-en nhtf trong smoked va burnt.
18. Dong danh ttf luon tan cilng bling -ing va co chtfc nang
nhtf dong ttf.
19. Cum ttf in nghieng trong cau sau la dong ttf nguyen
mau:
Why did the chicken cross the road?
Tai sao con ga lai bang qua dudng?
To Ernest Hemingway: To die. In the rain.
Tdi Ernest Hemingway: Chet. Trong mUa.
20. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
I met a woman who works with your uncle.
Tdi gap mot ngudi phu nit lam viec vdi cau cua ban.
21. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
Whenever he travels, Steve collects souvenirs.
Di tdi dau, Steve deu sUu tap do luu niem.
22. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum trang ttf:
He ran as if he had a torn ligament.
Anh ay chay nhu the bi rdch day chang vay.

159
23. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc nSng nhff raft
cum trang tff:
Whomever you hire must speak Spanish.
Bat ctf ngffdi n io anh thue deu phai noi dffdc tieng Tay
Ban Nha.
24. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chffc n3ng nhff mpt
cum danh tff:
The big question is whether she will be able to attend
the meeting.
Van de quan trqng la cd ay cd the tham du cu(>c hop
duoc khong.
25. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc n5ng nhifrnQt
menh de doc lap:
Before they invented drawing boards, what did they go
back to?
Trudc khi ngudi ta phat minh ra gid ve, ho dd dung gi?

C au datcg luum liutuk cau

Chon tff thich hdp nhat trong ngo&c de hoan thanh moi cau.
1. M enh de la mot nhdm tff vdi chu ngff va (dai tff quan
he, dong tff) cua rieng nd.
2. C6 hai loai menh de lii menh de doc lap vji (menh de
dong tff, menh de phu thuoc.)
3. M enh de doc lap con dffdc goi li (menh de chinh, menh
de quan he.)
4. Lien tff (tinh tff, phu thuoc) lien ket menh de doc lap
vdi menh de phu thuoc.
5. Lien tff unless chi (thdi gian, dieu kien.)
6. Lien tff although chi (sff tffdng phan, ket qua.)
7. Menh de phu thuoc cung y het nhir (dong tff nguyen
mau, menh de phu.)
8. Tat ca menh de phu thuoc deu la (menh de phu, cau
hoan chinh.)
 9. Khi menh de phu thuQC b ii dau b&ng lien tff phu thuoc
v& mpnh de ny dtfng trtfdc m<?nh de d0c lap thi phai
tdch c ic menh de b&ng (dau phay, dau hai cham.)
10. Vdi trang tir, menh de trang tif tra Idi nhffng cau hoi
sau: Cf dau? Tai sao? Khi nao? (Theo phufdng thffc nao?
loai n&o?)
11. Menh de tinh tff b^t dau b&ng mot dai tff quan he dtfdc
goi la menh de (gidi tff, quan he).
12. Dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose, which,
(that, there).
13. Dung which va that neu tien ngff la mot (ngffdi, vat.)
14. Nhdm tff sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc, doc lap):
If the no. 2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still no.
2?
Neu but chi so' 2 dffdc dilng nhieu nhat thi tai sao no
van la sd 2?
15. Nhdm tff in nghieng sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc,
doc lap):
If most car accidents occur within 5 miles of home, why
doesnt everyone just move 10 miles away?
Neu hau het cac tai nan xe hdi xay ra trong vong 5 dam
quanh nha, tai sao moi ngffdi khong di cach xa 10 dam?

Cau hhi Oidc HqlueM

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hdi.
1. Which of the following is not a prepositional phrase?
(a) By the desk
(b) In the rearview mirror
(c) Over their heads
(d) That he didnt invite his relatives to the party

161
2. W hat is the adjectival phrase in this sentence?
Put that box of heavy books on the counter, please.
(a) O f heavy books
(b) Put that box
(c) Please
(d) On the counter
3. W hat is the adverbial phrase in this sentence?
The hang glider soared over the cool green lake.
(a) The hang glider
(b) Soared
(c) Over the cool green lake
(d) Cool green lake
4. All the following are subordinating conjunctions except
(a) After
(b) Walks
(c) Because
(d) Unless
5. Most adjective clauses start with the pronouns who,
whom, why, whose, which, that, when, or
(a) Since
(b) Where
(c) Because
(d) However
6. What is the prepositional phrase in the following sen
tence?
The hotel on the beach is always crowded.
(a) The hotel
(b) Is always crowded
(c) On the beach
(d) The beach is
7. What is the appositive in the following sentence?
The expressway, built in 1950 with federal funds, is
badly in need of repair.
(a) The expressway
(b) Is badly in need
(c) Of repair
(d) Built in 1950 with federal funds
8. What is the participle phrase in the following sentence?
The toast, thoroughly burnt, sent a foul odor through
the house, but Skip ate it anyway.
(a) The toast
(b) Thoroughly burnt
(c) Sent a foul odor through the house
(d) But Skip ate it anyway
9. What is the independent clause in this sentence?
If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you to
do it?
(a) How come they have to pay you to do it
(b) If work is so terrific
(c) How come they have
(d) To pay you to do it
10. What is the dependent clause in this sentence?
If all the world is a stage, where is the audience sit
ting?
(a) If all the world is a stage
(b) If all the world
(c) Is a stage
(d) W here is the audience sitting

163
 11. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Our house, shaded completely by old trees, stays cool in
the summer.
(a) Independent clause
(b) Prepositional phrase
(c) Participle clause
(d) Participle phrase
12. W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Waiting fo r the train exhausted her patience.
(a) Noun clause
(b) Gerund phrase
(c) Prepositional phrase
(d) Independent clause
13. W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
The visitors forgot to give their address.
(a) Prepositional phrase
(b) Infinitive clause
(c) Infinitive phrase
(d) Prepositional clause
14. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
I f you ate pasta and antipasta, would you still be hun
gry?
(a) Dependent phrase
(b) Independent clause
(c) Dependent clause
(d)Independent phrase

164
 15. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Hermione wanted her name changed because it was
hard to pronounce.
(a) Adverb clause
(b) Adverb phrase
(c) Infinitive phrase
(d) Sentence

Q d p i*

Cau h o i d u n g - sai

l.T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
11.T 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F

16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T

21. F 22. T 23. F 24. T 25. F

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

I. dpng tiif 2. menh de phu thuoc

3. menh de chinh 4. phu thupc
5. dieu kien 6. stf ttfdng phan
7. menh de phu thuoc 8. menh de phu thuoc
9. dau phay 10. theo phtfdng thtfc nao?
II. quan he 12. that
13. do vat 14. phu thuoc
15. doc lap

165
 Cau h o i tr&c n g h ie m

1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b
6. c 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. a
1 1 .d 12. b 13. c 14. c 15. a

166
G h iMng i
<'D iet (-tin du n g oil
lio a it chinh

Tdi co c a n dpc chirong n a y k h o n g ?

Ban ucu doc clii/dug nay ucu ban can on lai

ho&
c lioc
vc

Xic dinh c2u

Bon chuc n3ng cua cin
Bon dang c2u
Xic dinh vi sua loi hai cau dinh liln (run-on sentence)
Xic dinh vi sua ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) vi hai
cau dinh liln noi voi nhau b&ng dfu phay (comma
splice)

167
 K lid i d o n g

0 day chung ta se tip trung v io ciu v i nhtfng thinh

p h in ciu trdng co ve nhtf mQt ciu h o in chinh. Trtfdc
tien, ban se kham pha c ic h x ic d|nh c iu dtfa trfin
chtfc n in g va dang thtfc cua c iu . Sau d6 ban se t|p
sufa ISi c iu chtfa hoan chinh v i c iu sai.
1 ' 1

Thi ndo la mQt cdu/

Cau: Halt!
Ditng lai!
Cau: You halt!
Anh ditng lai!
Cau: Please halt right now, before you go any further.
Xin ditng lai ngay, trade khi anh di xa han.
Moi nhom ttf tren l i mot cau hoin chinh vl chdng du dip ting ba diiu
kien de trcf thanh cau. B e dtfdc goi l i cau, mQt nhdm tif phii
Co mot chu ngff (danh tff hoic dai tff)
Co mot vi ngff (dong tff hoic cum d0ng tit)
Bien dat mot y hoan chinh
Mot cau c6 hai phan: chu ngff v i vi ngff. Chu ngff bao gdm danh tif
hoic dai tff giup ta biet chu ngff ndi ve c ii gi. Phin vj ngff bao gom dQng
tff co chtfc nang mieu ta viec m i chu ngff dang lim .
Chu ngff Vj ngff
(ta hieu ngam chu ngff li You) Halt!
Age is the outrageous price paid for
maturity.
Tuoi tdc la cai gid qud ddt cho stf chin
chdn.
A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out
Cd sau khong th i thi ludi ra dutfc.

168
 Several tourists are lost in the winding roads of
Corfu.
Nhiiu du khdch bi lac tren nhtfng con dudng
ngoan ngoeo d Corfu.
Some toothpastes contain antifreeze.
MQt s d kem ddnh rdng chtfa chat chdng dong.
VI vay, cau l i mQt nhdm tiif c6 hai phan chinh l i phan chu ngff v i phan
vj ngtf. Chu ngff v i -vi ngff cilng nhau dien dat mQt ^ tffdng h o in chinh.
Neu nhan ra dffQc chu ngff v i dQng tff trong cau, ban se c6 the dam
bio ciu cua ban hoin chinh v i ro ring. B e kiem tra xem ban da dtfa chti
ngff v i d0ng tff v io cau hay chffa, hay lim theo c ic bffdc sau:
Be tim chu ngff, hay hdi Cau niy dang mi6u tl tff n io ?
Be tim dQng tff chi hinh d0ng, hay hdi Chii ngff lim gi?
Neu ban khong the tim ra dQng tff chi hinh dQng, hay tim mQt dQng
tff lien ket.

YV\q&

Trong cfiu hoi, d6ng tff thtfdng dffng trtfdc chu ngff.
Vi dy: Is the ice cream in the freezer? (C6 p h a i
kem b trong tu khong?) Ddng tff l i is; chu ngff l i ice
cream.

Bin M e ndng khac nhau c&a cdu

Ben canh cich phan bi?t cau dffa tren so ltfdng menh de trong ciu ,
chdng ta c6 the phan loai cau theo chffc nlng cua chung. Trong tiefng
Anh, cSu c6 bdn chffc ning: tffdng thuat (declarative), elm thin (exclama
tory), nghi van (interrogative) va menh lpnh (imperative).
1. C iu tffdng thuat (declarative sentence) neu 16n mQt ^ tffdng. Cuoi
cau l i m0t dau cham.
Grasshoppers contain more than 60 percent protein.
Chdu chdu chtfa protein han 60 phdn trdm.
 Insects are rich in necessary vitamins and minerals.
Con trung rat gidu vitamin va khodng chat.
Crickets are packed with calcium, a mineral crucial for bone growth.
Dechiia day canxi, mot thic khodng chat thiet yeu de phat trien xUctng.
Termites and caterpillars are a rich source of iron.
Moi vd sau budm Id nguon cung cap sat rat It'tn.
2. Cau cam than (exclamatory sentence) dien dat cam xuc manh li?t.
Cuoi cau la dau cham than.
I cant believe you left the car at the station overnight!
Toi khong the tin la ban bo xe ngoai ga cd dem!
What a mess you made in the kitchen!
Coi ban bay ra mot dong l<)n xon trong bep ne!
Our evening is ruined!
Btfa toi cua chung ta hong cd roi!
The china is smashed!
Do sit bi vd roi!
3. Cau nghi van (interrogative sentence) dung de hoi. Cuoi cau 1&dau
cham hoi.
Who would eat bugs?
Ai md an sau bo chit?
W here did you put the eraser?
Ban de cuc tdy d dau roi?
Would you please help me with this package?
Ban co the giup tdi vdi kien hang nay khong ?
What do you call this dish?
Ban goi mon nay Id gi ?
4. Cau menh lenh (imperative sentence) dung de ra lenh ho&c chi dan,
va cuoi cau la dau cham ho&c cham than. Cau menh lenh thifdng
bo bdt chu ngu, nhu thtfdng thay trong cac menh lenh.
Take this route to save 5 miles.
Di dudng nay bdt duoc 5 dam dudng.

170
 Clean up your room!
Dqn phdng cua minh di!
Sit down and listen!
Ngoi xuong ma nghe ne!
Fasten your seatbelts when the sign is illuminated.
Hay that day an todn khi den bao sang len.

B&n loai cdu khac nhau

Trong chtfdng 7, ban da on ve menh de doc lap va menh de phu thuoc.
Cic nh6m ttf nay c6 the dilng theo nhieu cach de tao nen bon loai cau can
bdn la: cau ddn (simple), cau ghep^compound), cau phtfc (complex) va
cau gh6p phtfc hdp (compound - complex). Bay gid ta hay xem xet ttfng
loai cau nh6.
1. Cau ddn
Cau ddn chtfa mot menh de doc lap. Dieu nay co nghla la no co
mot chu ngff va mot dong ttf - mac du mot trong hai hoSc ca hai co
the la ttf gh6p. Hdn nffa, mot cau ddn c6 the co tinh ttf va trang ttf
trong d6. Phan ma cau ddn khong the co la mot menh de doc lap
ho5c bat ctf menh de phu thuoc nao khac.
The snow melted quickly in the bright sunshine.
Tuyet tan rat nhanh dudi anh nang choi chang.
(snow): chu ngff
(melted): dong ttf
Oprah Winfrey and Conan O Brien host talk shows.
Oprah Winfrey va Conan O Brien dan cac chucmg trinh trd chuyen.
(Oprah Winfrey): chu ngtf
(Conan O Brien): chu ngtf
(host): dong ttf

171
 The flower bent in the wind but did not break.
Hoa cong trong gid nhitng khong gay.
(flower): chu ngff
(bent): dQng tff
(break): dQng tff
Both the students and the teachers cheered and clapped for the win
ning team.
Cd sinh vien vd gido vien deu hoan ho vd vo tay cho dx}i chi#n thing.
(students): chu ngff
(teachers):chu ngff
(cheered): dQng tff
(clapped): dong tff
N6i la cau ddn thi thoat dau ta tffdng la cau phai ddn giiln nhifog
khong c6 nghla la no khong gay hieu qud manh. C6 day. Vi du, tic
gia Ernest Hemingway tffng doat giai Nobel dung loi viet chu yu
la cau ddn nhffng lai rat manh me. Trong doan trich tff quyen Gia
tff vu khi (A Farewell to Arms) sau day, Hemingway da dilng ciu
ddn de truyen tai nhffng cam xuc manh liet. Nhffng cau ddn da
dffdc in nghieng:
My knee wasnt there. My hand went in and my knee was down to
my shin. Passini was dead. That left three. Someone took hold of
me under the arms and someone else lifted up my legs.
There are three others., I said. One is dead.
I ts Manera. We went for a stretcher but there wasnt any. How
are you, Tenente?
Where are Gordini and Gavuzzi?
Gordini s at the post getting bandaged. Gavuzzi has your legs. Hold
on to my neck, Tenente. Are you badly hit?

Dau goi cua tdi khong con d dd. Tay tdi khong thay gi vd dau goi d
dudi ong quyen. Passini dd chet. Gid con ba ngudi. Cd ngudi idy tay
tdi con ngudi khac nhac chan tdi len.

172
 Con ba ngudi khac nila. Tdi ndi. MQt ngudi chet roi.
Manera ddy. Chung toi dd di kiem m Q t chiec bang ca nhung khong
cd. Anh sao roi, Tenente?
Gordini vd Gavuzzi dau?
Gordini dang duoc bang bd d tram. Gavuzzi dang gid chan cua
anh. 6m co toi ndo, Tenente. Anh bi thuong nang idm khong?
Cau gh6p (compound sentence)
Cau gh6p c6 tir hai menh de doc lap trd len. Mpnh de doc lap c6
the dtfdc gh6p lai bang mot trong hai cdch sau:
Vdi mpt lien tir ket hdp: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Vdi mot dau cham phay (;)
NhiT cau ddn, cau gh6p khong dtfdc co bat ctf menh de phu thuoc
ndo cd.

Insect cuisine may not be but Science World notes that 80

standard food in the
United States,
Mon an tCt con trung co the
khong phai la mon chinh
thong d My,
percnet of the worlds
population savors bugs.
nhung tap chi The Gidi Khoa Hoc
lUu y rang 80 phan tram ddn
s d the gidi thich an sau bo.

m?nh de d()c lap lien tCt menh de d(>c lap

Grasshoppers are the most yet wasps have the highest

commonly consumed insect,
Chdu chdu Id loai con trung
ducfc an nhieu nhat,
m$nh de d()c lap
protein of all edible insects.
nhung ong bap cay cd lUdng protein
nhieu nhat trong sd nhffng loai
con trung an duoc.
lien tit m$nh de doc lap

The car is unreliable it never starts in the rain.

Chiec xe khong dang tin cay no khong bao gid khdi dong
luc trdi mua.
m$nh de d()c lap dau cham phay menh de doc lap

173
 Ban cung c6 the them mpt trang tif lien ket <conjunctive adverb)
vao cau true nay. Nhffng tif sau day li trang tff hen ket:
accordingly afterall again also
besides consequently finally for example
for instance furthermore however indeed
moreover nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding
on the other hand otherwise regardless still
then therefore though thus
Cau true cau luc nay se la nhff sau:
menh de doc lap; trang tff lien ket, menh de doc lap.
Grasshoppers eat clean however, lobsters eat foul
plants; materials.
Chdu chau an thuc vat tuy nhien tom hum an toan
such se; mon ban.
menh de doc lap trang tu lien ket m?nh de d()c lap

Nico worked hard; therefore she got a merit raise.

Nico lam viec rat cham chi; vi vay co ay duoc tang luefng.
menh de doc lap trang tti lien ket menh de doc lap

DiKng ghep hai phan cua cau ghep bang dSiu phSy
vi ban se bien no thanh hai cau dinh lin gpi la comma
splice. Chung ta se ban ve 16i nay trong p h in sau cua
chudng.

Cau phtfc (complex sentence)

Cau phtfc chtfa mot menh de doc lap va it nhat la mot menh de phi
thuoc. M enh de doc lap dffdc goi la menh de chinh (main clause).
Cau phtfc dung lien tff phu thuoc de lien ket cac y lai vdi nhau
Lien tff phu thuoc bao gom nhffng tff nhiT: because, as, as if, unless

174
 provided that, if, even if. Mot danh sdch day du cac hen tiif phu
thuoc da dtfdc dtfa ra trong chtfdng 7.

Since insects dont have much their texture is similar to that of a

muscle, clam.
Vi con trung khong co nhieu ca, cdu true ca the cua chung cung tUOng
ti/nhu cua con trai vay.
m$nh d i phu thuQC menh de doc lap

No one answered when he called the house.

Khong ai trd Idi khi anh ta goi ctia.
m$nh de d()c lap menh de phu thuoc

It was no secret that he was very lazy.

Do chdng phai la bi mat gi viec anh ta rat ludi bieng.
menh de doc lap menh de phu thuoc

4. Cau ghep phtfc hdp (compound - complex sentence)

Cau ghdp phtfc hdp co it nhat hai menh de doc lap va it nhat mot
menh de phu thuoc. Menh de phu thuoc co the la mot phan cua
menh doc lap.

When the drought comes, the reservoirs and residents know that
dry up, water restrictions will be
in effect.
Khi c(fn han hdn den, cac nguon vd cU ddn d do biet rang
nude can viec han che dung nude
kho, se co hieu luc.
m$nh de phu thuoc menh de doc lap menh de doc lap
Chris wanted to drive but she until her car was repaired.
to work, couldnt
Chris muon lai xe di lam, nhung khong chitng ndo xe cd ay svta
the duoc xong.
menh de doc lap menh de doc lap menh de phu thuoc

175
Chon loaf cdu
Bay gi6 ban da c6 bon loai cau de sijf dung khi chuyen </ ttfdng thinh
ngon ngff: cau ddn, cau gh6p, cau phffc v i cau ghep phtfc hdp. V$y ban
nen chon loai nio?
Ban c6 nen viet chu yeu l i cau ddn nhff Ernest Hemingway khong? 05
le ban nen dilng cau phtfc, loai cau dffdc Charles Dickens v i William
Faulker ffa dung. Hay xem x6t ba yeu td quan trong - muc dich, dtfi
tffdng doc v i chu de - khi ban viet cau:
Muc di'ch: luon luon can nhc ve muc dich viet trffdc khi chon m0t
loai cau nao dd. Ban dang viet vdi muc dich giai tri, thuyet phuc,
ke chuyen hay la mieu ta? Cau mieu ta thffdng li cau dii, trong khi
cau thuyet phuc lai c6 the ngln hdn nhieu. Tuy nhien, nguyen tic
nay nhat dinh la luc nao cung dung: do d ii v i phffc tap cua cau c6n
phu thuoc vao doi tffdng ngffdi doc, chu de v i phong cich rieng
cua ban.
Ngffc/i dQC hoac ngffdi nghe: vipc chon loai cau cung phu Uiuqc
vao ngffdi doc hoiic ngffdi nghe. Vi du nhff, ngffdi doc cilng tinh t
thi cau cua ban co the phai dai v i phffc tap hdn. Ngffdc lai, vdi doi
tffdng binh dan hdn thi cau cang ngin va ddn gian cing tot.
Chu de: khi chon loai cau, ban cung phai can nhlc ve chu de. Y
tffdng cua ban cang phffc tap thi cau cang ddn gian cang tot. Dieu
nay se giup cho ngtfdi doc de dang nim bit y ttfdng cua ban hdn.
Nhin chung, nhffng cau co hieu qua cao thffdng co dong, truyen dat
dffdc y ttfdng ma dung cang it tff cang tot. Cau co hieu qua la cau nhan
manh vao diem chinh hoic chi tiet quan trong nhat. Dieu nay se giup
ngtfdi doc hieu dtfdc y cua ban. Hau het cac nha van - chuyen nghiep
cung nhtf nghiep d tf- thtfdng ket hdp ca bon loai cau tren de truyen dat
y ttfdng cua minh.

Du ban chon loai cau nao thi hay nhd la moi cSu
phai cung cap thong tin ro rang va hoan chinh.

176
CBt trong cdu: hat cdu dfnh Itin (run-on sentence>
vd hat cdu dfnh Itin cach nhau b&ng ddu phdy
(comma splice>
C6 hai loai loi chinh trong cau la cau chtfa hoan chinh (fragment) va
hai cau dinh lien (run-on sentence). Cc loi ve cau true cau neu tren se
khin cho ngtfdi doc thay roi rim vh l&m toi nghla bi viet cua ban. C ic
loi n&y c6 the lam biii viet hoSc bai n6i lung cung v& thieu trau chuot. Ta
hay xem x6t chi tiet ttfng loi tren de c6 the de dang sffa dtfdc cac loi d6.
Nhtf ban da dtfdc hoc, co hai loai menh de 1& menh de doc lap va
menh de phu thupc.
Menh de dpc lap (independent clause) 1 mpt cau ho&n chinh vl n6
c6 mpt chu ngff, dong tff va dien dat mot hoan chinh.
I go to the movies every Saturday night.
Toi di xem phim moi toi thtf bay.
Richard Nixons favorite drink was a dry martini.
Thtfc uong Ua thich cua Richard Nixon la ruou martini khong pha.
Mpnh de phu thupc (dependent clause) khong the dffng mot minh
vl n6 khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh, mac du no van c6 day du
chu ngff vk dpng tff.
Since I enjoy the movies.
Vi toi thich dit>n anh.
(I): chu ngff
(enjoy): dpng tff
Because Richard Nixons favorite drink was a dry martini.
Vi thtfc udng Ua thich cua Richard Nixon la rU(Ju martini khong pha.
(drink): chu ngff
(was): dong tff
Loi hai cau dinh lien (run-on sentence) la hai menh de doc lap bi
ghdp sai. Loi comma splice la loi hai menh de dinh lien va chi cach
vdi nhau bang mot dau phay. Khi cau cua ban bi dinh lai kieu nay
thi </ cua ban co the bj xuyen tac.

177
 Hai cfiu dinh liln: Our eyes are always the same size from birtk
our nose and ears never stop growing.
Mat cua chung ta luon cd cung kich cd til luc sinh ra mui vd mdi
khong bao gid ngCtng phat trien.
Sufa lai: Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but oar
nose and ears never stop growing.
Mat cua chung ta luon cd cung kich cd tit luc sinh ra, nhtfng mui vd
mat khong bao gid ngitng phat trien.
Hai cSu dfnh liln: A ducks quack doesnt echo, no one knows
why.
Stfa lai: A ducks quack doesnt echo; no one knows why.
Tieng cap cap cua v/f khong vang, chdng ai biet tqi sao lyi nhtf thi.
Hodcla
A ducks quack doesnt echo, and no one knows why.
Tieng cap cap cua vft khong vang; chdng ai bi&t tai sao lyi nhutht.
Hai cdu dfnh liin: The traditional sonnet has 14 lines, 10 syllables
make up each line.
Bdi tho trtf tinh truyen thong cd 14 dong, 10 am tuft tao thdnh mQt
dong.
SuTa lai: The traditional sonnet has 14 lines; 10 syllables make up
each line.
Bdi tha trtf tinh truyen thong cd 14 dong; 10 dm tiet UfO thdnh mQt
dong.
Hoac la
The traditional sonnet has 14 lines, and 10 syllables make up each
line.
Bdi tha trtf tinh truyen thong cd 14 dong, vd 10dm tiet tgo thdnh mQt
dong.

178
YV\e&

Hai cSu dinh lien khong nhat thiet phai la cau dai.
/ )) Thtfc te la mot s6"cau co the rSt ngdn.

Mary fell asleep John left. Nick cooked Rita cleaned up.
Mary ngu thiep di John ra ve. Nick nau 3n Rita d<?n dep.

Ban c6 the sffa loi hai cau dinh lien theo bon cach. Ta hay dung vi
du sau.
Water and wind are the two main causes of erosion, they con
stantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Nude vd gid Id hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon, chung thudng
xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.
1. Chia hai cau dinh lien ra thanh hai cau vdi dau cau ket thuc thich
hdp nhu dau cham, cham than hoac cham hoi.
Water and wind are the two main causes of erosion. They con
stantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Nude vd gid Id hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon. Chung thudng
xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.
2. Them mot lien tuf ket hdp nhir and, nor, but, or, for, yet, so) de tao
thanh cau ghep.
Water and wind are the two main causes of erosion, for they con
stantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Nude vd gid Id hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon, vi chung thudng
xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.
3. Them mot lien tuf phu thuoc vao de tao thanh cau phtfc.
Since water and wind are the two main causes of erosion, they
constantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Vi nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon, chung thudng
xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.

179
 4. Dilng dau cham phay de tao thinh cSu gh6p.
W ater and wind are the two main causes of erosion; they con
stantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon; chung thudng
xuyen thay doi bq mdt cua Trdi Dat.
Cau se trong nhtf sau khi ban them v io mpt trang tif lien ket (con
junctive adverb):
W ater and wind are the two main causes of erosion; as a result.
they constantly change the appearance of the Earth.
Nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mdn; hau qua la,
chung thudng xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.
Ban chon kieu stfa nao? Hay chon kieu cau thich hdp nhat vdi doi
ttfdng ngtfdi doc, muc dich va van phong cua ban. Hay ttfh6i nhffng
cau sau day de co the quyet dinh:
Ngtfdi doc se thich kieu stfa nao nhat?
Kieu sffa nao truyen dat thong diep cua minh ro rang v i co dpng
nhat?
Kieu sufa nao phii hdp vdi phan c6n lai cua doan van nhat?

Cot v i cdu: cdu chua hoan chinh

Tir cai ten, cau chtfa hoan chinh (sentence fragment), ta da biet d6 lit
mot nhom tir khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh. Trong hau het cac trtfdng
hdp, cau chtfa hoan chinh thtfdng thieu chu ngtf, dong ttf hoSc thieu ca
hai. Cung co khi cau chtfa hoan chinh co the co chu ngtf v i dong ttf nhffng
van chtfa dien dat dtfdc mot y hoan chinh. Cau chtfa hoan chinh c6 the h
cum ttf lan menh de.

Trong khi noi ra t hay g&p cau chtfa hoan chinh va

cung du^c chap n han, nhtfng khi viet thi khong nhiT
the - trff phi ban dang ttfdng thuat lai mot doan d6i
thoai trong mau cliuygn hoflc tigu thuyet.

180
 Loi cau chtfa hoin chinh thtfdng x iy ra do ba nguyen nhan sau:
1. Khi menh de phu thu0c trong c6 ve nhtf mot cau hoan chinh.
Because more and more teenagers are staying up far too late.
Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.
Since they do not compensate for the sleep they miss.
Vi chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.
2. Cau chtfa hoin chinh cung xay ra khi mot cum ttf bi tich khoi cau
m i n6 bd nghla.
Used to remove a wide variety of stains on carpets and upholstery.
Duoc dung de loai bo nhieu loai vet ban tren tham va nem ghe.
Trying to prevent the new cotton shirt from shrinking in the dryer.
Congdn khong cho cai do cotton mdi bi co rut trong may say kho.
3. Ban cung c6 the viet cau chtfa hoin chinh neu ban dung sai dang
d0ng ttf.
The frog gone to the pond by the reservoir.
Con ech dd ra ao gan be chtfa ntfdc.
Saffron being a very costly and pungent spice.
Nghe tay Id loai gia v/ dat tien vd co mui hang.

Dtfng de cliff viet hoa d dau nhom ttf danh lffa ban.
Bat dau mot nliom ttf bang mot chff viet hoa khong the
bin nhom tff do thanh cau. Do chi la mot cau chtfa
hoan chinh bat dau bang mot chff viet hoa ma tlioi.

Ban c6 the stfa loi cau chtfa hoan chinh bang ba cach sau:
1. Them phan bi thieu v io cau.
Chtfa hoan chinh: Because more and more teenagers are staying
up far too late.
V? ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

181
 H oan chinh: Because more and more teenagers are slaying up fa
too late, they are sleep deprived.
Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya, chung bi thieu ngu.
Chtfa hoan chinh: Since they do not com pensate for the sleep
they miss.
H oan chinh: Since they do not compensate for the sleep they miss,
teenagers often get cranky in the afternoon.
Vi chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu, thieu nien thudng
cdu klnh vao buoi chieu.
Chtfa h o an chinh: Used to remove a wide variety of stains on
carpets and upholstery.
H oan chinh: This product is used to remove a wide variety of
stains on carpets and upholstery.
San phdm nay dtfdc dung de loai bd nhieu loai vet ban tren tham vd
nem ghe.
Chtfa hoan chinh: Trying to prevent the new cotton shirt from
shrinking in the dryer.
H oan chinh: Jean was trying to prevent the new cotton shirt from
shrinking in the dryer.
Jean dang cdngdn khong cho cai do cotton mdi bi co rut trong mdy
say kho.
2. Sura dong ttf bi dung sai
Chtfa hoan chinh: The frog gone to the pond by the reservoir.
H oan chinh: The frog went to the pond by the reservoir.
Con ech dd ra ao gan be chtfa ntfdc.
Chtfa hoan chinh: Saffron being a very costly and pungent spice.
H oan chinh: Saffron is a very costly and pungent spice.
Nghe tay la loai gia vj ddt tien vd cd mui hang.
3. Loai bo lien ttf phu thuoc ho3c noi n6 vdi mot cau khc.
Chtfa hoan chinh: Because more and more teenagers are staying
up far too late.
Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

182
 Hoan chinh: More and more teenagers are staying up far too late.
Ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.
Chffa hoan chinh: Since they do not compensate for the sleep
they miss.
Vi chung khong ngu bii cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.
Hoan chinh: They do not compensate for the sleep they miss.
Chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.

Tom tat

Mot ciu hoin chinh bao gom mot chu ngu, dong tu vi
diln dat mot \j hoin chinh.
Bon chuc nlng cua d u li tuong thuf t (declarative),
elm th in (exclamatory), nghi v in (interrogative) v i
mfnh 12nh (imperative).
Co bon loai c iu li ciu don (simple), ciu ghep (com
pound), ciu phuc (complex) v l ciu ghp phuc hop
(compound-complex).
Hai ciu dinh liln (run-on sentence) li hai mfnh & doc
lip bj ghlp sai; ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) li mot
phin cua d u . Ci hai dang trSn & u bj coi li loi sai
trong b ii ndi duoc vi?Tt theo loi trang trong (mlc du
d u chua hoin chinh thudng duoc dung trong cac mau
doi thoai thong thucrng.)

Ttf kiem tra

C tiu kfa itiuuj 6fli

1. Mot cau gom co hai phan: chu ngff v i vi ngff.
2. Vi ngff bao gom danh tff hoic dai tff cho biet chu ngff la
cai gi. Chu ngff bao gom dong tff mieu ta chu ngff dang
lim g'l.
183
 3. Chu ngff v i vi ngff cilng mieu t i mQt <j h o in chinh.
4. Trong mpt cau h6i, dpng tff thffdng di sau c h i ngff.
5. Cau tffdng thuat diSn dat mpt f ttfdng. Cutfi ciu li din
cham.
6. Cau sau l i cSu ttfdng thuSt:
Antonia ( Tonie) Nathan, the 1972 vice-presidential
candidate of the Libertarian party, was the first woman
in American history to receive an electoral vote.
Antonia (Tonie') Nathan, ting vien phd tong thtfng ndm
1972 cua dang ttf do chu nghla, Id ngudi phu ntfddu tibi
trong lich stf ntfdc My dtfpc nhqn phieu bdu cut.
7. Cau cam tM n dilng de hSi. Cuoi ciu li diu chm h6i.
8. Cau sau l i cau cdm thin:
W hat career did Ronald Reagan have before he be
came president?
Ronald Reegan lam nghi gl trtfdc khi trd thdnh tting
thong?
9. Cau nghi van dilng de ra lpnh h o ic htfdng d in , v i tan
cilng bSng dau cham h oic chain than.
10. Cau sau day l i c iu nghi vin:
W here did you put my mink coat?
Ban cat cai do khodc long chon cua tdi dau roi?
11. Cau menh lenh dilng de ra l?nh hoic htfdng dan, v&
tan cilng b&ng dau cham hoic cham than.
12. Cau sau day l i cau m$nh l?nh:
Extinguish all smoking material while the sign is lit
Tat tat cd nhtfng thtfgdy khdi khi dau hi$u dtfQc thdp lin.
13. Cau ddn cd hai h o ic hdn hai m$nh doc lip.
14. Cau sau day l i cau ddn:
W hen the Hoovers did not want to be overheard b}
W hite House guests, they spoke to each other in Chi
nese.

184
 Khi ngudi nha Hoovers khong muon khdch trong Nha
Trang nghe duoc chuyen cua minh, ho noi vdi nhau bang
tieng Hoa.
15. Cau gh6p c6 hai hoac hdn hai m<?nh de doc lap.
16. Cau sau day 1&cau gh6p:
Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth president, was the
only self-educated tailor ever to serve as president.
Andrew Johnson, vf tong thong thii mudi bay, la ngudi
tho may tu hoc duy nhat duoc trd thanh tong thong.
17. DiTng gh6p hai phan cua cau gh6p b&ng dau phay vl
ban se tao ra mot loai cau dinh lien goi la cau.
18. Cau sau la cau bi dinh lien:
Julie Nixon, daughter of Richard Nixon, married David
Eisenhower, son of Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Julie Nixon, con gdi cua Richard Nixon, dd cudi David
Eisenhower, con trai cua Dwight D. Eisenhower.
19. Cau sau la cau bi dinh lien:
William Henry Harrison was the first president to die
in office, he was the oldest president ever elected.
William Henry Harrison la tong thong dau tien chet trong
van phdng, ong la v/ tong thong gid nhat titng duoc bau
len.
20. Cau sau la cau chtfa hoan chinh:
Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Davis opposite each
other in the movie Hellcats o f the Navy.
Ronald Reagan vd vo Nancy Davis doi dien nhau trong
bo phim Hellcats o f the Navy.

Cau kiU cUutg kwwi UtauJi emi

Chon tir dung nhat trong ngoiic de hoan thanh cac cau sau.
1. Cau co hieu qua la cau nhan manh vao diem (thuf yeu,
chinh yeu) hoiic chi tiet quan trong nhat.

185
 2. Mot cau bi dinh lien cung giong nhtf (cau chtfa hoin
chinh, cau gh6p bang dau phay).
3. C6 hai loai loi cau c in b in li: c iu chtfa hoin chinh vi
(cau dinh lien, menh de d$c lap.)
4. M enh de (phu thuQC, d$c lap) li cau h o in chinh vl d6
co mot chu ngff, mot dQng ttf v i dien dat mQt <j hoin
chinh.
5. Menh de (phu thuQC, d0c lap) khong the dtfng m0t minh
vi no khong dien dat mQt ^ hoin chinh, m ic dll n6 c6
chu ngff v i dQng tff.
6. Ban co the gh6p hai mpnh de trong cau gh6p bing liin
tff ket hop hoic (cham phay, gidi tff.)
7. Tff (nonetheless, and) li trang tff ket hdp.
8 . Cau phffc chffa m Q t mpnh de d0c lap v i it nhit mOl

(menh de phu thuQC, tinh tff.)

9. Menh de doc lap trong cau phtfc dtfdc gQi l i (m^nhdi
phu thuoc, menh de chinh).
10. Mot cau gh6p phffc hdp c6 it nhat hai m?nh d (d$c
lap, ngln) v i it nhat mQt menh de phu thu0c.
11. Trong mot cau gh6p phffc hdp, mpnh de phu thuQc
(khong the, c6 the) trd thanh mQt phan cua m$nh di
doc lap.
12. Do dai va mffc do phtfc tap cua cau phu thuc vio dQc
gia, chu de v i (vin phong c i nhan, ngtfdi doc).
13. Y cua ban cang phffc tap thi cau cua ban cing phii
(kho hdn, ddn gian hdn.)
14. Nhln chung, nhffng cau c6 tic dQng hieu qui li ciu (cfl
dong, dai ddng), truyen dat dtfdc ^ ttfdng vdi cing it tif
cang tot.
15. C au chffa ho an chinh cung xay ra khi mot cum ttfdtf0c
(th e m v ao, bo di khoi) cau mi n6 mieu ta.

186
Cau khi Ude Kglum
Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. To be a sentence, a group of words must have all the
following but
(a) (A subject
(b) An adjective
(c) A verb
(d) A complete thought
2. The four sentence functions in English include all the
following except
(a) Declarative
(b) Exclamatory
(c) Declining
(d) Interrogative
3. Which of the following sentences is best classified as
exclamatory?
(a) People in Bali remove the wings from dragonflies
and boil the bodies in coconut milk and garlic.
(b) The birds in my yard help keep the insect popula
tion under control.
(c) Look at that gorgeous insect on the fence!
(d) Would you eat insects?
4. Which of the following sentences is interrogative?
(a) A new language can come into being as a pidgin.
(b) A pidgin is a makeshift jargon containing words of
various languages and little in the way of grammar.
(c) The leap into a true language is made when the
pidgin speakers have children!
(d) Is language innate in humans?

187
 5. Which of the following is not a declarative sentence?
(a) Venezuelans like to feast on fresh fire-roasted ta
rantulas.
(b) Eating insects is disgusting!
(c) In Japan, gourmets relish aquatic fly larvae sauted
in sugar and soy sauce.
(d) Many South Africans adore fried termites with com-
m eal porridge.
6. When you are deciding which sentence types to use,
consider all the following factors except
(a) Purpose
(b) Your handwriting
(c) Audience
(d) Subject
7. Which of the following is a simple sentence?
(a) The ZIP in zip code stands for zone improve
ment plan.
(b) Lyndon Johnson loved the soda Fresca so much he
had a fountain installed in the Oval Office that dis
pensed the beverage, which the president could oper
ate by pushing a button on his desk chair.
(c) T here was some question as to w hether Barry
Goldwater could legally serve as president because the
Constitution requires presidents to be bom in the United
States and Goldwater was born in Arizona before it was
a state.
(d) Despite being only five stories high, the Pentagon
is one of the biggest office buildings in the world.
8. Which of the following is a compound sentence?
(a) Sirimauo Bandranaike of Sri Lanka became the
worlds first popularly elected female head of state in
1960.

IRS
 (b) Andrew Jackson was the only U.S. president who
believed that the world was flat.
(c) Six-time Socialist party candidate for President of
the United States Norman Thomas never polled more
than 884,000 popular votes in one election, but his in
fluence on American political and social thought was
very effective.
(d) The first U.S. president to ride in an automobile
was William McKinley.
9. Which of the following is a complex sentence?
(a) George W ashingtons false teeth were made of
whale bone.
(b) George Washington was deathly afraid of being bur
ied alive.
(c) W ashingtons second inaugural address was 138
words long.
(d) If children are capable of creating grammar with
out any instruction, then such grammar must preexist
in their brains.
10. Which of the following is a compound-complex sen
tence?
(a) When President Franklin Pierce ran down an eld
erly woman, the charges against him could not be
proven, and the case was dismissed.
(b) When George Washington was elected president,
there was a king in France, a czarina in Russia, an em
peror in China, and a shogun in Japan.
(c) George Washington had to borrow money to go to
his own inauguration.
(d) James K. Polk was the only president to have been
Speaker of the House.
11. Which word group is a fragment?
(a) The Pentagon has more than 3 million square feet
of office space it can house about 30,000 employees.
189
 (b) Theodore Roosevelts wife and mother dying on
the same day.
(c) Currently, there are more handwritten letters from
George Washington than from John F. Kennedy.
(d) The Baby Ruth candy bar was actually named after
Grover C levelands baby daughter, Ruth.
12. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) For example, thousands of edible termites can be
raised in a 6-foot mound the same number of cattle re
quires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(b) For example, thousands of edible termites can be
raised in a 6-foot mound, the same number of cattle
requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(c) For example, thousands of edible termites can be
raised in a 6-foot mound; the same number of cattle
requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(d) For example, thousands of edible termites can be
raised in a 6-foot mound however the same number of
cattle requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
13. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) We may think of insects as dirty, they are actually
cleaner than other creatures.
(b) We may think of insects as dirty they are actually
cleaner than other creatures.
(c) We may think of insects as dirty, but they are actu
ally cleaner than other creatures.
(d) We may think of insects as dirty since they arc ac
tually cleaner than other creatures.
14. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) More than one million species of insects and worms
exist, and humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
(b) More than one million species of insects and worms
exist, humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.

190
 (c) More than one million species of insects and worms
exist humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
(d) More than one million species of insects and worms
exist so humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
15. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) Those polled were most repulsed about American
fast food, they had difficulty with the concept of wash
ing down ground beef with melted ice cream.
(b) Those polled were most repulsed about American
fast food they had difficulty with the concept of wash
ing down ground beef with melted ice cream.
(c) Those polled were most repulsed about American
fast food, they had difficulty with the concept of wash
ing down ground beef with melted ice cream.
(d) Those polled were most repulsed about American
fast food because they had difficulty with the concept
of washing down ground beef with melted ice cream.
16. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) You know that insects are healthful, but what do
they taste like.
(b) You know that insects are healthful what do they
taste like!
(c) You know that insects are healthful, what do they
taste like?
(d) You know that insects are healthful, but what do
they taste like?

Bdi tap k&u) em

Sura tat ca nhtfng loi sai trong doan van sau.
Not surprisingly each type of insects has its own taste.
One type of caterpillar has been compared to a mush
room omelet a Mexican stinkbug has a pleasant cinna
mon flavor despite its unappealing name. Catherine

191
 Fowler a professor of anthropology at the University of
Nevada, Reno described the taste of Pandora moth cat
erpillars as very good like scrambled egg omelet with
mushrooms. Tom Turpin a professor of Entomology
at Purdue University enjoys chocolate chirpy cook
ie s chocolate chip cookies with roasted crickets. Gene
DeFoliart likes greater wax moth larvae, tastes like
bacon when deep fried.

f)d p d a

C au h o i d u n g - sai

l .T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T
11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. T
16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T

C au h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1.1. chinh yeu 2. cau gh6p b&ng dau phay

3. cau dinh lien 4. doc lap
5. phu thuoc 6. dau cham phay
7. nonetheless 8. menh de phu thuoc
9. menh de chinh 10. doc lap
11. co the 12. van phong ca nhan
13. ddn gian hdn 14. co dpng
15. loai bo khoi

C au h o i tr a c n g h ie n i

1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. a
11. b 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. d
16. d
 Bai tap nang cao

Not surprisingly, each type of insect has its own taste. One type of
caterpillar has been compared to a mushroom omelet; a Mexican stink-
bug has a pleasant cinnamon flavor despite its unappealing name.
Catherine Fowler, a professor of anthropology at the University of Ne
vada, Reno, described the taste of Pandora moth caterpillars as very
good like a scrambled egg omelet with mushrooms. Tom Turpin, a
professor of entomology at Purdue University, enjoys chocolate chirpy
cookies, which are chocolate chip cookies with roasted crickets. Gene
DeFoliart likes greater wax moth larvae, which taste like bacon when
deep fried.

193
 (Jan itamj lap oa
can clnnli pJui

Tdi cd c a n dpc chirong n a y khong?

Bau ucu doc clii^dug uav ucu bau cau on lai

boac
boc
vc

SSp xp mfnh di phu thuoc va mfnh Sk doc 13p theo

kiifu ding lfp SS tao cSu ro rang va hop logic.
Sip x2p mfnh di theo ki2u chinh phu di ciu d\xqc sue
tich va trang nha
Tao iuqc cau true song song (parallel structure) trong
cau

194
 d&u,

(3 day, ban se hoc de co the xac dinh phan nao

trong cau c in nhan manh bang cach tao can din g lap
va cau chinh phu. Khi ban tao cau ding lap va cau
clnnh phu, ban se tao ra moi quan lie ro rang va logic
giffa cac y. Ban cung se hoc cach suf dung cau true song song
hang cach sap xg'p cac y theo dang can xufng (hoac song song).

Sdp xip cac phdn ciia cdu theo ki$u d<3ng lap
Trong chtfdng 8, ban da hoc cach ghep cac phan cua cau de tranh loi
hai cau dinh lien va cau chtfa hoan chinh. Tuy nhien, ta khong chi noi cac
phan cua cau bang cach lien ket ddn gian nhtf vay. Ban phai quyet dinh
phan nao cua cau can nhan manh va tai sao phai nhan manh. Neu nhan
manh dung trong tam thi ban se co the dien dat y ttfdng khi viet mot cach
manh me va day phong cach.
Co luc ban muon dien dat hai hoac nhieu y co tam quan trong nhtf
nhau trong cung mot cau. Trong trtfdng hdp do, ban dang tim cach sap
xep theo kieu dang lap. Sap xep cau theo kieu dang lap (sentence coor
dination) giup ta lien ket cac y co cung tam quan trong nhtf nhau. Qua
trinh nay se mang den stf can bang trong bai viet cua ban bing cach ghep
cac menh de doc lap co quan he vdi nhau. Sap xep theo kieu dang lap doi
hoi phai dung dung ttf hoac danh dau cau cho dung de the hien nhtfng
moi quan he khac nhau giffa cac y.
Co bon cach sap xep thanh phan cau theo kieu dang lap:
1. Dung mot lien ttf ket hdp (coordinating conjunction)
2. Dung mot cap lien tff ttfdng lien (correlative conjunctions)
3. Dung dau cham phay
4. Dung mot dau cham phay va mot trang ttf lien ket (conjunction
adverb).
, Ta hay xem xet tffng phtfdng phap.
1. Dung lien tiif ket hdp (coordinating conjunction)
Khi viet, ban hay dung lien tif ket hdp mieu ta moi lien h chinh
xac giffa c ic <j. Moi lien tff ket hdp c6 nghla khdc nhau nhff trong
bang dffdi day:
Lien tff ket h</p Nghla Chtfc nang
And va lien ket cac y
But nhffng tffdng phan cac y
For VI chi nguyen nhan
Nor cung khong lam tang tinh phu djnh
Or hoac the hien cac kha nang
So vi vay chi ket qua
Yet tuy nhien chi stf ttfdng phan hoac khdc biet
2. Dung cap lien tff tffdng lien (correlative conjunctions)
Lien ket cau bang lien tff tffdng lien neu ban muon tao ra stf can
bSng giffa hai menh de doc lap.
Either... or neither... nor
Not only... but also both..and
3. Dung dau cham phay
Lien ket cac menh de doc lap bang dau cham phay de the hien
tam quan trong ngang bang cua cac y.
A cause is what happens; the effect is the result.
Nguyen nhan la dieu xay ra; tdc dung Id ket qua.
The m echanic adjusted the carburetor; T in a s car now runs
smoothly.
Ngudi tho may da-chinh bo che hda khi; xe cua Tina bay gid chay
rat em.
4. Dung dau cham phay va mot trang tff lien ket.
Nhuda hoc trong chtfdng 8, ta biet co rat nhieu trang tff lien ket
khac nhau. Mot so' trang tff chi gom mot tff; so khac la mot cum tif.
consequently furthermore therefore
nevertheless as a result for example
however nonetheless in addition
 Dau cham phay v l trang tir lien ket di vdi nhau the hien nhffng moi
lien he khic nhau v l dieu nly phu thuoc vio trang tff lien ket. Nhffng
loai quan h? thtfdng glp 11 vi du, md rong v l tffdng phan.
I adore chili; unfortunately, it doesnt adore me!
Tdi me mon dt; tiec thay, no lai khong me toi!
The invention of air-conditioners has greatly influenced major mi
gration trends; for example, Sunbelt cities such as Phoenix, At
lanta, Dallas, and Houston would never have grown as success
fully without air-conditioning.
Phat minh may dieu hoa khong khi dd anh hudng rat Idn tdi khuynh
hudng di cU; vi du cac thdnh pho mien Nam nhu Phoenix, Atlanta,
Dallas vd Houston se khong bao gid phat trien thdnh cong md khong
cd may dieu hoa.
Hay lam theo c ic bffdc sau day khi ban ghep cac menh de doc lap
theo kieu ding lap:
Quyet dinh nhffng y nao co the va nen ghep lai vdi nhau.
Chon phffdng phap ghep ding lap thich hdp de the hien moi lien
he giffa cic y.
Moi cich ghdp cau dang lap tao ra mdi quan he hdi khic nhau giffa
cic y. Thffdng la khong cd cau tra Idi chinh x ic 100% khi ban chon
lien tff vl dau cau nao de ghep cau theo kieu ding lap. Nhir moi khi, hay
luon nhd ba yeu td quan trong trong dau:
Ngffdi dpc. Ngirdi doc ma ban nham tdi va nhffng gi ho mong muon.
Muc dich. Tai sao ban lai viet (de giai tri, hffdng dan, thuyet phuc,
mieu ta)
Van phong. Lffa chon cua rieng ban trong viec chon tff va cau
true cau.
Khi luyen tap thirdng xuyen, ban se thay mot sd cau trau chuot va
logic hdn nhffng cau khic. Hay xem nhffng vi du sau:
Khong lien ket: The dogs fur was tangled. We took her in for
grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi. Chung tdi dem nd vdo chdi long.

197
 Lien ket: The dogs fur was tangled, we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi, vi vay chung tdi dem no vao chui long.
The dogs fur was tangled; therefore, so we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi; do do chung toi dem no vdo chui long.
The dogs fur was tangled; as a result, we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi; bdi vuy chung toi dem no vdo chui long.
K hong lien k e t: There have been many controversial World Se
ries. The most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of
1919.
Co nhieu Gidi dd'u The gidi gay tranh cai. Tai tieng nhat di nhien la
gidi The gidi to chiic ndm 1919.
L ien k e t: There have been many controversial World Series, but
the most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of 1919.
Cd nhieu Gidi dau The gidi gay tranh cai, nhitng tai tieng nhat di
nhien Id gidi The gidi to chtfc ndm 1919.
There have been many controversial World Series; however, the
most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of 1919.
Cd nhieu Gidi dau The gidi gay tranh cai; tuy nhien, tai tieng nhat
d l nhien Id gidi The gidi td chtfc ndm 1919.
K hong lien k e t: Jack lost his briefcase. Jack lost his cellphone.
Jack lam mat va ly. Jack 1dm mat dien thoai.
L ien k e t: Jack lost his briefcase and his cellphone.
Jack 1dm mat va ly vd dien thoai.
Jack lost not only his briefcase but also his cellphone.
Jack khong chi lam mat va ly md con mat dien thoui.
K hong lien k e t: Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a
college education. At least $500 million in private-sector money
is available to help students pay for their college education.
Mdi ndm dudng nhuddng tien hoc dai hoc ngay cang kho. it nlid't Id
500 trieu dd trong cdc trudng tUnhun duoc dua ra de giup sinh vien
trd tien hoc.

198
 Lien ket: Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college
education, hut at least $500 million in private-sector money is avail
able to help students pay for their college education.
Moi n d m d u d n g n h u d u n g tien h o c d a i h o c n g a y c a n g kho; nhung it
Id 500 trie u d o tro n g c a c tru d n g tu nhan dUt/c d u a ra d e g iu p
n h at
sinh vien tr d tien hoc.
Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college education;
however, at least $500 million in private-sector money is avail
able to help students pay for their college education.
Moi ndm dudng nhuddng tien hoc dai hoc ngay cang kho; tuy nhien,
it nhat la 500 trieu do trong cac trudng tUnhdn duoc dua ra de giup
sinh vien trd tien hoc.

Hay cfin than, dffng noi nhffng y khong co quan

lie gi vdi nhau. Khi do, ban se tao ra moi lien lie md
ho giffa cac y lioSc la noi qua nliiSu y trong cung mot
cau. Lifa chon qua kieu cach thffcfng gay ra nhffng
cau roi rSm day.

Ghep cac thdnh phdn trong cdu theo ki$u chinh

phu
Ghep cau theo kieu chinh phu (subordination) nghla la ghep hai menh
de khong ngang hang nhffng co lien he vdi nhau bang mot lien tff phu
thuoc (subordinating conjunction) de tao thanh mot cau phffc. Ghep cau
kieu dang lap (coordination) dien dat mdi quan he giffa cac menh de doc
lap; trai lai, ghep cau kieu chinh phu dien ta moi quan he giffa cac y
khong dong dfing.
Khi ban ghep cau theo kieu chinh phu ttfc la ban dang dung menh de
phu thuoc de phat trien cho menh de chinh. Ghep cau kieu chinh phu
giup ban phat trien y. vach ra nidi lien he giffa cac y va nhan manh mot
y nao dd so vdi cac y khac.

199
 Vi vay, c6 the ban se muon dilng cach gh6p chinh phu de mang den
cho bai viet (va bai noi!) cua ban tinh logic, mach lac va thong nhat cao
hOn.
Cung giong nhff gh6p cau kieu ding lap, ghep cau kieu chinh phu
cung can phai co logic va dau tff suy nghi.
Hay lam theo bon btfdc sau de gh6p y theo kieu chinh phu:
1. Trffdc tien la chon y hoSc m?nh de ma ban nghi la quan trpng
nhat.
2. Sau d6 bien no thanh menh de chinh bang cach them vao chu ngtf
hoac dong tff neu can. Dam bao menh de chinh cung dien dat mpt
y hoan chinh.
3. Chon lien tff phu thuoc the hien ro nhat mdi quan he giffa menh de
chinh va menh de phu thuoc.
4. Quyet dinh xem nen dat menh de chinh hay menh de phu 5 trirdc.
Xem thff tff nao se giup ban dat dtfdc muc dich cua minh vi tao
hffng thu cho ngtfdi doc.
Co nhieu lien tff phu thuoc, gom after, although, because, before, if,
though, since, when, till, unless, wherever, where. Bang sau day cho thay
mot vai lien tff phu thuoc thffdng dilng nhat va mdi lien he ma chung tao
ra.
L ien tff phu thupc Moi lien h
As, because nguyen nhan, ly do
W hether, rather than, than ltfa chon
Even if, if, unless, provided that dieu kien
Though, even though, although ttfdng phan
So, so that, in order that, that he qua, ket qua
W herever, where ndi chon
Since, until, when, while, after, thdi gian
before, once, whenver
Khi luyen tap thtfdng xuyen, ban se thay co mot sd cau troi chay va
logic hdn nhffng cau khac. Hay xem cac vi du sau day:
K hong lien k e t: It snowed all night. School was closed the fol
lowing day.
Trdi do tuyet cd dem. Trudng hoc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Li6n k e t: Because it snowed all night, school was closed the fol
lowing day.
Vi trdi do tuyet cd dem, trudng hyc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Since it snowed all night, school was closed the following day.
V7 trdi do tuyet cd dem, trudng hoc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Khong lien ket: About two million dollars had been bet on the
Cincinnati Reds to win. The White Sox were favored five to one.
Ngudi ta dd cuac khodng hai trieu do la la d()i Cincinnati se thang.
D(>i White Sox duoc cd ndm an mot.
Lien ket: Even though the White Sox were favored five to one,
about two million dollars had been bet on the Cincinnati Reds to
win.
Ngay cd khi d o i White Sox dUifc cd ndm an mot, ngudi ta c u a c khodng
hai triu d o la la d o i Cincinnati se thang.
Although the White Sox were favored five to one, about two mil
lion dollars had been bet on the Cincinnati Reds to win.
Mac du d o i White Sox d u o c cd ndm an m()t, ngUdi ta cU dc khodng
hai tri^u dd la Id doi Cincinnati se thang.
Khong lien ket: A tornado can pick up a house and drop it hun
dreds of feet away. These are extremely dangerous storms.
Mot ccm lo c x o d y c o th e h a t cd can nhd vd n em no x u d n g c a c h xa
hung tram f e e t. Day la nhffng can b a o cUc ky n g u y hiem .
Lin ket: Since a tornado can pick up a house and drop it hun
dreds of feet away, these are extremely dangerous storms.
V? m o t can lo c x o d y c o th e h a t cd can nhd vd n em nd x u d n g c a c h xa
h an g tra m f e e t, d a y la nhffng ccfn b a o cUc ky n g u y hiem .
Khong lien ket: The case was finally tried. The three men denied
having made any confessions. They denied having been involed
in any way in the rigging scheme. There was no proof against them.
Vu an cuoi cung dd duoc xff. Ba ngudi dan ong tff choi Id dd khai
nhan. Ho khdng nhan la cd lien quan gl vdi ke hoach Iffa ddo. Khong
cd bang chffng nao chdng lai ho.

201
 Lien ket: When the case was finally tried, the three men denied
having made any confessions. They also denied having been
involed in any way in the rigging scheme because there was no
proof against them.
Khi vu an cuoi cung dd duoc xtf, ba ngudi ddn ong ttf choi la dd khai
nhan. Ho cung khong nhan Id cd lien quan gi vdi ke hoach Itfa ddovi
khong cd bang chtfng ndo chdng lai ho.
When the case was finally tried, the three men denied having made
any confessions and having been involed in any way in the rigging
scheme because there was no proof against them.
Khi vu an cuoi cung dd duoc xtf, ba ngudi ddn ong ttf choi la dii
khai nhan vd khong co lien quan gi vdi ke hoach Itfa duo vi khong
cd bang chtfng ndo chdng lai ho.
Khong lien ket: A tornado is one of the smallest of all types of
storms. It is one of the most dangerous of all storms because of its
swiftly spinning winds and unpredictable path.
Loc xody la dang nhd nhat trong cac loai bao. Dd Id mot trong
nhtfng loai bdo nguy hiem nhat do nhtfng dot gid xody vd dudng di
kho doan cua nd.
Lien ket: Even though a tornado is one of the smallest of all types
of storms, it is one of the most dangerous of all storms because of
its swiftly spinning winds and unpredictable path.
Mac du loc xody la dang nhd nhat trong cac loai bdo, no la mot
trong nhtfng loai bdo nguy hiem nhat do nhtfng dot gid xody va
dudng di kho doan cua nd.
Hay can than dtfng lan Ion menh de chinh va menh de phu khi ghep
cau theo kieu chinh phu. Neu ban dat y chinh trong menh de phu thupc,
cau cua ban se khong hop logic.
Khong logic: Because people stared at her, Rikki wore a see-
through blouse.
V? ngudi ta nhin cham chain vdo minh, Rikki mac mot chiec do mdng
tanh.
Quan he nhan qua bi dao ngtfOc nen cau chang co nghla gi ca.

202
 Htfp logic: Because Rikki wore a see-through blouse, people stared
at her.
Vi Rikki mac m(>t chiec do mang tanh, ngudi ta nhin cd cham cham.

Ghep cdu ktiu dang Idp so vdi ghep cdu kiiu chinh
phu
Lam the" nao ban co the xac djnh dtfdc nhffng y nao can ghep theo
kieu dang lap va y nao can ghep kieu chinh phu? Hay quyet dinh dtfa
tren cac y trong cau cua ban. Nhtf ban da doc trong phan trtfdc, hay dtfa
vao logic cua cau. Dtfdi day la mot sd quy tac ban co the ap dung khi
quyet dinh ghep cau theo kieu dang lap hay chinh phu:
Ghep cau kieu dang lap khi ban muon lien ket nhtfng menh de
doc lap co quan he vdi nhau.
Ghep cau kieu chinh phu neu ban muon dat y quan trong nhat vao
menh de chinh.
Dtfdi day la vai vi du minh hoa:
Hai m nh de: The ground began to tremble. The air was heavy
with fear.
Mat dat bat dau rung chuyen. Khong khi nang ne vdi noi so hdi.
G hep cSu dang lap: The ground began to tremble and the air was
heavy with fear.
Mat dat bat dau rung chuyen vd khong khi nang ne vdi ndi so hdi.
G hep cau chinh phu: When the ground began to tremble, the air
was heavy with fear.
Khi dat bdt dau rung chuyen thi khong khi nang ne vdi ndi so hdi.
(When the ground began to tremble): menh de phu
(the air was heavy with fear): menh de chinh
Ta nhan manh vao cam giac sd hai nen thong tin nay dtfdc dat vao
menh de chinh.
G h ep cau chinh phu: The air was heavy with fear as the ground
began to tremble.
Khong khi nang ne vdi ndi so hdi khi dat bdt dau rung chuxen.

203
 (The air was heavy with fear): menh de phu
(as the ground began to tremble): mpnh de chinh
Cau nay nhan manh v io ^ mSt dat rung chuyen nen thong tin dite|
dUa vao menh de chinh.

C&u true song song

In 1946, Winston Churchill traveled to Fulton, Missouri, to deliveri
speech and to be present at the dedication of a bust in his honor. After his
speech, an attractive and ample woman approached the wartime prime
minister of England and said, Mr. Churchill, I have traveled over a hun
dred miles for the unveiling of your bust. Churchill, who was known fa;
and wide for his quick wit, responded, I assure you, in that regard, I
would gladly return the favor.
Ndm 1946, Winston Churchill den Fulton, Missouri, de phat bieuva
xuat hien d buoi khanh thanh bite ttfong vinh danh ngai. Sau bdi dien vin,
mot ngudi phu nit hap ddn vd day dan budc ve phia tong thong thdi chien
cua Anh vd ndi, Ngai Churchill, toi dd di cd tram dam chi de xem buoi
khdnh thdnh biic tUdng cua ngai. Churchill, ngudi ndi tieng Id rat nhanh
tri vd horn hinh, trd Idi, Tdi dam bdo vdi bd, ve viec nay, toi se vui long
dap trd sU iing ho.

Cau true song song (parallel structure) co nghla la dat cac y dong
din g vao cung mot cau true ngff phap. Trong giai thoai cf tren, nhffng tit
va cum tff in nghieng cho ta thay cau true song song la the nao. Bai viet
lan bai noi cua ban can phai co cac tff, cum tff va menh de song song. Cau
true song song se dem den cho bai viet cua ban hieu qua manh me tuyet
vdi ve m at nhip dieu, sff nhan manh, sff can bang va sue tich.
1. Tff song song (parallel words) la nhffng tff cung tff loai (vi du nhff
danh tff, tinh tff ho&c trang tff) va thi (neu cac tff do la dong tff).
2. Cum tff song song (parallel phrases) chffa cac phan bo nghla.
Polyester shirts wash easily, drip-dry quickly, and w ear durably.
Ao bung vdi polyester de giut, muu kho vu mac ben.

204
 Nick took the new job to learn more about finance, make impor
tant connections, and get a health plan.
Nick nhan cong vi$c mdi de hoc them ve ngdnh tdi chinh, tao mdi
giao thiep quan trong vd thuc hien ke hoach site khoe.
3. Menh de song song (parallel clauses) c6 the trd thanh cau hoan
chinh ho3c menh de phu thuoc.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Ta dd den, ta dd thay, ta dd chinh phuc.
Our chiefs are killed; Looking-Glass is dead; Ta-Hool-Shute is
dead. (Dien van dau hang cua thu llnh Joseph, 1877)
Cac thu linh cua chung ta dd bi giet; Looking-Glass da chet; Ta-
Hool-Shute dd chet.

Tom ta t

Ghep c2u theo kiu ding 12p (Sentence coordination)

U2n k2t nhung y co tim quan trong ngang nhau.
Ghp c2u kiu chinh phu (sentence subordination) k2t
noi hai mfnh d! khong dong ding nhung co quan hf
voi nhau bing mot liSn tur phu thuoc (subordinating
conjunction) & tao thanh mot c2u phuc (complex sen
tence).
C2u true song song (parallel structure) co nghla la d2t
cac y dong ding vio cung mot cau true ngu phap.

TK kiem tra

Can k&i dung tai

Cdu hdi 1. Ghep cau kieu ding lap la lien ket nhffng y tffdng co
cung mffc do quan trong.
2. Moi lien tff ket hdp deu c6 mot nghla khac nhau.

205
 3. Ghep cau kieu chinh phu \k dung tif hoac dau cSu phii
hdp de the hien mdi lien he giffa cac y tffdng.
4. Lien tff tffdng lien luon di theo cSp, vi du nhff "either.,
or" va "not only ... but also.
5. Lien ket cau bang lien tff phu thuoc neu ban muon the
hien sff can bang giffa hai menh de doc lap.
6. Lien ket cac menh de doc lap bang dau cham phay de
the hien rang thong tin trong menh de chinh khong
quan trong bang thong tin trong menh de phu thupc.
7. Moi cach gh6p cau kieu chinh phu the hien mdi quan
he khac nhau giffa cic y.
8. Luon co mot lien tff "chinh xac nhat va dau cau de
dung khi ban ghep cau theo kieu dang lap.
9. Ghep cau kieu dilng lap the hien mdi quan hp blnh
dang giffa cac menh de doc lap; ngffdc lai, ghep cau
kieu chinh phu the hien mdi quan he giffa cdc y khong
dong dang.
10. Khi ban ghep cau theo keu dang lap, ban phai phai
trien menh de phu thuoc thanh menh de chinh.
11. Neu ban dat y chinh vao mot menh de phu thupc, cau
cua ban se phi logic.
12. Phai ghep cau kieu chinh phu khi ban muon lien ket
cac menh de doc lap.
13. Phai ghep cau kieu dang lap khi ban muon dat y quan
trong nhat vao menh de chinh.
14. Cac tff song song co cung tff loai (vi du nhff danh ti/,
tinh tff hoac trang tff) va thi (neu tff dd la dong tff.)
15. Cau sau day cd cac tinh tff song song:
Egypt, a long, narrow, fertile strip of land in northeast
ern Africa, is the only place in the world where pyra
mids were built.
Ai Cap, mot dai dat dai, hep, mau md d dung bde chdu
Phi, la noi duy nhat tren the gidi co xay dung kim tu
thdp.
206
Can luti dang lo a n thank can

Chon tttdung nhat trong ngoac de hoan thanh cac cau sau.
1. A lightning bolt lasts a fraction of a second, (so, but) it
has enough power 30 million volts to light up all of
Miami.
2. (And, Because) the average thunderstorm is more pow
erful than an atomic bomb, injuries from these storms
are not uncommon.
3. All the following are coordinating conjunctions except
for, but, or (since, and).
4. All the following are subordinating conjunctions except
since, because, although (when, nor).
5. All the following are conjunctive adverbs except con
sequently, furthermore, therefore, (nevertheless, and).
6. (Coordination, Subordination) is connecting two un
equal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunc
tion to form a complex sentence.
7. (Subordination, Parallel structure) means putting ideas
of the same rank in the same grammatical structure.
8. The film industry changed from silent films to the talk
ie s in the late 1920s, (when, after) the success in 1927
of The Jazz Singer.
9. Ari is very good about staying in shape: He likes to
ride his bicycle, to jog around the track, and (swim
ming, to go swimming).
10. The committee considered the letter, talked about its
major points, and (the unanimous decision was made
to ignore it, unanimously decided to ignore it).

207
 Cau|iH b t i t miltwrt

Chon cau tra 16i dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. You can coordinate independent clauses by using all
the following methods except
(a) Coordinating conjunctions
(b) Correlative conjunctions
(c) A semicolon and a conjunctive adverb
(d) Subordinating conjunctions
2. When you coordinate independent clauses, you should
decide which ideas can and should be combined and
then
(a) Select the method of coordination that shows the
appropriate relationship between ideas.
(b) Use the subordinating conjunction that most clearly
expresses your ideas.
(c) Add a semicolon to link ideas.
(d) String together as many ideas as you can.
3. W hen you decide how to coordinate or subordinate
ideas, you should always consider your
(a) Audience
(b) Purpose
(c) Handwriting
(d) Style
4. Which revision best combines ideas?
Ancient Egypt had an abundance of rocks quarried close
to the banks of the Nile. These rocks had to be brought
from quarries to the building sites.
(a) Ancient Egypt had an abundance of rocks quarried
close to the banks of the
Nile, so these rocks had to be brought from quarries to
the building sites.

208
 (b) Ancient Egypt had an abundance of rocks quarried
close to the banks of the
Nile, when these rocks had to be brought from quarries
to the building sites.
(c) Ancient Egypt had an abundance of rocks quarried
close to the banks of the
Nile, but these rocks had to be brought from quarries to
the building sites.
(d) Since ancient Egypt had an abundance of rocks quar
ried close to the banks of the Nile; these rocks had to
be brought from quarries to the building sites.
5. Which revision best combines ideas?
Darrow invented a board game he called Monopoly.
Monopoly made him a millionaire. This did not hap
pen at first.
(a) This did not happen at first, but Darrow invented a
board game he called Monopoly. When Monopoly
made him a millionaire.
(b) Darrow invented a board game he called Mo
nopoly, which made him a millionaire, although not
at first.
(c) Because Darrow invented a board game he called
M onopoly, Monopoly made him a millionaire. This
did not happen at first.
(d) Although Monopoly made him a millionaire, Darrow
invented a board game he called M onopoly, but this
did not happen at first.
6. Which revision best combines ideas?
Parker Brothers turned the game down. They felt it was
too complicated to play.
(a) Parker Brothers turned the game down and they felt
it was too complicated to play.
(b) Since Parker Brothers turned the game down, they
felt it was too complicated to play.
209
 (c) W hen Parker Brothers turned the game down, they
felt it was too complicated to play.
(d) Parker Brothers turned the game down because they
felt it was too complicated to play.
7. Which revision best combines ideas?
Large numbers of people began flooding into southern
Florida more than a century ago. The amount of water
that once flowed south through the Everglades has been
drastically reduced.
(a) Ever since large numbers of people began flooding
into southern Florida more than a century ago, the
amount of water that once flowed south through the
Everglades has been drastically reduced.
(b) Large numbers of people began flooding into south
ern Florida more than a century ago, but the amount of
water that once flowed south through the Everglades
has been drastically reduced.
(c) Large numbers of people began flooding into south
ern Florida more than a century ago, yet the amount of
water that once flowed south through the Everglades
has been drastically reduced.
(d) When the amount of water that once flowed south
through the Everglades has been drastically reduced,
large numbers of people began flooding into southern
Florida more than a century ago.
8. Which choice best connects the following sentence?
It took almost a year for three men to sign confessions
admitting the series had been fixed. The men were
Lefty Williams, Eddie Cicotte, and J. Jackson. The men
admitted they were in on the scam.
(a) It took almost a year for three m en Lefty Will
iams, Eddie Cicotte, and J. Jackson to sign confes
sions admitting the series had been fixed and they were
in on it.

' 10
 (b) Lefty Williams, Eddie Cicotte, and J. Jackson ad
mitted they were in on the scam when it took almost a
year for them to sign confessions admitting the series
had been fixed.
(c) Since it took almost a year for Lefty Williams, Eddie
Cicotte, and J. Jackson to sign confessions admitting
the series had been fixed, they admitted they were in
on the scam.
(d) It took almost a year for Lefty Williams, Eddie
Cicotte, and J. Jackson to sign confessions admitting
the series had been fixed; however, the men admitted
they were in on the scam.
9. Which revision best combines ideas?
The water declined. The freshwater bird population has
declined more than 90 percent since the early 1900s.
(a) The freshwater bird population has declined more
than 90 percent since the early 1900s and the water
declined.
(b) The water declined because the freshwater bird
population has declined more than 90 percent since the
early 1900s.
(c) The water declined, but the freshwater bird popula
tion has declined more than 90 percent since the early
1900s.
(d) As a result of the declining water, the freshwater
bird population has declined more than 90 percent since
the early 1900s.
10. Which revision best combines ideas?
There are still ample physical reminders of the history
of the Native Americans in Florida. Impressive burial
mounds, dating back hundreds of years, can be found
along many of the rivers, for instance.
(a) Impressive burial mounds, dating back hundreds of
years, can be found along many of the rivers, for in

211
 stance; there are still ample physical reminders of the
history of the Native Americans in Florida.
(b) Since there are still ample physical reminders of
the history of the Native Americans in Florida, impres
sive burial mounds, dating back hundreds of years, can
be found along many of the rivers, for instance.
(c) Although impressive burial mounds, dating back
hundreds of years, can be found along many of the riv
ers, for instance, there are still ample physical remind
ers of the history of the Native Americans in Florida.
(d) There are still ample physical reminders of the his
tory of the Native Americans in Florida; impressive
burial mounds, dating back hundreds of years, can be
found along many of the rivers, for instance.

Boi tap nmg cm

Ghep cac cau trong doan van sau day de tao nen v5n
phong logic va tao nha hdn.
1. Lightning often strike twice in the same place. It is more
likely to do so. Why is this so? Lightning is an electric
current. As with all electric currents or discharges, light
ning will follow the path of least resistance. It will take
the route that is easiest for it to travel on.
Air is a very poor conductor of electricity. Almost any
thing else that helps to bridge the gap between the
ground and a cloud will offer a more convenient path
and thus attract the lightning. This includes a high
tree, a building (especially one with a metal frame
work), a tall hill.
2. In 1866, John Styth Pemberton came up with a head
ache medicine he called Coca-Cola. He had taken
the wine out of the French Wine Coca. He added some
caffeine. The medicine tasted so terrible that at the last
minute he added some extract of kola nut. He added a

212
 few other oils. He sold it to soda fountains in used
bottles. A few weeks later, a man with a terrible head
ache hauled himself into a drugstore. The man asked
for a spoonful of Coca-Cola. The druggist was too lazy
to stir the headache remedy into a glass of water. He
mixed the syrup in some seltzer water. The seltzer water
was closer to where he was standing. The customer
lik ed the c a rb o n a te d versio n b e tte r than the
uncarbonated one. Other customers agreed. From then
on, Coca-Cola was served as a carbonated drink.
3. Some time near the beginning of the seventh century,
a monk formed some leftover dough into a looped twist.
Some sources claim that the twists were meant to rep
resent the folded arms of children at prayer, but even
by a considerable stretch of the imagination it is hard
to match a pretzels shape with the usual position of
arms at prayer. The pretzels soon became popular and
were often given to children who were faithful in their
religious observations. As a result, the baked and salted
dough came to be called pretiola, the Latin for little
rew ard. From pretiola to pretzel is only a small step.

f )ap d u

Cau h o i d u n g sai

l.T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F
11.T 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. T

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h cau

1. but 2. Because
3. since 4. nor
5. and 6. Subordinating

213
 7. Parallel structure 8. after
9. to go swimming 10. Unanimously decided to ig
nore it

Cau lio i tra c lig liie m

1. d 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. b
6. d 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. d

B a i ta p u a u g ca o

Se co nhieu dap an khac nhau; dtfdi day la mot sd gdi y.

1. Not only does lightning often strike twice in the same place, but it
is also more likely to do so. Why is this so? Lightning is an electric
current. As with all electric currents or discharges, lightning will
follow the path of least resistance, so it will take the route that is
easiest for it to travel on. Since air is a very poor conductor of
electricity, almost anything else that helps to bridge the gap be
tween the ground and a cloud a high tree, a building (especially
one with a metal framework), a tall hill will offer a more conve
nient path and thus attract the lightning.
2. In 1866, John Styth Pemberton came up with a headache medicine
he called Coca-Cola. He had taken the wine out of the French
Wine Coca and added some caffeine, but the medicine tasted so
terrible that at the last minute he added some extract of kola nut
and a few other oils. He sold it to soda fountains in used bottles. A
few weeks later, a man with a terrible headache hauled himself
into a drugstore and asked for a spoonful of Coca-Cola. The drug
gist was too lazy to stir the headache remedy into a glass of water,
so he mixed the syrup in some seltzer water because it was closer
to where he was standing. The customer liked the carbonated ver
sion better than the uncarbonated one; other customers agreed.
From then on, Coca-Cola was served as a carbonated drink.
3. Some time near the beginning of the seventh century, a monk
formed some leftover dough into a looped twist. Some sources
claim that the twists were meant to represent the folded arms of

214
children at prayer. Even by a considerable stretch of the imagina
tion it is hard to match a pretzels shape with the usual position of
arms at prayer. The pretzels soon became popular. The pretzels
were often given to children who were faithful in their religious
observations. As a result, the baked and salted dough came to be
called pretiola, the Latin for little reward. From pretiola to pret
zel is only a small step.

215
 C ac coNq cu
cua Nqudi viET
3fc3{c?{c9(:3fc?ic3ic3fc3f;3fc3fc?f:?fc?fc3fc3fc3fc?(c3fc3fc3|c9fc5fc9|c9fc?ic9fc3f:3fcdf:3fc9fc3(c9ft:9fc3fc3fc3|c3fc34c3fe34ca|c3|c3|i3|c^:a|:ateaf:a(ea|c3(ea|e

216
Q h u o n g 1
< T )d u e iiu

Toi co c a n dpc chirong n a y kh o n g ?

Bau ucu doc clitftfug nay ucu ban can on lai

lioilc
boc
vc

DSfu ltrcrc, d3fu ngoSc vuong, dau hai ch2m

*^ Dau phay, d2u gach ngang, dsfu ba cham
D2u chSm than, d2u noi
Dau ngoSc don, d2u chSm, d2u cham h3i, d3u ngoSc
kp
DSfu chlm phay, d2u gach chio

217
 (t&u.

Dung dung dSu cSu se giup ban truyen tai <j tiding
mot cach clunh xac theo y ban mud'n. Trong chtfdng
nay, ban se dffpc 6n nhffng quy tic c in ban v dflu
cfiu. Viec nay se giiip ban dien dat ro rang hdn khi
viet. Cac dlfu cSu dtfdc s5p xp theo thuf iff cliff cai d d tra ctifu
licfn.

TD&u luge (apostrophe)

Dau ltfdc () dtfdc dung vdi ba chtfc nang sau:
1. Dien ta quan he sd thuoc
2. The hien dang so nhieu
3. Cho biet cho co chff cai hoiic sd da dtfdc ltfdc bdt
Ta hay di sau vao tffng quy tac.
1. Dung dau ltfdc de dien ta quan he sd thuoc.
Vdi danh tff hoac dai tff sd it khong tan cung bang j thi them mot
dau lffdc va mot chff s.
a rocket a rockets red glare
a flag a flags stripes
someone someones wish
anyone anyones game
Vdi danh tff sd it tan cung bang s thi them mot dau lffdc va mot chff
s.
James Jam ess car
waitress waitresss suggestion
Neu tff mdi kho doc thi hay bo chff 5 di.
Jam es car waitress suggestion
Vdi danh tff sd nhieu khong tan cung bang s thi them mot dau lffdc
va mot chff .v.

218
men m ens shoes
people peoples feelings
Vdi danh tir so"nhieu tan cung bang s thi chi them mot dau li/dc sau
chiT .v.
several computers several computers hard drives
three teachers three teachers lesson plans
Neu ban gap kho khan khi xac dinh nen dat dau liTtfc cho nao va co
nen them chu's hay khong, hay thifc hien hai btfdc sau:
Be biet co lien quan den quan he sd thuoc khong thi hay hdi: No
thuoc ve ai? (To whom does it belong?)
Neu cau tra Idi la mot danh tif hoac dai tir sd it thi hay lam theo
quy t3c dd. Neu dd la danh tir sd nhieu thi hay lam theo quy tac
tren.
Vi du ban co cum tir "my friends party.
Hdi: To whom does the party belong?
Buoi tiec thuoc ve ai?
T ra Idi: It belongs to my friend.
Thuoc ve ban cua toi.
Friend la so" it. Vi vay, cum nay phai viet la: My frien d s party.
(Ti$c cua ban toi.)
2. Dung dau lirdc de the hien dang so"nhieu
Dung dau liTdc va chtf.f de the hien dang sd nhieu cua sd, ky hieu,
chi? cai hoac tir diTdc dung de chi chinh nd.
three 7s
two ?s
your ws look like tcs
There are too many distracting like's and urns in her speech.
Co qua nhieu ti( like va urn gay mat tap trung trong bai ndi cua co
ay.
3. Dung dau luUc de cho biet cho co tir hoac so" diTdc liTdc bd.
Dimg da"u liTdc de cho biet cho cd tir diTdc liTdc bd vi viet rut gon.
Hay nhd la viet rut gon (contraction) la hai tir diTdc ghep lai vdi

219
 nhau. Khi viet rut gon, hay them mot dau ltfdc v^o khoang trong
ndi m i tiif da dtfdc bo di.
can not cant
I will Ill
Dilng dau ltfdc de cho biet nhtfng sd da dtfdc ltfdc di trong ngily
thdng.
the 70s the 90s
\

y'gsfcs. Dtfng nhim llin giffa viet rut gpn (contraction) v6i
(c / ji dai ttf scf hffu (possessive pronoun). Hay dpc bang sau

Viet rut gon D ai tit sd hSu

Its (it is) its
Youre (you are) your
Theyre (they are) their
Whos (who is) whose
V y

Dctu ngoctc vudng (bracket)

[ ] la dafu ngoac vuong. Dtfng nham dau ngoSc vuong vdi dau ngoSc
ddn (). Dau ngoac vuong chi co hai cach dung rat han hep nhtf sau.
1. Dung dau ngoic vuong khi ngtfdi bien tap muon noi cho ro them.
Childrens author Jackie Ogburn puts it this way: It's not that mes
sage isnt a part of the work. Its just that its usually the least
interesting part [emphasis hers].
Tdc gid viet truyen cho trie em Jackie Ogburn ndi the nay: Khong
the ndi thong diep khong phai Id mot phan cua tdc pham. CM la
thong diep thudng la phan it thu vj h<fn [nhan manh tdc pham cua
bd]."
2. Dung dau ngoac vuong de chtfa nhtfng ttf do ban them vao trong
mot doan trich dan.

220
 Khi ban tich hdp nhffng tir trich d in v&o van ban, co the ban phai
thay doi mpt v&i tir de phii hdp vdi cau true trong cau cua ban.
Hay cho tat ca nhffng tir them vao vao trong dau ngoSc vuong.
Trich dan nguyen vSn: This pedagogical approach reduces all
our work to the literary equivalent of vitamins. (Ogburn 305)
Phuong phap sU pham nay ha thap tat cd tdc pham cua chung ta
ngang vdi nhffng lieu vitamin theo nghia den. (Ogburn 305)
Trich diln vdi dSu ngoac vuong: The primary reason the people
involved in creating childrens books detest this attitude so much
that [it] reduces all our work to the literary equivalent of vita
mins. (Ogburn 305)
Ly do chii yeu md nhffng ngudi lien quan den sU nghiep sang tao
sdeh cho tre em lai cam ghet thdi do nay den the Id vi [no] ha thap
tat cd tdc pham cua chung ta ngang vdi nhffng lieu vitamin theo
nghia den. (Ogburn 305)

Dciu hai chctm (colon)

1. Dung dau hai cham sau mot menh de doc lap de gidi thieu mot
danh sach. Hay nhd menh de doc lap la mot cau hoan chinh.
Day la dau hai cham (:)
If you want to lose weight, you must give up the following sweets:
cake, pie, candy and cookies.
Neu ban muon giam can, ban phai bo nhffng mon ngot sau: banh
ngot, banh nUdng, keo vd banh quy.
2. Dung dau hai cham sau mot menh de doc lap de gidi thieu mot
phan trich dan.
Robert Lawson speaks impatiently of the good intentions that di
rect the current trends of childrens books: Some of this scattered
band may be educators or psychologists or critics, but they are all
animated by a ruthless determination to do children good through
their books; it is these people who start the theories and fads that
are the bane of authors and illustrators and editors and a pain in
the neck to children. (Fenner, 47)

221
 Robert Lawson ndi mQt cach thieu kien nhan ve nhtfng y dfnh tot d?p chi
phoi khuynh hudng such cho tre em: Mot so ngtfdi trong nhom Itfu thua
nay co the la nha gido due hay nhd tam ly hoc hay nhd phe b'inh, nhung tat
cd bon ho deu bi phan khich trudc mot quyet tam tdn nhan Id bien tri con
trd nen tot dep thong qua tu sdeh cua chung; chinh nhtfng ngudi nay, nhtfng
ngudi tao nen cdc ly thuyet vd mot nhat thdi, Id nguyen nhan suy sup cua
cac tdc gid vd ngudi minh hoa vd nhd bien tap vd cua a m dau tren co tre
con. (Fenner, 47).
3. Dilng dau hai cham trtfdc phan giai thich dieu vira mdi dtfpc neu ra
trong cau.
Our store has a fixed policy: We will not be undersold.
Ctfa hang cua chung toi cd chinh such co dinh: Chung toi se khonx
bi ban re hon.
4. Dung dau hai cham sau Idi chao md dau trong thi/ thtfdng mai.
Dear Dr. Lewis:
To Whom It May Concern:
5. Dung dau hai cham de tach chtfdng vdi doan thd trong phan trich
dan Kinh thanh, tach gid vdi phut, ttfa de vdi tieu de.
Song of Songs 4:15
10:15 AM
Eating Healthy: A Complete Guide

TDclu phdy (comma)

Dau phay la dau dtfdc dung nhieu nhat trong tieng Anh. Tren thifc te,
dau phay xuat hien trong cac bai viet nhieu gap hai lan so vdi tat ca ck
dau cau khac gop lai!
Dau phay cho ta biet cach doc va hieu cau nhtf the nao, vi dau phay
cho ta biet phai ngtfng cho nao. Mot dau phay d&t dung cho se giup difa
ngtfdi doc di ttf dau cau tdi cuoi cau mot cach suon se.
Dtfdi day la mot canh giac chung ve dau phay:
Khi ban viet, dtfng them dau phay chi vi ban can phai ngtfng khi dpc.
Vi moi ngtfdi ngtfng d nhtfng lan khac nhau nen ban khong nen tin cay

222
vio vipc ngtfng khi dpc de dung dau phay. Thay vl vay, hay dtfa vao cac
quy tic ve cich dung dau phay.
Wk dtfdi day li c ic nguyen tic dd:
1. Diing dau phay de tich cac phan trong cau.
Dung dau phay de tach c ic phan cua cau gh6p. Dung dau phay
trtfdc lien ttf ket hdp (coordinating conjunction).
The movie was sold out, so we decided to have an early dinner.
Bo phim dd ban het ve, vi vay chung tdi quyet dinh an toi sdm.
The movie was a blockbuster, but we arrived early enough to get
seats.
Bo phim Id mQt phim bom tdn, nhtfng chung tdi den sdm kip de lay
ghe.
Our friends are easy-going, and they dont get upset when plans
change.
Ban cua chung toi rat de gan, vd ho khong btfc boi khi ke hoach co
thay doi.
Dung dau phay de tich phan doi thoai trong cau.
Martha said, This movie won an Academy A w ard.
Martha ndi, "Phim nay dd doat mot gidi thtfdng Hdn lam.
This m ovie, Martha said, won an Academy A w ard.
Phim nay, Martha ndi, dd doat mot gidi thtfdng Hdn lam.
Dilng dau phay de tach cac phan trong dja chi. Dtfng dung dau
phay trtfdc ma vung trong dia chi.
Rick lives at 163 East Plains Drive, Boston, MA 89012.
Rick song d so 163 Dtfdng East Plains, Boston, MA 89012.
2. Dilng dau phay sau ttf hoac cum ttf gidi thieu va ket thuc.
Dimg dau phay sau ttf gidi thieu.
Yes, I will be coming to the retirement party.
Vang, tdi se den dtf buoi tiec ve htfu.
However, I wont be able to bring a macaroni salad.
Tuy nhien, tdi se khong the mang mon xa Idch macaroni.

223
 Dung dau phay sau cum tir gidi thieu.
To get a good nights sleep, you should practice relaxation tech
niques.
De cd mot giac ngu ngon, ban nen tap cac ky thuat thu gian.
Beginning tomorrow, the store will be open until midnight.
Bat dau tti ngay mai, ciia hang se md cuta tdi nuta dem.
Dilng dau phay sau mot menh de gidi thieu.
Although the sky is overcast, I dont think that it will rain this af
ternoon.
Mac du bau trdi u dm, toi khong nghi Id chieu nay trdi se mtfu.
Since you cant do the dishes, could you please walk the dog to
night?
Vi ban khong the rfta chen, ban cd the dan cho di dao tdi nay khong?
Dilng dau phay sau phan chao hoi trong mot burc thtf than mat.
D ear Mom, Dear Mickey,
Dung dau phay sau phan cuoi thtf.
Yours truly, Sincerely,
3. Dung dau phay sau nhffng ttf va thanh ngff xen ngang.
Dung dau phay de tach phan ttf va thanh ngff xen ngang.
The State University of New York, did you know, has 64 cam
puses scattered across New York State.
Dai hoc bang New York, ban dd biet chua, cd 64 co sd rdi kh&p
bang New York.
Dung dau phay de tach nhffng ttf goi ten trtfc tiep (direct ad
dress: la ttf cho ta biet cau dang ndi vdi ai)
Nanci, please clean up your room.
Nanci, hay don phdng cua con di.
Please clean up your room, Nanci.
Hay don phdng cua con di, Nanci.
Dung dau phay vdi ten rieng va chtfc danh.
Ms. Barbara Gilson, Editorial Director
Luarie Rozakis, Ph.D.
 Dilng dau phay de tch nhffng tff trong phan dong vi ngff ( apposi
tion nhffng tff cung cap them thong tin ve tff hoic cum tff dffng
trffdc hoiic sau no.)
A good eater, my baby will be off the bottle soon.
La mot dtia an gidi, con cua tdi se sdm cai svta.
My baby, a good eater, will be off the bottle soon.
Con toi, mQt dtia an gidi, se sdm cai situ.
Dilng dau phay de tich mot menh de khong trong yeu ( a nones
sential clause: menh de co the dffdc lffdc bo ma khong lam thay
doi nghla can ban cua cau.)
Elizabeth II, who was born in 1926 in London, is the queen of
England.
Elizabeth De Nhf, ngtfdi dtfO c sinh ra vdo ndm 1926 d Ludn Ddn, la
nithodng cua ntfdcAnh.
Prince Charles, Elizabeths first child, was born in 1948.
Thdi tilt Charles, con dau long cua Elizabeth, sinh ndm 1948.
Dilng dau phay tach tffng khoan trong mot chuoi liet ke. Khong b it
buoc phai dilng dau phay trffdc and trong chuoi liet ke do.
The store had a sale on hot dogs, watermelon, and paper plates.
Ctia hang cd ban hotdog, dtfa hau vd dia giay.

y y \e & w A j

Dung bao gid dung dau phSy d tach mot m enh de

b a t bu6c (essential clause) vi do la m enh de khong
the ltfdc bo dupe.
Some states re te st drivers who are over age 65 to check th eir
ability to drive safely.
Mot so bang kiem tra lai cac tai xe tren 65 tuoi de kiem tra
khd nang Idi xe an todn cua ho.
 4. Dung dau phay de trdnh dpc nham.
Dilng dau phay de lam r5 bat ctf cau nao co the bi hieu nham.
Roi ram: Those who can practice many hours every day.
Ro rang: Those who can, practice many hours every day.
Nhtfng ai co the, hay luyen tap nhieu gid nun ngay.
V iet lai: Those who can practice, do so many hours every day.
Nhtfng ai co the luyen tap, hay luyen tap nhieu gid mdi ngay.
Ro"i ram: Luisa dressed and sang for an enthusiastic crowd.
Ro rang: Luisa dressed, and sang for an enthusiastic crowd.
Luisa van do, va hat cho mot dam dong cuong nhiet.
V iet lai: After Luisa dressed, she sang for an enthusiastic crowd.
Sau khi Luisa van do, co ay hat cho mot dam dong cuong nhi$t.
DT nhien, nhtf trong phan vi du dtfdc viet lai, ban nen duyet lai cau
de dam bao la ngtfdi dpc khong the hieu sai ttf ngtf cua ban.
5. Dung dau phay vdi c ic chtf sd. Dtfng dung dau phay khi viet so
dien thoai, sd trang hoac nam.
Dung dau phay gitfa ngay cua thang va nam.
D ecem ber 7, 1941 July 20, 1969
Dung dau phay de chi sd hang ngan, hang trieu va cao hdn.
5,000 50,000 500,000 5,000,000

Ddu gach ngang (dash)

Dau gach ngang ( - ) khong giong nhtf dau gach ndi. Dau gach ngang,
hay con goi la hai dafu gach ndi, cd chtfc nang chen vao gitfa cau de difa
them thong tin. Hay dung it dau gach ngang thoi, neu khong ban se tao
ra van phong dai dong va qua suong sa.
Dung dau gach ngang de nhan manh mot vi du, dinh nghla hoac mot
stf ttfdng phan.
Two of the strongest animals in the jungle - the elephant and go
rilla - are vegetarians.
Hai trong so nhtfng loai dong vat manh nhat rtfng xanh - voi va khi
dot - la loai an thuc vat.
226
 Two of the strongest animals in the jungle are vegetarians - the
elephant and gorilla.
Hai trong so nhtfng loai dong vat manh nhat ritng xanh la loai an
thtfc vat - voi va khi dot.

Dclu ba chclm <ellipsis)

Dau ba cham dtfOc dung de cho biet ban da lufOc bo mot sd tCr ra khoi
doan van ban dang trich dan. Ban cung co the dung dau ba cham de chi
khoang lang trong mot doan doi thoai.
1. Dung dau ba cham de cho biet ban da bo mot sd tir hoac cau ra khoi
doan van ma ban dang trich dan.
Abraham Lincoln said: Four score and seven years ago our fa
thers brought forth... a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedi
cated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Abraham Lincoln dd noi: Tam mtfcfi bay ndm trtfdc ong elm ta dd
mang den... mot quoc gia mdi, hinh thdnh trong ttf do vd cong hien
cho tien de moi ngtfdi sinh ra deu blnh dang.
2. Dung dau ba cham de dien dat khoang lang hoac su" gian doan.
No, I said. I... I need some time to think about your offer.
Khong, tdi ndi. Tdi... tdi can thdi gian de nghi ve Idi de nghi cua
ban.

Dtfng dung dau ba chain de chi nhtfng tuf da ltfdc

bo tuf dilu cau. Chi viec bo cac ttf do va vao thang
phan trich dan.

Dclu chdm than <exclamation mark)

Dung dau cham than sau mot cau cam than.
How dare you say that to me!
Sao ban dam ndi dieu dd vdi tdi!
 You cant possibly go out wearing that dress!
Ban khong the ra ngoai ma m$c cai vay nhtf the!

Dclu gach ndi (hyphen)

Dau gach ndi ( - ) n g ln hdn dau gach ngang. Dilng dau gach ndi de chi
cho n g it trong tiif. Theo ngff phap truyen thong thi dau gach ndi dtfdc
dilng de chi cho n g it tff d cuoi d6ng. Tuy nhien, c ic chffdng trinh vi tinh
hien dai ngay nay da loai bo cich dilng gach ndi n&y.
1. Dilng dau gach ndi trong mpt sd danh tff gh6p.
Print-sized great-grandmother
2. Dilng dau gach ndi trong phan so' va trong c ic sd viet thzinh chff tif
hai mtfdi mot tdi chin mtfdi chin.
One-half fifty-five

Dclu ngoftc dan (parentheses)

Dilng dau ngo&c ddn de tich nhffng phan thong tin khong trong yeu.
Ve can ban, phan thong tin trong ngo&c ddn II phan bd nghla khong
trong yeu vi no chi gop them thong tin khong trong yeu cho ngffdi dpc.
1. DCing dau ngo&c ddn de chffa nhffng thong tin bd sung trong cau.
Capitalize all proper nouns and proper adjectives (see Chapter 11).
Viet hoa tat cd danh ttf rieng vd tinh ttf rieng (xem chtfOng 11.)
2. Dilng dau ngoac ddn de chffa sd hoSc chff cli.
To prepare spaghetti, follow these steps in order: (1) Bring a pot of
lightly salted water to boil; (2) add pasta; (3) cook about 10 min
utes, to taste.
De lam mon spaghetti, hay lam tuan ttf cac btfdc sau: (1) Dem mot
noi ntfoc nem chut muoi di dun soi; (2) cho my vdo; (3) nau khodng
10 phut, nem thtf.

228
Dclu chdm (period)
1. Dilng dau cham sau mQt cau ho&n chinh.
The shrimps heart is in its head.
Tim cua tom nam d dau.
In the Arctic, the sun sometimes appears to be square.
d Bac ctfc, mat trdi cd luc bien thanh hinh vuong.
2. Dilng dau cham sau hau het c ic chff viet hoa va ten ho viet t^t.
Neu chff viet tit dffng cuoi cau thi khong can them dau cham nffa.
Dr. Ms. Jr. John F. Kennedy
3. Dffng dilng dau cham sau tff tt (acronym).
CNN ABC CBS
4. Dilng dau cham sau chff so va chff cdi La Ma hoiic cac so"cf dau de
cffdng.
I.
A.
B.
1.
2.

Ddu chcim hdi (question mark)

Dilng dafu cham hoi sau cau hoi.
Where is the complaint desk?
Ban nhcin dem kien d dau?
Will the store be open late tonight?
Ctfa hang se md tdi khuya chiZ?

22 9
Dchi ngocfc kep (quotation mark)
1. Dilng dau ngoSc kep de tich phan Idi ndi chinh xac cua ngtfdi noi.
Did you eat the entire bag of chips? Debbie squealed.
Ban da an cd gdi khoai tay chien roi hd? Debbie thet len.
2. Dung dau ngoic kep de tdch phan ttfa cua cac tac pham nhtf thd,
bai luan, bai hat, truyen ngin va bai bao.
The Lottery by Shirley Jackson (truyen ngdn)
Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson (bdi luan)
W eve Only Just Begun by the Carpenters (bdi hat)
3. Dung dau ngoSc ddn de tdch phan trich dan hoic ttfa cua cdc tdc
pham ngan trong phan trich dan khac nkm trong dau ngoSc k6p.
Did you read The Ransom of Red C h ief last night? the teacher
asked.
Toi qua ban cd doc Tien chu()c cua thu ITnh da do khong? thay
gido hoi.
4. Dung dau ngoac kep de tach cac ttf dung de nhan manh hoSc di/a
ra dinh nghla.
The proposed tax reform is really nonsense.
Ban de xuat Ke hoach cai cach tien thue do that phi ly.

Dclu chctm phdy (semi colon)

Dau cham phay la mot dau phay va dau cham ket hdp lai nhtf vay (;).
Cau true cua dau cham phay cho thay no la stf lai ghep giffa dau phay vd
dau cham. No manh hdn dau phay nhffng khong bang dau cham.
1. Dung dau cham phay giffa nhffng menh de doc lap cd moi lien he
gan vdi nhau khi lien tff ket hdp dtfdc ltfdc bd.
The chef cooked far too much chicken; we eagerly devoured the
excess.
Dau bep dd nuu qua nhieu gd; chung toi ham hd an het phan du.

230
 2. Dung dau cham phay giffa cic mnh de chinh dtfdc noi vdi nhau
b&ng trang ttf lien ket nhtf however, nevertheless, moreover, fo r
example va consequently.
Sarah wanted to be a doctor; however, she faints at the sight of
blood.
Sarah muon lam bdc sy; tuy nhien, co ay ngdt xlu khi nhin thay
mau.
3. Dung dau cham phay de ket hdp hai menh de doc lap khi mot
trong hai hoac ca hai menh de co chtfa mot dau phay.
Glenn, who is an accomplished musician, wanted to perform at his
sisters wedding; but he quickly discovered that Marcia, the maid
of honor, had other plans for the entertainment.
Glen, mot nhac sy tai nang, muon bieu dien trong tiec cua em gdi
anh; nhtfng anh nhanh chdng nhan ra rang Marcia, ngtfdi phu dau,
lai co ke hoach bieu dien van nghe khac.

DAu gach cheo (slash)

Day la dau gach cheo (/).
1. Dung dau gach cheo de tach cac dong trong thd. Hay chtfa mot
khoang trong trtfdc va sau dau gach cheo de cho biet dong thd ket
thuc luc nao.
Nguyen ban doan thd nhtf sau:
The band, as fairy legends say,
Was wove on that creating day,
When He, who called with thought to birth
Yon tented sky, this laughing earth.
Trong doan van dtfdc viet lai nhtf sau:
The band, as fairy legends say, / Was wove on that creating day, /
When He, who called with thought to birth / Yon tented sky, this
laughing earth.

231
 2. Dilng dau gach ch6o de the hi?n c ic chon Itfa.
Devon broke the on/off switch on the toaster.
Devon d$p vd cong tdc md/tat tren may ntfdmg.
3. Dilng dau gach ch6o trong phan so hoic cong thtfc toin.
1/2 3/4

Tom ta t

D2u ciu giup ngudi doc xic dinh duoc cic cym tu d
giua vi trong ciu.
Giua cic ciu, dau duoc dung nhi2u nhit li diu ch^m
(period); trong ciu, diu duoc dung nhi2u nhit U diu
phfy (comma).
Dau gach noi (hyphen) tich cic phin trong tu; din
gach ngang (dash) tich cic phin cua ciu vi giua cic
ciu voi nhau.
D2u chim phfy (semicolon) duoc dung df tich cic c2u
hoin chinh; diu hai ch2m (colon) dung t i lift k? danh
sich.

Tif kiem tra

C m i luii ctuug m
1. Vdi danh ttf hoac dai ttf so' it khong tan cung b&ng s, ta
them dau ltfdc va chtf s.
2. Vdi danh ttf so it tan cung bang 5, ta them dau ltfdc
nhtfng khong them chtf s.
3. Vdi danh ttf so nhieu tan cilng being s, ta them dau ltfdc
trtfdc chtf s, nhtf trong C h a rle s hay Ja m e's.
4. Vdi danh ttf so' nhieu khong tan cung b&ng s, ta them
dau ltfdc va chtf s, nhtf trong men's suits.

232
5. D ing dau phay thay vi dau lffdc de the hien dang so
nhieu.
6. Tir rut gon \k dai tir sd hffu deu giong nhau, nhff trong
its/its, youre/your, va theyre/their.
7. Diing dau hai cham sau phan chao md dau trong thiT
thffdng mai.
8. Khi viet, dffng them dau phay chi vi ban ngffng khi
doc.
9. Cau sau day da danh dau cau dung:
We enjoy taking cruises on luxurious ships, but cruises
can be costly vacations.
Chung toi thich di du rvgogn tren nhffng chiec tdu sang
trong, nhung di du ngoan cd the rat tdn tien.
10. Dung dau phay de tdch c ic phan trong dia chi; phai
dung dau phay trffdc ma vung trong dia chi.
11. Dilng dau phay sau tff, cum tff hoac menh de gidi thieu.
12. Dung dau phay de tach cac tff trong cum dong vi (la
nhffng tff cung cap them thong tin ve tff hoac thanh
ngff dffng trffdc hoac dffng sau).
13. Dung dau phay de tdch mot menh de thiet yeu (la
menh de khong the loai bo ma khong lam thay doi
nghla can ban cua cau.)
14. Dau ba cham dffdc dilng de the hien ban da bo bdt c&i
gi do ra khoi doan van ma ban dang trich dan.
15. Dilng dau cham sau hau het cac tff viet tat va ten ho
viet tt. Neu tff viet t^t dffng cuoi cau thi phai them
mot dau cham khac nffa.

Can lt&dfug bun tkmck ciiu

Chon tff dung nhat de dien vao cac cau sau.
1. (Dau gach ngang, dau gach noi) dai hdn (dau gach noi,
dau gach ngang.)
2. (Dau ngoac ddn, dau ngoac vuong) thi cong.

233
 3. Dung dau ltfdc de cho biet cd mot tff ho5c so da di/dc
lffdc bo trong mQt (tff viet t^t, cau trich dan.)
4. Dung dau ngoac vuong de (the hien quan h sd thupc,
ngffdi bien tap chu gidi) \h de chffa nhffng tff ma ban
them vao phan trich dan.
5. Dau hai cham la (mot dau cham va mot dau phay, hai
dau cham), dau nay n&m tren dau kia.
6. Dung dau hai cham sau menh de doc lap de gidi thiv'u
mot danh sdch va mot (phan trich dan, cau hoi.)
7. Dung dau (cham phay, hai cham) trffdc phan cau giai
thich dieu vffa mdi ndi.
8. (dau cham, dau phay) la dau cau dtfdc dung nhieu nhat
trong tieng Anh. Trong thtfc te, no xuat hien trong cdc
bai viet nhieu gap hai lan cac dau cau khac gop lai!
9. Dung dau phay de tdch cac thanh phan trong cau ghep.
Dung dau phay (sau, trtfdc) lien tff ket hdp.
10. Dung dau phay sau phan chao hoi cua bffc thtf (thi/dng
mai, thong thtfdng.)
11. Dung dau (phay, cham) sau hau het ttf viet t^t vii ten
ho viet tat.
12. Dung dau ngoac kep de tach phan Idi ndi (cd sufa doi,
nguyen van) cua ngtfdi ndi.
13. Dung dau cham phay giffa nhffng menh de (phu thuoc,
doc lap) cd quan he chat che vdi nhau khi khong dung
lien tff ket hdp.
14. Dung dau cham phay de ket hdp cac menh de doc lap
khi mot hoac hai menh de chffa mot dau (cham, phay).
15. Dung (dau phay, dau gach cheo) de tach cac dong thd
khi viet trong cung mot dong.

234
Cau luU biit KqlueM

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. The apostrophe () is used in all of the following ways
except
(a) To show possession (ownership)
(b) To show plural forms
(c) To show where a letter or number has been omitted
(d) To show where information has been omitted
2. Use a comma in all the following situations except
(a) To separate independent clauses (sentences)
(b) The close of any letter, business as well as personal
(c) After interrupting words and expressions
(d) To set off words of direct address
3. Why is there a comma in the following sentence?
Those who can, practice many hours every day.
(a) To set off a nonessential clause
(b) To prevent misreading
(c) To show an appositive
(d) To separate items in a series
4. What mark of punctuation is used to show that you have
left something out of a passage you are quoting?
(a) Brackets
(b) Parenthesis
(c) Ellipsis
(d) Quotation marks
5. Use a dash for all the following reasons except
(a) To emphasize an example
(b) To show a contrast
(c) To set off a speakers direct words
(d) To set off a definition

235
 6. W hat mark of punctuation is used to show a break ia
words?
(a) Dash
(b) Slash
(c) Hyphen
(d) Colon
7. Use quotation marks to set off the titles of all the fol
lowing literary works except
(a) Novels
(b) Poems
(c) Songs
(d) Short stories
8. Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
(a) Tsunamis or seismic sea waves, are gravity waves
set in motion by underwater disturbances associated
with earthquakes.
(b) N ear its origin, the first wave of a tsunami may be
the largest; at greater distances, the largest is normally
betw een the second and seventh wave.
(c) Tsunamis consist of a decaying train of waves and,
may be detectable on tide gauges, for as long as a week.
(d) These waves are frequently called tidal waves al
though, they have nothing to do with the tides.
9. Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
(a) Most natural hazards; can be detected before their
threat matures.
(b) But seisms have no known precursors, so they come
without warning.
(c) For this reason they continue to kill in some areas at
a level usually reserved for wars and epidemics the
11,000 dead in northeastern Iran died on August 31 1968
not in the ancient past.

236
 (d) The homeless living are left to cope with fire loot
ing pestilence fear, and the burden of rebuilding what
the planet so easily shrugs away.
10. Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
(a) Given by the people of France to the people of the
United States as a symbol of a shared love of freedom
and everlasting friendship, the Statue of Liberty is the
largest freestanding sculpture ever created.
(b) It weighs 450000 pounds and rises 1,51 feet above
its pedestal.
(c) More than 100 feet, around, Ms. Liberty boasts eyes
two and a half feet wide.
(d) Her upraised right arm; extends forty two feet.
Bdi tap K&Uj c m

Ddnh dau cau cho cac doan van sau:

1. Long-time Boston residents still talk about the molas
ses flood that engulfed the citys north end, on January
15 1919 Many people were sitting near the Purity, Dis
tilling Corporations fifty foot high molasses tank en
joying the unseasonably warm day. The tank was filled
with over two million gallons of molasses and it was
about to burst apart. First molasses oozed through, the
tanks rivets then the metal bolts popped out the seams
burst and tons of molasses burst out in a surge of deadly
goo. The first wave over twenty five feet high smashed:
buildings trees people and animals like toys. Sharp
pieces of the tank sliced through the air injuring scores
of people. After the initial destruction molasses, con
tinued to clog the streets for days. Many survivors had
to have their clothing cut off dried molasses turned cloth
ing into cement. People, were stuck to sidewalks and
benches molasses glued telephone receivers to ears
and hands. The disaster left over 20 people dead and,
more than 50 hurt.
237
 2. In many Native American tribes the shaman or me&
cine man acted as a ceremonial priest. In other tribes
however the medicine mans job was to treat any one of
his people who became ill. In his role as a healer the
medicine man carried a bag of secret herbs and charms
to rid the patient of his sickness. Among the tools of his
trade were dried fingers deer tails drums rattles and
tiny sacks of herbs. Different tribes used different herbs;
depending on what was available in the area and
through trading. The Dakotas for example relieved
asthma with the powdered root of skunk cabbage the
Kiowas stopped dandruff with the soaproot plant.

6*i

Gau lio i d u u g sai

l.T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F
1 1 .T 12. T 13. F 14. T 15.F

Gau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h cau

1. dau gach ngang, dau gach noi

2. dau ngoac ddn
3. tu" viet tat
4. ngtfdi bien tap chu giai
5. hai dau cham
6. phan trich dan
7. dau hai cham
8. dau phay
9. trtfdc
10. thong thtfdng
11. dau cham

238
12. nguyen van
13. doc lap
14. dau phay
15. dau gach cheo

Cau h o i trfic u g liiem

l.d 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. a

B ai tap u an g ca o

1. Long-time Boston residents still talk about the molasses flood that
engulfed the citysnorth end on January 15, 1919. Many people
were sitting near the Purity Distilling Corporations fifty foot high
molasses tank enjoying the unseasonably warm day. The tank was
filled with more than two million gallons of molasses and it was
about to burst apart. First, molasses oozed through the tanks riv
ets. Then the metal bolts popped out, the seams burst, and tons of
molasses burst out in a surge of deadly goo. The first wave, over
twenty-five feet high, smashed buildings, trees, people and ani
mals like toys. Sharp pieces of the tank sliced through the air, in
juring scores of people. After the initial destruction, molasses con
tinued to clog the streets for days. Many survivors had to have
their clothing cut off: dried molasses turned clothing into cement.
People were stuck to sidewalks and benches; molasses glued tele
phone receivers to ears and hands. The disaster left more than 20
people dead and more than 50 hurt.
2. In many Native American tribes, the shaman or medicine man,
acted as a ceremonial priest. In other tribes, however, the m edi
cine m ans job was to treat any one of his people who became ill.
In his role as a healer, the medicine man carried a bag of secret
herbs and charms to rid the patient of his sickness. Among the
tools of his trade were dried fingers, deer tails, drums, rattles, and

239
 tiny sacks of herbs. Different tribes used different herbs, depend
ing on what was available in the area and through trading. The
Dakotas, for example, relieved asthma with the powdered root of
skunk cabbage; the Kiowas stopped dandruff with the soaproot
plant.

240
 91
<
'D iet hoa oa m et tat

Tdi cd c a n dpc chirong n a y k h o n g ?

Bau ucu doc cbtfo'ug nay ucu bau cau 6u lai

bo&c boc vc

Cic quy tAc vi?t hoa

NguySn ttc dung tur viSt d t
Quy trinh* vi?t tufng Anh

241
 d& t*

H6 thdng chff hoa va chff thtfdng cho phep ngtfdi

vigt chi ra nhtfng ttf cu th trong cSu va bao higu bat
dau mot cSu mdi. Cac quy tac co ve khdng b6 buQc
lam , nhtfng ban se sdm nliSn ra ring h6 thdng nay
vSn hanh nhtf den tin liigu giao thong vSy: no giup ngtfdi du
lianh vtfqft qua dtfdc con dtfdng cao tdc cua ngon ngtf vig't. Chtfdng
nay se giai thich cac quy tac dtf<?c chS'p tliuan ve chtf vig't hoa va
vifft tat.
V ---------------------------------------------------------------
Tranh mdc loi vfet hoa: cac quy tdc vth hoa
Ve can ban, viet hoa chia thanh hai loai:
Viet hoa tat ca danh ttf rieng. Danh ttf rieng bao gom ten, vi tri dja
ly, stf kien lich stf cu the, nien dai va tai lieu, ngon ngff, quoc tich,
quoc gia va chung toe.
Viet hoa chff dau tien d dau cau.
Trong van viet thtfdng ngay, cac quy tc nay la rat ro rang. Tuy nhien,
neu ban viet trong mot to chffc hoac cong ty cu the thi viet hoa thtfdng \b
van de phong cach cua ngtfdi bien tap. Muc tieu quan trong thi van nhtf
vay: dung chff viet hoa nhat quan trong van ban.
( >1

Ngay nay, cac nha v3n va nha bien tap chuy6n

nghiep co kliuynh htfdng dung it chtf viet hoa hdn
trtfdc. Trong the ky mtfdi clun va trtfdc do, nhieu danh
ttf dtfdc viet hoa hdn, nhtf thtfdng thay trong cac tifiu
thuyet thdi ay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- J

Ta hay di vao chi tiet tffng quy ta'c. Danh tff rieng dtfdc chia thanh
nhffng muc khac nhau de de tham khao, bat dau vdi phan ten va chtfc
danh.

242
17fet hoa tdn vd chiic danh
1. Viet hoa moi phan trong ten ngirdi.
George W. Bush Jennifer Aniston
Soupy Sales Hillary Clinton
Neu mot cdi ten b ii dau bang d \ de, du hoac von thi viet hoa tuf do
trCTphi trtfdc no con mot ten goi hoac chtfc danh nao do.
Khong co ten goi Du Pont Von Karman
Co ten goi E.I. du Pont Theodore von Karman
Neu cai ten bat dau bang Me, O hoac St, thi cung viet hoa chtf ke
ben.
McMannus O Neill St. Claire
Neu cai ten bat dau bang la hoac le thi cach viet hoa cung khong
giong nhau, vi du nhtf le Blanc va Le Blanc deu dtfdc.
Viet hoa ten cua nhtfng con vat rieng biet.
Rin Tin Tin Lassie Morris the cat
Ten ngtfdi dtfdc dung nhtf danh ttf chung (common noun) thi khong
con viet hoa ntfa. Cac ttf nay thtfdng dtfdc dung trong nganh khoa
hoc.
curie watt newton kelvin
2. Viet hoa chtfc danh dtfng trtfdc ten ngtfdi.
President Bush Chief Scientist Smithson
Dr. Frankenstein Ms. Brownmiller
Mr. Williams Professor Chin
d My co nhieu chtfc danh den mtfc ngac nhien. Dtfdi day la mot so
chtfc danh thtfdng gap:
Chtfc danh trong ton giao:
Bishop (giam muc) Reverend (Dtfc cha)
Father (Cha) Sister (ntftu)
Rabbi (giao si) Monsigneur (dtfc ong)

243
 Chtfc danh quSn dpi:
Admiral (do doc) Colonel (dai ti)
Major (thieu t) Sergeant (trung sT)
Lieutenant (trung uy) General (ttfdng)
Vin chtfc dtftfc b iu ctf:
Mayor (thi trtfdng) Governor (thong doc)
President (tong thong) Senator (thtfdng nghi si)
Congressman (thanh vien Congresswoman (nff th^nh vien
Quoc hoi My) Quoc hoi My)
Secretary (bo trtfdng) Ambassador (dai stf)
Chtfc danh dat dtfqfc:
Doctor (tien sy) Professor (gido stf)
Provost (hieu trtfdng) Dean (chu nhiem khoa)
Chtfc danh phong t&ng:
Sir (ngai) Lord (chua cong)
Lady (tieu thtf) Madame (ba)
Viet hoa tat ca cac phan trong chtfc danh kep.
Vice President Lieutenant Governor
Viet hoa de the hien stf klnh trong.
The Senator spoke to us at the ribbon cutting.
Thi/cmg nghi si noi chuyen vdi chung toi trong buoi le cdt bang khdnh
thanh.
A senators time is always in demand.
Thdi gian cua mot thuong nghi si luon luon can kip.
Viet hoa chtfc danh khi goi dich danh.
Doctor, I have a pain in my side.
Bdc sy ai, tdi bi dau ben hong.
Nurse, please bring me the bandage.
Cd y td oi, xin hay mang cho tdi cai bang vet thititng.
3. Viet hoa chtfc danh the hien moi quan he gia dinh khi chtfc danh
do di vdi ten rieng hoSc khi goi dich danh.
244
 Grandmother Pirandello came from Italy in the 1950s.
Ba Pirandello den tit nude Y vdo thap nien 1950.
Grandfather, will you take us to the zoo?
Ong ai, ong ddn bon chdu den vudn thu chu:?
4. Viet hoa chtfc danh cua cha me va ngtfdi than khi trtfdc ttf do khong
cd ttf sd hffu (vi du nhtf my).
We saw Mother kissing Santa Claus.
Chung tdi thay Me hdn Ong gid Noel.
I saw my mother kissing my father.
Tdi thay me hdn bo' tdi.
5. Viet hoa chff viet tit dtfng sau ten ngtfdi.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D.
Grace Lui, M.D.
6. Viet hoa nhtfng ttf chinh trong ttfa sach, kich, phim, bao va tap chi.
Dtfng viet hoa mao ttf: a, an, the.
Khong viet hoa gidi ttf: at, by, for, of, in ,up, on, so, to, v.v
Khong viet hoa lien tff: and, as, but, if, or, nor
Trong thtfc te, bat ctf ttf nao cd nhieu hdn bon chff cai deu phai viet
hoa.
Viet hoa ttfa sach
Grammar and Usage fo r the Utterly Confused
Schaums Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers
Viet hoa ttfa kich.
She Stoops to Conquer
Cats
Viet hoa ttfa phim.
The Great Escape
From Here to Eternity

245
 Viet hoa Ufa bao.
The New York Times
The Washington Post
Viet hoa ttfa tap chi.
Sports Illustrated fo r Kids
Atlantic Monthly
7. Viet hoa tCr tat
Tuf tit (acronym) la mot chff viet tat dffdc tao thanh bdi nhffng chff
cai dau tien cua moi tff trong c ii tffa. Mot so tff trong tieng Anh
mdi dau la tff tat nhtfng sau nay bien thanh dang chff thffdng nhtf
laser va radar. Tuy nhien, hau het cac tff tit dtfdc thanh lap ti/ cic
chtf cai viet hoa.

Luu </\
Vi tii tat dU(Jc viet nhtf mQt ttf binh thtfdng nen khong co cac
dau cham chen gitfa.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

17/it hoa d\a danh vd su kin

1. Viet hoa dja danh va cac lanh thd quoc gia.
Europe Asia United States of America
Lake superior Venus Yellowstone National Park
2. Viet hoa htfdng la ban khi nd chi mot vung nhat djnh tren quoc
gia.
We live in the South.
Chung tdi song d mien Nam.
The W est is still wild and untamed.
Mien Tay van hoang dd va chua thudn hoa.

246
 3. Dffng viet hoa htfdng la b&n khi no chi phffdng htfdng.
The storm is coming from the south.
Con bdo dang den titphia nam.
Drive west 4 miles and turn left at the shopping center.
Lai ve phia tay 4 dam roi re trdi d trung tam mua sum.
4. Viet hoa ten cua cic sir kien lich suf cu the, nien dai va tai lieu.
The Revolutionary War Reconstruction
The Declaration of Independence the Gettysburg Address

17/it hoa ngon ngtf vd ton giao

1. Viet hoa ten cua ngon ngff, quoc tich, quoc gia, dan toe va chung
toe.
Ngon ngff Quoc tjch Quoc gia Chung tpc
French Japanese Pakistan African-American
German Australian India Native American
Italian Iranian Bosnia South African

y y \e & <v/u>

Co phai luc nao ban cung phai vift hoa ten ntfefe
va ngon ngff khong? Phai vist la french fries hay la
French Fries? spanish omelet hay la Spanish Omelet?
Mpi ngiftfi chiTa thong nh&'t vcli nhau ve mat nay nen cut viSc
chpn lfiy m6t kiu va viet cho nhat quan la dtfdc.

2. Viet hoa ton giao va ten cua c ic dang toi cao (Supreme Being),
bao gom ca cac dai tff chi dang tdi cao.
Christianity, Hindu, Catholicism, Judaism
the Creator, Him, He, Heaven, His name
Khong viet hoa cac tff nhff god hay goddess khi chi cac than thoai
j
co.

247
 the goddess Athena
the god Hermes

17/it hoa tinh til rtdng vd tin sdn phdm

1. Viet hoa tinh tir rieng dtfdc tao ra tir danh tir rieng.
D anh tijf rie n g Tmh tiif rien g
Italy Italian
Rome Roman
Alps Alpine
Newton Newtonian
Trong mot tinh tif rieng c6 dau gach noi thi chi viet hoa tinh tirthoi.
Spanish-speaking residents
Khong viet hoa tiep dau ngtf cua tinh tir rieng trir phi tiep dau ngff
d6 chi mot quoc gia.
all-American Old English
2. Viet hoa ten thtfdng hieu \k nhan hieu.
Jell-0 pudding Kleenex tissues
Freon ' Band-Aid
Fresca Xerox

17/it hoa tdn ciia td civic, co quan. khda hoc vd cac

toa nhd ndi tling
Vi ten cua cac td chtfc, ccf quan, khoa hoc v i cac tda nha ndi tieng
deu la danh ttf rieng nen ta phai viet hoa.
Khong viet hoa cac mao ttf: a, an, the.
Khong viet hoa gidi ttf: at, by, for, of, in, up, on, so, to, v.v.
Khong viet hoa lien ttf: and, as, but, if, or, nor.
1. Viet hoa ten cua cac td chtfc.
The Boy Scouts of America Rotary International
The Red Cross General Motors
248
 2. Viet hoa ten cua c ic cd quan.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
The United Nations
3. Viet hoa ten kh6a hoc.
Introduction to Biology (nhung khong phai mon sinh hoc)
Mathematics 203 (nhung khong phai mon todn hoc)
4. Viet hoa ten cua cac tda nha.
The Empire State Building the Sears Tower

17/it hoa ngay. thang vd cac ngay 12

. C ic tiif nay cung la danh tCf rieng nen van phai viet hoa.
1. Viet hoa ng&y.
Monday Tuesday
Wednesday Sunday
2. Viet hoa thdng.
February March
April July
3. Viet hoa c ic ngay le.
Thanksgiving Kwanzaa
Passover Ramadan

17/it hoa thd/ g/an vd cac danh tit ridng khac

1. Viet hoa chff viet tt ve thcfi gian.
6:00 A.M. 7:00 P.M.
2. Viet hoa ten cua cdc thien the, trtf mSt trang va mat trdi.
the Milky Way the Big Dipper
Viet hoa trdi dat chi khi nao coi n6 la mot hanh tinh nhtf cac hanh
tinh khac.
The Earth is not flat.
Trdi Dat khong phdng.
249
 3. Viet hoa ten giai thtfdng.
the Nobel Peace Prize the Caldecott Medal
4. Viet hoa chff I va O.
Quickly, I turned around.
Mot cach nhanh chdng, toi quay lai.
O! Did you see that?
O! Ban cd thay cai do khong ?

17/it hoa tit dctu tidn ciia...

1. M ot cau
T h e sh o rte st p re s id e n tia l in a u g u ra l ad d ress was George
W ashingtons, at 135 words.
Bdi dien van nham chiic tong thong ngan nhat la cua George Was/i-
ington, gom 135 ttf.
The longest was by William Henry Harrison, at 8,445 words.
Dai nhat la cua William Henry Harrison, gom 8445 ttf.
2. M ot cau hoan chinh sau dau hai cham.
Only two U.S. presidents and their wives are buried at Arlington
N ational C em etery: John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline
Kennedy Onassis and Wiliam Taft and his wife Helen Heron Taft
are buried there.
Chi co hai tong thong My vd vcl cua ho dUdc chon d nghla trang
quoc gia Arlington: John F. Kennedy vd v(long Jacqueline Kennedy
Onassis vd William Taft vd vo ong Id Helen Heron Taft diXOc chond
do.
3. Cau trich dan, neu do la mot cau hoan chinh.
The teacher said, Abraham Lincoln lost eight elections for vari
ous offices before wining the election in 1860.
Thay giao noi, Abraham Lincoln thua tdm ky bau ctf trong nhieu
nhiem ky truuc khi thang ctf ndm I860.

250
 Nhung
Abraham Lincoln lost eight elections for various offices, the
teacher said, before wining the election in 1860.
"Abraham Lincoln thua tam ky bau cii trong nhieu nhiem ky, thay
giao noi, trudc khi thang cii ndm 1860.
4. Mot dong thd
Shall I compare thee to a summers day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summers lease hath all to short a date.
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmd;
And very fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance or natures change course untrimmd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst;
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growst;
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

y y \c & w/u>

Trong thd ca va cac tieu thuyet cu, ngtfdi ta thtfdng

viet hoa de nlian manli. VI du nhtf trong bai thd nay
cua Shakespeare, Death dtfdc viet lioa de nlian hoa
cai chet: khien ngtfdi ta cam giac nhtf no la mot sinh
thd. Tuy nhien, ngay nay, ngtfdi ta clii vig't hoa ttf can nlian
manh trong e-mail ma tlioi.

251
 5. Phan Idi ch io trong thtf.
D ear Mr. Plotnick:
To Whom It May Concern:
D ear Mom,
6. Phan cuoi thtf. Ltfu <j l i chi c6 chff dau tien viet hoa thoi chff khdng
phai nhffng tff con lai trong cum tff.
Yours very truly, Sincerely yours,
7. Moi phan trong de ctfdng
1. G reek Architecture
A. Greek temples
B. Greek theaters and amphitheaters
C. Greek colonades
8. Moi phan trong mot danh sich.
1. Evaluate the performance of our new meter
This report is designed to:
2. Expand the database
3. Evaluate data
4. Make recommendations

Quy luat vlbt trft

Chff viet tit (abbreviation) la mot dang ngin gon cua tff hoic cum tif.
Chff viet tit b it dau bang mot chff c ii viet hoa v i ket thuc bing mpt dau
cham. Cach nay rat thuan tien, giup tiet kiem thdi gian va khoang trong
khi viet, nhtfng do chi la khi ban dilng chtf viet tit thong dung. Neu
khong, ban se khien ngtfdi doc lan Ion ca len day. Dtfdi day la cdch
dung ttf viet tit cho dung.
1. Viet tit chtfc danh xa hoi v i cap bac dii dtfng trtfdc hay sau ten
ngtfdi.
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr.

252
 Miss dtfng trtfdc tdn ngtfdi nhtfng vi no kh6ng phai
la ttf vift tit nn khong co dS'u chfi'm d cud'i. M6t ltfu y
\ i cach dung: ngay nay nhiu phu ntf thich dtfdc goi
la M s., nhtfng doi khi cung tfa gpi la Miss. Khi
thfi'y khdng ch ic thi hay hoi ngtfdi phu ntf do mud'n dtfdc goi
kiu nao.

2. Viet tt cap bac han lam

Jonathan Hernandez, B.A. ( Bachelor of A rts: cur nhan van
chtfdng)
Hi-Jing Yu, M.F.A. (Masters of Fine Arts: thac si my thuat)
Do co nguon goc ttf tieng Latin nen nhieu cap bac co the viet xuoi
viet ngtfdc deu dtfdc, vi du nhtf M.A hoSc A.M cho Masters o f Arts
chSng han. Bang sau day liet ke mot so cap bac viet tat thong
dung nhat:
Cfip bac V iet tat
Bachelor of Science (cuf nhan khoa hoc) B.A.
Bachelor of Business Administration B.B.A.
(cur nhan quan tri kinh doanh)
Masters of Arts (thac si van chtfdng) M.A. hoac A.M.
Masters of Science (thac si khoa hoc) M.S. hoSc S.M
Masters of Business Administration M.B.A.
(thac sy quan tri kinh doanh)
Medical Doctor (bac si y khoa) M.D.
Doctor of Philosophy (tien si triet hoc) Ph.D.
Doctor of Divinity (tien si than hoc) D.D.
Doctor of Dental Surgery D.D.S.
(tien si nha phau)
Registered Nurse (y ta) R.N.

253
 3. Viet tit thdi gian
A.M. (trtfdc buoi trtfa: ante meridian)
P.M (sau buoi trtfa: post meridian)
4. Viet tiCt cac giai doan lich stf. Trong hau het, chtf khong phii trong
tat ca cac trtfdng hdp, chff viet tat dtfdc dat sau ngay thing.
Ancient times (2000 years in the past)
B.C. (before the birth of Christ)
B.C.E. (before the common era)
Modern times (within the last 2000 years)
C.E. (common era)
A.D. (Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord, la chff viet tit dtfng
trtfdc ngay thang)
Dtfdi day la cach dung cac tff viet tat neu tren:
Emperor Augustus lived from 63 B.C. (or B.C.E.) to A.D. 14 (or
C.E.).
5. Viet tat cac thuat ngff dia ly
Sammi lives on Woodlawn Dr.
Bang sau day liet ke nhffng thuat ngff dia ly viet tat thong dung
nhat.
Ndi chon V iet ta t
Avenue (dai lo) Ave.
Boulevard (dai lo) Blvd.
Drive (dudng) Dr.
Fort (phao dai) Ft.
Mountain (nui) Mt.
Point (mui dat) Pt.
Road(dudng) Rd.
Route (tuyen dtfdng) Rte.
Square (quang trtfdng) Sq.
Street (dtfdng) St.

254
6. Viet tit ten cua cac bang.
Dung chff viet tit theo ma vung chinh thffc cua btftf dien My (U.S.
Post Office zip code) vh khong c6 dau cham d cuoi. C6 mot danh
sdch 50 tff viet tit trong danh ba dien thoai cua My.
FL (Florida) PA (Pennsylvania)
7. Viet tit cic cum tff Latin.
e.g. (vi du) et al. (va van van)
8. Viet tit ddn vi do.
Inches viet tit thanh in. feet viet tit la ft.
Day la mot sd chff viet tat ddn vi do thong dung. Ltfu y la chff viet
tit dipn tich khong c6 dau cham d cuoi.
Ddn vj Chff viet t&t
Yards (thffdc Anh) yd.
Miles (dSm) mi.
Teaspoon (muong ca phe) tsp.
Tablespoon (muong canh) tbs.
Ounce (aoxd) oz.
Pound(pao) lb.
Pint (panh) pt.
Quart (lit Anh) qt.
Fahrenheit (do F) F.
Celcius (do C) C.
Grams g
Kilograms kg
Millimeters mm
Liters L
Centimeters cm
Meters m
Kilometers km

255
 2. Viet tit ten cua mot so to chtfc v i do vat.
C ic ttf viet tit nay khong c6 dau cham d sau.
UN (United Nations)
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
TV (television)

Tom ta i

Chu vSft hoa r2t quan trong vi no xic dinh y nghia

trong v2n vi?t
Vi?t hoa tit ci danh tur riSng vi tinh tur riSng.
Vi2t hoa tur diu ti?n d & u c3u.
Htu h?t cic tur vi?t tit bit diu king mt chu vilt hoa
vi tin cung mpt diu chJfm. Chi dung tu vi?t tit duqc
nhilu ngudi chip nhfn thoi.

Ttf kiem tra

C au khi diuuj ta i

Cau hdi 1. Viet hoa tat ca danh ttf rieng.

2. Viet hoa ten rieng va ten vi tri dia ly, stf kien lich suf cu
the, nien dai, tai lieu, ngon ngtf, quoc tich, quoc gia vi
chung toe.
3. Viet hoa ttf dau tien trong cau.
4. Viet hoa cho nhat qu in trong van ban khong phai li
viec quan trong.
5. Chi viet hoa phan sau trong ten ngtfdi.
6. Neu mot cai ten b it dau bing d', de hoac du, dtfng viet
hoa ttf do trtf phi trtfdc nd la ten hay chtfc danh.
7. Ngtfdi ta cd the ttf quyet dinh cach viet hoa ten cua
minh.
256
 8. Dtfng viet hoa ten . ,a loai vat.
9. Ten ngtfdi dtfdc dilng nhtf danh ttf chung phai dtfdc viet
hoa, nhtf trong W att va Kevin.
10. Viet hoa chtfc vi dtfng trtfdc ten ngtfdi.
11. Chi viet hoa phan dau trong chtfc vu kep, nhtf trong
Vice president.
12. Viet hoa chtfc vu chi moi quan he gia dinh khi chtfc vu
dtfdc dung vdi ten ngtfdi hoac goi gian tiep.
13. Viet hoa chtfc vu cua bo" me va ngtfdi than khi khong
c6 ttf sd hffu dtfng trtfdc (nhtf my.)
14. Viet hoa ttf chinh yeu trong ttfa sach, kich, phim, bao
va tap chi.
15. Dtfng viet hoa ttf tat, ttf viet tat dtfdc tao thanh ttf chff
cai dau tien cua moi tff trong cum.
16. Viet hoa htfdng la ban khi no chi mot khu vtfc cu the
trong quoc gia hoac chi phtfdng htfdng.
17. Viet hoa cac ton giao va cac ttf dung de goi cac Dang
Toi Cao, bao gom ca nhffng dai tff dung de chi cac
Dang Toi Cao.
18. Viet hoa tinh tff rieng dtfdc tao thanh ttf danh ttf rieng.
Luon viet hoa tiep dau ngff gan vdi tinh tff rieng.
19. Tff viet tat la dang viet ngan gon hdn cua mot tff hoac
cum tff. Tff viet tat b^t dau bang mot chff cai viet hoa
va ket thuc bang mot dau cham.
20. Viet tat chtfc vu xa hoi va cap bac, hoc vi, va mot so
giai doan lich sff.

C du khi (Uuqj kiuUc tluiuk cdu

Chon ttf dung nhat dien vao cac cau sau.
1. T h e re c e p tio n w ill be held at th e (v a n d e rb ilt,
Vanderbilt) at 8:00 (p.m., P.M.).
2. The (Crab Nebula, crab nebula) star cluster was visible
in the sky from our (Balcony, balcony).

257
3. The childrens book (author, Author) was thrilled to win
a (McArthur, MCArthur, Mcarthur) Fellowship.
4. After the explosion, (I, i) quickly took cover.
5. The le tte r began (dear Ms. Snodgrass, Dear ms.
Snodgrass, Dear Ms. Snodgrass).
6. The letter ended (Yours Very truly, yours very truly,
Yours very truly,).
7. The (commencement, Commencement) speaker was
Reggie Monsanto, (M.A., m.a.).
8. The bones dated back to 2,000 (b.C., B.C.).
9. We looked at apartments on W averly (Blvd., blvd.).
Smith (ste. Str., St.), and Dorothy (Dr., dr.)
10. The lumber was 4 (FT, ft., Fte.) long.

Cau luii Vufc Hq\um

Chon cau sufa lai dung nhat cho moi cau.

1. The only four countries that start with the letter D
are denmark, djibouti, dominica, and the dominican Re
public.
(a) The only four Countries that start with the letter
D are Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, and the Domini
can Republic.
(b) The only four countries that start w ith the letter D
are Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, and the Dominican
republic.
(c) The only four Countries that start with the letter D
are denmark, djibouti, dominica, and the dominican
Republic.
(d) the only four countries that start w ith the letter D
are Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, and the dominican
Republic.
2. When first lady eleanor roosevelt received an alarm
ing number of threatening letters soon after her hus
 band became president at the height of the depression,
the secret service insisted that she carry a pistol in her
purse.
(a) W hen first lady Eleanor Roosevelt received an
alarming number of threatening letters soon after her
husband became president at the height of the Depres
sion, the Secret Service insisted that she carry a pistol
in her purse.
(b) When First lady Eleanor Roosevelt received an
alarming number of threatening letters soon after her
husband became President at the height of the depres
sion, the secret service insisted that she carry a pistol
in her purse.
(c) When First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt received an
alarming number of threatening letters soon after her
husband became President at the height of the Depres
sion, the Secret Service insisted that she carry a pistol
in her purse.
(d) When First lady Eleanor Roosevelt received an
alarming number of threatening letters soon after her
husband became president at the height of the Depres
sion, the secret service insisted that she carry a pistol
in her purse.
3. Winston churchill, Franklin delano Roosevelt, Theodore
Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt were all Cousins
through one connection or another.
(a) Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
Theodore Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt were all
cousins through one connection or another.
(b) W inston Churchill, Franklin delano Roosevelt,
Theodore Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt were all
cousins through one connection or another.
(c) W inston churchill, Franklin delano roosevelt,
theodore Roosevelt, and eleanor Roosevelt were all
cousins through one connection or another.
is o
 (d) Winston Churchill, Franklin D elano Roosevelt,
Theodore Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt were all
Cousins through one connection or another.
4. After the civil war, the u.s. sued great britain for dam
ages that were caused by them building ships for the
confederacy.
(a) After the Civil War, the U.S. sued Great Britain for
damages that were caused by them building ships for
the Confederacy.
(b) After the civil war, the U.S. sued Great Britain for
damages that were caused by them building ships for
the Confederacy.
(c) After the Civil War, the U.S. sued Great britain for
damages that were caused by them building ships for
the Confederacy.
(d) After the Civil war, the U.S. sued Great Britain for
damages that were caused by them building ships for
the confederacy.
5. The U.S. originally asked for $1 Billion but settled on
$25 Million.
(a) The U.S. originally asked for $1 billion but settled
on $25 Million.
(b) The U.S. originally asked for $1 billion but settled
on $25 million.
(c) The u.s. originally asked for Si Billion but settled
on $25 Million.
(d) the U.s. originally asked for SI billion but settled
on $25 million.
6. John quincy Adams took his last skinny-dip in the
potomac on his Seventy-Ninth birthday.
(a) John quincy Adams took his last skinny-dip in the
Potomac on his seventyninth birthday.
(b) John Quincy Adams took his last skinny-dip in the
Potomac on his seventyninth birthday.
260
 (c) John Quincy Adams took his last skinny-dip in the
potomac on his seventyninth birthday.
(d) John Quincy adams took his last skinny-dip in the
Potomac on his Seventyninth birthday.
7. The panama canal was excavated from the coasts in
land; the final short segment was cleared by explosives
detonated by president Woodrow Wilson, who sent the
signal by wire from New York city.
(a) The Panama canal was excavated from the coasts
inland; the final short segment was cleared by explo
sives detonated by President woodrow Wilson, who sent
the signal by wire from New york City.
(b) The panama Canal was excavated from the coasts
inland; the final short segment was cleared by explo
sives detonated by President Woodrow Wilson, who
sent the signal by wire from new york city.
(c) The Panama Canal was excavated from the coasts
inland; the final short segment was cleared by explo
sives detonated by President Woodrow Wilson, who
sent the signal by wire from New York City.
(d) The Panama canal was excavated from the Coasts
inland; the final short segment was cleared by explo
sives detonated by president Woodrow Wilson, who
sent the signal by wire from New York city.
8. When john wilkes booth leaped onto the stage after
shooting the president, he tripped on the american
flag.
(a) When John Wilkes Booth leaped onto the stage af
ter shooting the President, he tripped on the Ameri
can flag.
(b) When John wilkes Booth leaped onto the stage af
ter shooting the President, he tripped on the Ameri
can flag.

261
 (c) When John Wilkes Booth leaped onto the stage af
ter shooting the President, he tripped on the Ameri-
can Flag.
(d) when John Wilkes Booth leaped onto the stage af
ter shooting The President, he tripped on the Ameri
can Flag.
9. Robert todd lincoln, son of president abraham lincoln,
was present at the assassinations of three u.s. presidents:
lincoln, garfield, and mckinley.
(a) Robert todd Lincoln, Son of President Abraham Lin
coln, was present at the assassinations of three U.S.
presidents: Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley.
(b) Robert Todd Lincoln, son of president Abraham Lin
coln, was present at the assassinations of three U.S.
presidents: Lincoln, Garfield, and MCKinley.
(c) Robert Todd Lincoln, son of President Abraham Lin
coln, was present at the assassinations of three U.S.
presidents: lincoln, garfield, and MCKinley.
(d) Robert Todd Lincoln, son of President Abraham Lin
coln, was present at the assassinations of three U.S.
presidents: Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley.
10. jam es k. polk was the only president to have been
speaker of the house.
(a) James k. Polk was the only President to have been
Speaker of the House.
(b) James K. Polk was the only president to have been
Speaker Of The House.
(c) James k. Polk was the only President to have been
Speaker Of The House.
(d) James K. Polk was the only President to have been
Speaker of the House.
 Qdp da

Cau h o i d u n g sai

I.T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T
II. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. F
16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th an h cau

1. Vanderbilt, P.M.
2. Crab Nebula, balcony
3. author, McArthur
4.1
5. Dear Ms. Snodgrass
6. Yours very truly,
7. commencement, M.A.
8. B.C.
9. Blvd., St., Dr.
10. ft.

C a u iio i t r i e n g h ie in

1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. b
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. d

263
 Phan 5

XAy di/Nq bAi viET

264
 m fM i 91
rf)h u t trien Ddn pltom j oiet

Tdi co c a n dpc chiromg n a y khong?

Bau ucu doc cbrftfug uay ucu bau cau du lai

bo&
c boc
vc

Van phong' khi vi#t

Phan tich doi tugng doc gil
Tom tit bon muc dich khi vit
Phat triefn v2n phong vieft cua ring ban

265
 (t& U ,

Trong chtfdng nay, b an se hieu sau hdn vd tdm

quan trong cua viec tao van phong phii h<,p vdi dfi'i
ttfdng doc gia, muc dich va chu de.

17dn phong khi vlit la gil

Hay xem ba doan van sau day. Trong khi doc, ban hay nghi xem giffa
chung co gi giong va khac nhau.

D oan 1

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of
wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it
was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the
season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of
despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we
were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other
way in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some
of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for
evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. (Charles Dickens,
A Tale o f Two Cities)

D oan 2

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession

of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
However little known the feelings or views of such a man must be
on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the
minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful
property of some one or other of their daughters.
My dear Mr. B ennet, said his lady to him one day, "have you
heard that Netherfield Park is to be let at last?
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.

266
 But it is, returned she; for Mrs. Long has just been here, and
she told me all about it.
Mr. Bennet made no answer.
Do you not want to know who has taken it? cried his wife impa
tiently.
You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it. (Jane
Austen, Pride and Prejudice)

D oan 3

Simple everyday upkeep will help maintain the beauty of your new
carpet. One important aspect of this care is cleaning up food and bev
erage spills quickly and correctly. Follow these steps:
1. Blot up as much of the spill as possible. Use a clean, white cloth or
white paper towels. Try to work quickly so the liquid does not
have time to penetrate the carpet.
2. If the carpet is stained, blot down with a cloth moistened with warm
water. Do not use hot water; it will set the stain. Press down firmly
to remove as much liquid as you can. Do not rub the stain, because
rubbing can change the texture of the carpet. Continue blotting
with clean cloths or paper towels until the stain is gone.
3. If the stain does not disappear, mix 1 quart warm water with 1
teaspoon mild liquid laundry detergent. Do not use dishwashing
detergent or any detergent that contains bleach. Cover the stain
with the cleaner. Let it sit five minutes. Then blot up the liquid
with clean white cloths or paper towels.
4. Rinse the stained area with warm water and blot until the carpet is
almost dry. Cover the stain with a few layers of paper towels or
cloths.
5. When the carpet is completely dry, vacuum the carpet. To restore
the texture, you may then wish to brush the carpet gently.
6. Deep stains may need a professional stain remover. This can be
obtained from your local hardware or carpet store. Follow the di
rections on the container. If you need additional assistance, call
800-555-CLEAN. (From a carpet care manual)

267
 Doan 1 va 2 ttfdng ttf nhtf nhau vl deu dtfdc trich ttf trong tiu thuyet
ra. VI vay, ca hai doan van deu ke lai mot cau chuyen. Tdc gia dat muc
tieu la mang den stf giai tri cho ngtfdi doc. Trai lai, doan 3 khong k<?
chuyen ma dtfa ra htfdng dan. Tuy nhien, khong c6 doan doi thoai nio cd.
Doan 2 cung c6 nhieu cau dai nhtfng khong dai bang cau ma Dickens
suf dung. Cch chon ttf la kieu Anh, nhtf dilng ttf let thay vi rented. Doan
van nay dtfOc phat trien dtfa tren doi thoai.
Ca hai doan van deu rat di dom. Tuy nhien, doan 3 lai chdng c6 chut
hai htfdc nao ca!

Cac yiu t vdn phong

Trong phan phan tich dtfdi day, ta thay nhieu nha van cd van phong
rat dac trtfng. Van phong cua mot nha van la cch viet rat rieng cua ho.
Van phong la mot chuoi nhffng Itfa chon nhtf liet ke trong b&ng dtfdi
day.
Y eu to' van phong Vi du
Description (mieu ta) Nhffng ttf gdi ca nam gic quan
Dialogue (doi thoai) The hien nhffng ttf chinh xc mi
nhan vat noi trong dau ngoac
kep
Figures of speech (phep tu ttf) So sdnh (similes), an du (meta
phors), ngoa du (hyperbole)
Parallel structure Ttf, cum ttf, menh de ttfdng dong
(cau true song song)
Punctuation (dau cau) Dau phay, cham phay, hai cham,
gach ngang
Purpose (muc dich) Tieu khien, htfdng dan, thuyet
phuc, giai thich
Sentence length (do dai cua cau) Cau ng^n, cau dai vtfa phai, cau
dai
Sentence structure (cau true cau) Cau hoi, ttfdng thuat, cam than,
menh lenh

268
 Tone (giong dieu) Di dom, u sau, nghiem tuc, than
bi, hien thtfc
Topic (chu de) Doi ttfdng cua bai viet
Voice (tieng ndi) Quan diem cua tac gia doi vdi
tai lieu dd
Words (ttf ngff) Tieng long, tieng me de, Idi ndi
thtfdng ngay, tff cao nha
Cd the mieu ta van phong theo nhieu cach, bao gom:
Formal (trang trong) Informal (than mat)
Stiff (khong ttf nhien) Grand (to tat)
Allusive (hdm y) Elevated (cao nha)
Academic (cd tinh hoc thuat) Relaxed (de chiu)
Heroic (ctfdng dieu) Ironic (cham biem)
Colloquial (thong tuc) Breezy (vui ve)
Familiar (than thuoc) Rich (phong phu)
Serious (nghiem trang) Technical (thuoc ve chuyen mon)
Sensory (de cam nhan) Abstract (trtfu ttfdng)
Plain (gian di) Ornate (hoa my)
Mot so" nha van chuyen nghiep ndi tieng ve van phong dac trtfng cua
minh gom cd Jane Austen, Ernest Hemingway, Truman Capote, John
McPhee, Tracy Kidder, va E.B. White, (mot sokhac lai bi chi trich ve van
phong bao gom James Joyce, Theodore Dreiser, F. Scott Fitzerald va
Charles Dickens!)
Tuy nhien, mot van phong rd ret khong nhat thiet chi la cua cac nha
van chuyen nghiep. Hang ngay, co nhieu ngtfdi ndi troi len nhd kha
nang viet rd rang va hieu qua. Vi du nhtf:
Nhan vien ke toan phai viet thtf kem thong tin rd rang (cover
letter) de kiem toan
Chuyen gia vi tinh viet ke hoach de xuat.
Nha giao due viet bai nhan xet ve cac giao vien giang day va bai
bao cao ve hoc sinh.
Ky stf viet bao cao, e-mail va fax.

269
 Ngtfdi moi gidi bdo hiem viet thtf mdi giao dich.
Luat stf can phai viet t6m tdt ho sd bao chtfa that logic.
Nhan vien tiep thi viet bdo cdo ve doanh thu.
Nhan vien bdn le thtfdng viet thtf gidi thieu va xin thang cap.
Nha moi gidi chtfng khoan viet thtf vd giay quang cao.
Moi ngtfdi deu viet ddn xin viec, thtf cung cap thong tin, thtf bdo, fax
va thtf thtfdng mai. Vi vay, tat ca chung ta deu can phai phdt trien cdch
viet hieu qua de c6 the dtfa ra y kien mot cach ro rdng, co dpng va trang
nha.
Du cach viet cua moi ngtfdi khdc nhau cung nhtf van tay kh6ng ai
giong ai, moi cach viet hay van phong deu co nhtfng ddc diem chung sau
day:
Giong dieu phu hdp vdi doi ttfdng ngtfdi dpc. Vi du, ban dilng
giong dieu kinh trong trong mot bai dieu van, nhtfng trong buoi
tiec sinh nhat thi lai dung giong dieu di dom khi noi.
Khong mac loi ve ngtf phap va cach dung (trtf phi cau chtfa hoin
chinh dtfdc dung trong cac doan doi thoai)
Khong mac loi chinh ta va dau cau (trtf phi loi chinh ta dtfdc dilng
trong tieng dia phtfdng)
Khong co Idi noi si nhuc.
Cac nha van thtfdng thay doi van phong vdi cac loai bai viet khic
nhau va de dap tfng doi ttfdng ngtfdi dpc khac nhau. Vi du nhtf trong thd
ca, tac gia thtfdng dung nhieu hinh anh hdn trong van xuoi. Tien sTSeuss
da viet cac tieu thuyet ky di nhtf The Cat in the Hat cho tre em lan cdc bii
quang cao hieu qua cho Burma Shave! E.B. White viet nhtfng truyen kinh
dien cho thieu nhi nhtf Charlottes Web, Stuart Little, va The Trumpet of
the Swan va nhffng bai luan danh cho ngffdi ldn trong tuyen tap Is Sex
Dead? Van phong cua moi quyen sach hoan toan khac nhau, nhffng deu
dtfdc viet rat cong phu. Nhtf trong cac vi du vtfa neu, van phong trtfdc tien
phai thoa man yeu cau cua ngtfdi dpc.

270
 YV \e&

Trff phi ban co nang khifiu vi<j"t v3n cffc ky tro i

chay, chtf vffa noi vffa viet thffdng bi lung cung va lap
lai. H lu nhff moi ngffdi dlu ngan ngai khi noi de co
thdi gian tim y tffdng. Chung ta cung quay lai de bd
sung th6m nhffng y con thieu luc dau. K et qua la , bai viet bang
tai thffdng nghe r t thieu logic.

TJgUol doc vd vdn phong

Ngffdi doc (audience) la ngffdi doc nhffng gi ban viet. Be trd thanh
ngffdi viet hoac dien thuyet hieu qua, ban phai hieu khan gia cua minh
se phan ffng nhff the" nao doi vdi dieu ban noi hoac cach ban noi. Biet
minh dang giao tiep vdi ai la chia khoa dan tdi thanh cong khi truyen dat
thong diep nao do. Ban can phai chinh sffa van phong cua minh cho phu
hdp vdi nhu cau, sd thich va muc tieu cua ngffdi doc.
Khi viet bat cff thff gi ma ban muon chia se vdi ngffdi khac, hay phan
tich khan gia cua ban trffdc. Hay tff hoi nhffng cau sau day:
1. Ai se dpc nhffng gi minh viet?
Bo"i tffdng dd co the la giao vien, ban hoc, dong nghiep, khach
hang, ban be, ngffdi la.
2. Luc nay nhffng ngffdi do biet dffdc bao nhieu ve chu de cua minh?
Ho biet sd sd, la chuyen gia hay d khoang giffa?
3. Minh phai cung cap nhffng thong diep nao de cd the thanh cong?
Doi khi ban phai cung cap rat nhieu thong tin de ngffdi doc co the
nam bat thong diep cua ban. Ngffdc lai, cd luc ban chi can them
rat it thong tin ma thoi.
4. Ngffdi doc cam thay the" nao ve chu de nay?
Ho khong thich khong ghet, rat ghet, rat hffng thu, hay la d giffa?
Mot doc gia khong than thien se kho thuyet phuc hdn mot ngffdi
than thien.

271
 5. Minh phai vtfdt qua nhtfng chtfdng ngai n&o (neu cd) de truyen dal
thong diep mot cdch thanh cong?
Vi du nhtf ban phdi bdo tin xau ching han.
6. Ngtfdi doc mong chd thich kieu vSn phong nao hdn?
DI nhien van phong cua ban phai thay doi cho phu hdp vdi nhu cau
va mong ddi cua ngtfdi doc. Vi du nhtf ban khong the dilng tir dii
v kho doi vdi tre con. Ttfdng ttf nhtf vay, vdi ngtfdi n6i tieng Anh
phi ban xtf thi khong the dilng nhieu th&nh ngtf (ttfc la nhffng cum
ttf khong noi theo nghia den).
M $t lifu y ve d$c gia: Trong da so cac trtfdng hdp, ban se c6 mQt
doi ttfdng doc gia dtfdc xdc dinh ro rang \k c6 the thay doi v5n
phong cho cuon hut va dat dtfdc muc dich cua minh. Tuy nhien, c6
khi ban khong the de dang xdc dinh dtfdc doi ttfdng ngtfdi doc. Vi
du nhtf khi ban gufi ddn xin viec ma cong viec lai mieu ta rat
chung chung cdn ngtfdi nhan la cdi h6m thtf. Trong trtfdng hdp
nay, ban cang phai co tim cang nhieu thong tin ve ngtfdi doc cing
tot. Ban co the gffi thtf yeu cau xin them thong tin chdng han.

Muc dich vd vdn phong

Mot btfc thtf tinh. Mot thtf bao thtfdng mai. Mot truyen ngdn. Mpt bii
thd. Mot ban tom tat. Mot btfc thtf gift Uy ban hai quan quoc te (IRS:
International Revenue Service) de giai thich van de hoan thue.
Du moi loai van ban ke tren co ve rat khac nhau nhtfng deu giong
nhau d mot diem: Chung deu co mot muc dich ro rang. Hay luon nhd
muc dich cua minh khi viet de co van phong ro rang va phii hdp.
Chung ta viet vi nhieu ly do, nhtfng ngac nhien thay, chi co bon muc
dich chinh khi viet, do la:
Giai thich (to explain)
Thuyet phuc (to persuade)
Mieu ta (to describe)
Ke chuyen (to tell a story)

272
 Bang sau day cho thay c ic muc dich khi viet.
Muc dich Djnh nghla Vi du
Giai thich Gidi thich Tai li$u hifcfng dan Chuyen thdi sir
(exposition) Trinh bay Cong thtfc nau an Bdo chi phat hanh
Ke lai Thir thtfdng mai Bdo cao
Bai luan Di chuc
Sach giao khoa Bai bao
Thuyet phuc Lam cho ngirdi Bai phe binh Bai xa luan
(persuasion) kMc nghe theo
Ddn xin vifc ThU giai thich di kem
Ddnh gia cong vi?c Thir gidi thieu
Thir gud nha bien tap Thuf than phien
Bai dien thuyet
Mieu td Mieu td Thd Tap chi
(description)
Ke chuyen Ke lai mot Hoi ky Tieu stf
(narration) cau chuyen
Giai thoai Chuyen lich stf
truyen mieng
Truyen ngdn Tieu thuyet
Mot van ban thtfdng c6 ttf hai muc dich trd len, nhtfng se co mot muc
dich tr0i hdn. Vi du nhtf mot btfc thtf than phien se mieu ta, giai thich va
thuyet phuc. Tuy nhien, muc dich chinh cua nd la thuyet phuc khien
ngtfdi ta phai thay co loi.

That tri$n vdn phong vifa c&a ban

Nhtf da hoc trong phan dau chtfdng, van phong dtfdc tao nen ttf nhieu
yeu to", bao gom cau cu va dac biet la do dai cung nhtf cau true cau. Van
phong cung hinh thanh ttf cach mieu ta (description), cach lap ttf (repeti
tion), tieng ndi (voice), cau true song song (parallel structure) va dau cau
(punctuation). Bay gid:
1. Van phong va cau cu
Ta hay xem xet chi tiet cac yeu to van phong nay.

273
 Do dai cua cau phai phii hdp vdi doi ttfdng doc gia. Khi chu de cua
ban phtfc tap va chtfa nhieu so lieu thi hay dung cau ngdn gon, ddn
gian de giup ho de hieu hdn. Neu chu de khong qua phtfc tap, dilng
cau dai vdi cac menh de phu thuoc bo sung se khien cdc y lien
mach va tranh tinh trang lap ttf I5p y.
Muon viet dtfdc ro rang, hay dung cau co do dai va kieu cau khdc
nhau de tao nen stf phong phu lan htfng thu cho ngtfdi dpc. Hay
sura cau de dien dat y mpt cdch tot nhat co the. Hay pha trpn cau
ddn (simple), cau ghep (compound), cau phtfc (complex) vi diu
ghep phtfc hdp (compound - complex) de cd van phong an ttfdng
hdn.
Nhin chung, hay bien tau do dai cua cau. Nhip dieu khong ngirng
nghi cua nhtfng cau dai ddn dieu se khien van phong trd nen nhat
nheo.
Hay chon chu ngtf cho moi cau dtfa tren dieu ban muon nhan
manh. Vi ngtfdi doc thtfdng tap trung vao chu ngtf cua cau nen
ban hay chon mat quan trong nhat trong y cua ban lam chu ngff
"trong cau.
2. Van phong va mieu ta
Them tinh ttf va trang ttf vao cau (khi co the) de nhan manh vi
tao nen stf phong phu. Hay trien khai cau vdi tinh ttf va trang tir.
Khi ban muon tranh viet cau qua ngan gon thi hay them ttf bo
nghla. Chdng han nhtf thay dong ttf to be bang dong ttf chi hinh
dong nhtf trong vi du sau:
Chtfa hay: The advantages of shopping ahead is saving time and
money.
Diem thuan lui cua viec mua do ve du trtf Id tiet kiem thdi gian va
tien bac.
Stfa lai: Shopping ahead will save you time and money.
Mua do du trtf se giup ban tiet kiem thdi gian va tien bac.
 Se co luc ban phai dung tuf dao to bua 16n, dSc
biSt nu do la thuat ngff chuyen mon (technical terms)
hoic biet ngff (jargon). Tuy nhien, p h in I6n cac tff
nay se chi dffng n6n rao can giffa ban va d6c gia ma
thdi. Thay vi vSy, hay lu6n luon chon tff phu htfp vcfi muc dich
va d6c gia cua ban.

3. Van phong va phep lap

Hay lap ttf khoa hoac y chinh de nhan manh. Chi nhan manh nhffng
tff chffa y chinh hoac co nhip dieu de thu hut sff chu y vao y chinh.
Trung lap (repetition) la yeu to trong yeu trong cac bai dien thuyet
noi tieng nhat, vi du nhir bai dien van khai mac cua John F. Kennedy.
Kennedy da dung phep lap de tao ra nhip dieu nhir Idi noi tff nhien
va tao nen mot trong nhffng cau noi ddng nhd nhat trong the ky hai
mtfdi: And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can
do fo r you - ask what you can do fo r your country. ( Va nhu vay,
hdi nhtfng ngudi My, dtfng hdi td quoc co the lam gi cho ta - hay hdi
ta cd the lam gi cho td quoc.)
4. Van phong va giong dieu
Hay dung dang chu dong, khong phai dang bi dong, nhtf ban da
hoc trong cac chtfdng trtfdc.
Khi viet van khong nghi thtfc (informal writing), hay dung dai ttf
you de chiem cam tinh cua ngtfdi doc. Dai ttf ngoi thtf hai you (thay
vi ngoi thtf ba he, she, one) khien bai viet cua ban co tac dong
manh hdn, nhtf the ta dang trd chuyen trtfc tiep vdi ngtfdi doc,
giong nhtfvi du sau:
Chtfa hay: Deduction from ones account will be posted on the
first of the month.
Khodn khdu trtf trong tai khodn cua mot ngudi se diMc gtfi di vdo
ngay dau thang.

715
 Sufa lai: Deduction from your account will be posted on the first of
the month.
Khodn khdu trtf trong tai khodn cua ban se duoc gtfi di vao ngay dau
thang.
5. Van phong va dau cau
SU Itfa chon dau cau cua ban co anh htfdng quyet dinh den vin
phong cua ban vi no quyet dinh mtfc do hen he gitfa cac cau. Hdn
ntfa, no con cho biet cac yeu to trong cau lien ket theo kieu ding
lap hay chinh phu. Dtfdi day la mot so quy tic:
Dung dau cham de tach biet hoan toan gitfa cac y. Tuy nhien, hay
can than vi mot loat cau ttfdng thuat ngdn se tao ra mot vSn phong
ctfng nhic va lung cung.
Dung dau phay va lien ttf ket hdp de the hien cac moi quan he sau:
bo sung (addition), Itfa chon (choice), he qua (consequence), ttfdng
phan (contrast), hoSc nguyen nhan (cause).
Dung dau cham phay de cho biet cau thtf hai co chtfc nng hoin
chinh noi dung cua cau thtf nhat. Dau cham phay the hien stf ket
noi nhtfng de cho ngtfdi doc ttf suy luan ra moi lien he d6.
Dung dau cham phay va mot trang ttf lien ket de the hien moi lien
he giffa cac y: bo sung (addition), consequence (he qua), ttfdng phan
(contrast), nguyen nhan va he qua (cause and effect), thdi gian (time)
h o ic nhan manh (emphasis).

Ylfx
 Tom tat

V3n phong li cich vi2ft die trung cua tung nguoi.

^ Phii luon luon thay doi v3n phong cho phu hgp voi doi
tugng doc gii cua ban.
Cung phii tinh dn muc dich cua ban - $$ gili tri, giii
thich, k f chuyfn hay thuyet phuc.
Hay tao ra vin phong thong qua lua chon cua ban vl
tur vung, do dii cau, cSfu true ciu vi dau ciu.

Ttf kiem tra

C a u luii SiUg m

Cdu hdi 1. Van phong chi co trong cac tieu thuyet hay truyen ngin;
tac pham phi tieu thuyet khong co van phong dac trtfng.
2. Chi co nhffng ngtfdi viet van chuyen nghiep mdi co the
phat trien van phong ro rang va rieng biet.
3. Moi ngffdi trong tat ca cac nganh khac nhau deu co the
thang tien mot phan la nhd kha nang viet ro rang va
hieu qua.
4. Kha nang viet tot la kha nang bam sinh, giong nhtf co
ngtfdi thuan tay phai hay tay trai.
5. Van phong cua tffng ngffdi deu mang dac trtfng ca nhan
giong nhff van tay cua ho vay, nhffng tat ca cac loai
van phong cung co nhieu dac trtfng giong nhau.
6. Trong thd ca, nha thd co the dung nhieu hinh anh hdn
van viet.
7. Quy luat chung la ban nen viet khi dang noi.
8. Ban can phai dieu chinh van phong cho phu hdp vdi
nhu cau, htfng thu va muc tieu cua ngtfdi doc.

277
 9. Trtfdc khi ban viet bat ctf dieu gi ma ban muon chia se
vdi ngtfdi khdc, hay phan tich doc gia cua ban.
10. Mot bai viet it khi cd hdn mot muc dich, v& muc dich
dd luon ro rang va ranh mach.
11. Hay bien doi do dai cau cho phu hdp vdi chu de; vi du
nhtf khi chu de cua ban phtfc tap hay toan la so li<*u,
hay dung cau ngin v& ddn gian de ngtfdi ta de hieu
hdn.
12. Dung danh ttf thay vi dong ttf de truyen tai y tudng
cua ban.
13. Lap lai ttf ngtf hoiic y ttfdng chinh yeu de nhan manh.
14. Tuy nhien, chi hip lai nhffng tff chffa dtfng y ttfdng chu
dao hoac nhffng tff cd van dieu de tap trung vao y chinh.
15. Khi muon tao ra mot van phong thuyet phuc va dSc
trtfng, dau cau khong phai la mot van de ldn.

C fiu iuU doMq luuUt (Juutlt cmi

Chon ttf thich hdp nhat trong ngoSc de hoan thanh c k
cau sau.
1. Van phong la loi (suy nghi, viet) cua rieng mot ngtfdi.
2. Tat ca nhffng bai viet hay deu rd rang va (dung, hoan
hao.)
3. Ngtfdi viet thtfdng thay doi van phong khi viet nhtfng
loai van khac nhau va de phu hdp vdi nhffng (ngtfdi
doc, tam trang) khac nhau.
4. (cach dung tff, doc gia) la nhffng ngtfdi doc tac pham
ma ban viet.
5. Luon nhd muc dich trong dau khi viet se giup ban tao
nen mot (doc gia, van phong) ro rang va phu hdp.
6. Van mieu ta (thuyet phuc ngtfdi doc, giai thich mot de
tai.)
7. Van ttfdng thuat (ke lai mot cau chuyen. chtfng minh
mot quan diem).

278
8. Di chuc la mot dang van (giai thich, thuyet phuc, ttfdng
thuat.)
9. Mot bai viet (hieu qua, roi rim ) dung cau co do dai va
kieu cau khdc nhau de tao nen stf da dang va htfng
thu.
10. Chon (chu ngff, vi ngff) trong tffng cau dffa tren dieu
ban muon nhan manh.
11. Trff phi ban muon tranh phai do loi hay ban khong
biet chu ngff cua cau, hay dung dang (chu dong, bi
dong) thay vi dang (bj dong, chu dong).
12. Khi viet trong tinh huong khong can trang trong, hay
dung dai tff (one, y o u ) de thu hut ngtfcfi doc.
13. Sff lffa chon (tff bo nghia, dau cau) cung co anh htfdng
rat ldn tdi van phong cua ban vi no quyet dinh mtfc do
lien he giffa cac cau.
14. Hay dung (dau phay, dau cham phay) neu ban muon
cho biet la cau thff hai cd chffc nang hoan thien y cho
cau thff nhat.
15. Hay dung dau cham phay va (trang tff, tinh tff) ket
hdp - giong nhtf n e v e r th e le s s hoac h o w e v e r - de the
hien moi quan he giffa cac cau.

Can luUhie lUjkieMt

1. Style includes all the following elem ents except

(a) Description
(b) Dialogue
(c) Metaphors
(d) Audience
2. Which of the following is the best definition of descrip
tion?
(a) Words that appeal to the five senses
(b) A characters exact words in quotation marks

279
 (c) Matching words, phrases, and clauses
(d) The subject of the writing
3. How many purposes are there for writing?
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) One
4. Figures of speech include all the following except
(a) Metaphors
(b) Similes
(c) Voice
(d) Personification
5. The tone of Stephen Kings novels and short stories is
best described as
(a) Humorous
(b) Creepy and spooky
(c) Slang
(d) Vernacular
6. All effective writing shares every one of the following
characteristics except
(a) Clarity
(b) An effective tone that suits the w riters audience
and purpose
(c) An awareness of the conventions of standard writ
ten English
(d) Any words the writer wants to use
7. All the following are examples of expository writing
except
(a) Encyclopedia entry
(b) Letter of recommendation

280
 (c) Front-page newspaper story
(d) Recipe
8. All the following are examples of narrative writing ex
cept
(a) Short story
(b) Novel
(c) Newspaper editorial
(d) Funny joke
9. Your resume is best described as an example of
(a) Narrative writing
(b) Descriptive writing
(c) Expository writing
(d) Persuasive writing
10. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to show
all of the following relationships except
(a) Contradiction
(b) Consequence
(c) Choice
(d) Addition

B (Map itang tat

Hay mieu ta van phong trong moi doan van sau:
1. What, then, is the American, this new man? He is nei
ther a European nor the descendent of an European;
hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find
in no other country. I could point out to you a family
whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was
Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose
present four sons now have four wives of different na
tions. He is an American who, leaving behind all his
ancient prejudices and manners, received new ones
from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new

281
 government he obeys, and the new ranks he holds. He
becomes an American by being received in the broad
lap of our great Alma Mater. Here individuals of all
nations are melted into a new race of men, whose la
bors and posterity will one day cause great changes in
the world. Americans are the western pilgrims who are
carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sci
ences, vigor, and industry which began long since in
the East; they will finish the great circle. The Ameri
cans were once scattered all over Europe; here they
are incorporated into one of the finest systems of popu
lation which has ever appeared, and which thereafter
become distinct by the power of different climates they
inhabit. The American ought therefore to love this coun
try much better than that wherein he or his forefathers
were born. Here the rewards of his industry follow with
equal steps the progress of his labor; his labor is founded
on the basis of nature, self-interest; can it want a stron
ger allurement?. . . The American is a new man, who
acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain
new ideas and form new opinions. (Hector St. John de
Crevecoeur, What is an Am erican?)
2. And one example, whether love or fear doth work more
in a child for virtue and learning, I will gladly report;
which may be heard with some pleasure and followed
with more profit. Before I went into Germany, I came
to Broadgate to take my leave of that noble Lady Jane
Grey . . . And how came you, m adam e, quoth I, to
this deep knowledge of pleasure, and w hat did chiefly
allure you unto it, seeing not many women, but very
few men, have attained thereunto? I will tell you,
quoth she, and tell you a truth which perchance ye
will marvel at. One of the great benefits that ever God
gave me is that he sent me so sharp and severe parents
and so gentle a schoolmaster. For when I am in pres
ence either of father or mother, w hether I speak, keep

282
 silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink, be merry or sad, be
sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must
do it, as it were, in such weight, measure, and number,
even so perfectly as God made the world, or else I am
so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea, presently
sometimes, with pinches, nips, and bobs, and other ways
which I will not name for the honor I bear them, so
without measure disordered, that I think m yself in hell
till time come that I must go to Master Aylmer, who
teacheth me so gently, so pleasantly, with such fair al
lurements to learning, that I think all the time nothing
whilst I am with him. And when I am called from him,
I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but
learning is full of grief, trouble, fear, and whole
misliking unto me. And thus my book hath been so much
pleasure, and bringeth daily to me more pleasure and
more, that in respect of it all other pleasures in very
deed be but trifles and troubles unto me. I remember
this talk gladly, both because it is so worthy of memory
and because also it was the last talk I ever had, and the
last time that I ever saw that noble and worthy lady.
(Roger Ascham, The Schoolmaster)

Qdp da
Cau h o i d u n g sai

1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. F

Cau lio i d a n g h o a n th an h cau

1. viet 2. dung
3. ngtfdi doc 4. doc gia
5. van phong 6. giai thich mot de tai

283
 7. ke lai mQt cau chuyen 8. giai thich
9. hieu qu 10. chu ngtf
11. chu dQng, bi dong 12. you
13. dau cau 14. dau cham phay
15. trang ttf

C au h o i trS c n g h ie m

1. d 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b
6. d 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. a

B a i ta p n a n g c a o

1. Van phong nay trang trong hdn thtfdng thay ngay nay, thong qua
cac cau dai va cau true song song. Tuy nhien, doan van n&y van
de hieu.
2. Van phong rat trang trong vdi cich chon chtf cao nha (elevated
diction), each dung ttf co xtfa (archaic usages) \ k cau dai.

284
C h iMng 19
@deh ohon tif oil oiet
ntfdu i/o11 sue. tich

Toi co c a n d p c chirong n a y kh o n g ?

Bau ucu doc chtfoui* uay ucu bau cku ou lai

lio&
c boc
vc

Uiin cic cap do chon tu

Loai bd cho room rk
Lam cho cau v2n cua ban sue tich va an tucrng hem.

285
 0 dSy, trtfdc ti6n b an se kham pha cach chpn tiif.
Sau do ban se hpc cach loai bo nhffng ttf khong cin
th iet trong bai viet d tao ndn vSn phong sue tich.
Hieu dtfdc cach chon ttf va tinh n g in gon sue tich se
giup ban tao dtfdc v in phong hieu qua hdn.

Cach chon til la gil

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected
them with another, and to assume, among the Powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and
N atures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of
mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel
them to the separation.
Khi md, trong tien trinh cua loai ngudi, mot ddn toe cam thay can
phai gidi tdn cac be phai chinh tri cd lien he vdi nhau, vd phai cong
nhan rang, gitfa cac The luc tren trdi dat, mot tram dtfng binh dang
vd tach biet md cac Quy luat cua Tu nhien vd Chua trdi cua Tu nhien
da dat ten cho ho, mot long tdn kinh tot dep doi vdi nhtfng quan diem
cua loai ngudi muon rang ho can phai tuyen bo nhtfng nguyen nhan
thuc day ho tien tdi su tach biet dd.
Get outta my way, bimbo!
Tranh dudng ra coi, mu kia!
Co le ban se de dang nhan ra vi du dau tien: Do la doan md dau trong
Tuyen ngon doc la p cua My. Con vi du thtf hai? Mot ong tai xe da hdt
nhtf the" vao mat ba kia khi ong ta nghi rhng ba ta lai cham qua.
Hai vi du tren rat khac nhau ve ttf ngff. Cach chon ttf (diction) la stf Itfa
chon ttf cua ngtfdi viet. Cach chon ttf cua ban tac dong den stf ro rang
tam anh htfdng trong thong diep cua ban. VI vay, trong mot tinh huong cu
the, cach chon tff cua ban tuy thuoc vao van canh: doc gia, muc dich v4
giong dieu cua ban.

286
Cac cctp dd chon tit
Cdch chon tr dtfdc do tiif mtfc dp ngon ngtf tir trang trong den it trang
trong nhat. Cdch chon tir trang trong (formal diction) c6 dSc triTng la
dilng tfif da am tiet (multisyllable words), cau dai va giong dieu trang
trong (formal tone); cach dilng tiif It trang trong (informal) bao gom nhffng
tff vi cau hgin hdn vdi giong dieu k6m trang trong hdn. Cac cap do
chon tff nay (cung nhir cac cap do cl giffa) khong hoan toan to t hodc
xau, ma dung hdn la cach chon tff d6 chinh xac trong tffng tnrdng hdp
cu the. Bang sau day cho thay cac cap do chon tff va dung cho nhffng luc
nao.
Cach trang trgng Kem trang tr<?ng hcfn Kem trang tr<?ng nhat
Tff da am tiet Ngon ngff the hien Ldi noi hang ngay
trinh dp
Tai li$u phdp luat Thir xin vi?c Bai bao, tap chi binh dan
Ban bdo cdo Ddn xin vi?c Ldi nhan cho ban be
chuyen mon
Bai bdo khoa hoc Thir thtfdng mai E-mail thtfdng ngay
va tiep thi
Ta hay khdm pha cach chon tff mot cdch ky cang hdn.
1. Cdch chon tff cao nha
Cap dp chon tff trang trong nhat c6 ngon ngff trim ttfdng, giong
dieu nghiem tuc, it am chi ca nhan, it dung ttf rut gon (contrac
tion), va c6 khoang cach ngam kha ldn giffa ngffdi doc va ngffdi
viet. Cdch nay thtfdng dung trong nhffng tai lieu chinh thffc nhtf
t&ng co phan, van ban chtfng ttf dat dai, bai giang dao trang trong,
va bai viet chuyen mon.
Doan trich sau day lay tff bai giang dao noi tieng cua Jonathan
Edwards Sinners in the Hands o f an Angry God, trong nffa dau
the ky mtfdi tam. Khi doc, ban hay ltfu y ttf ngff trong bai la cua
mot ngtfdi co trinh do cao. Cac vi du ve cach chon ttf cao nha nay
bao gom wrath (cdn thinh no), inconceivable (khong the ttfdng ttfdng
noi) va abhor (ghe t<5m, cam ghet).
Ban cung nen ltfu y ve cac phep tu ttf, vi du nhtf hai phep so sanh ttfdng
ttfdng trong bai. Phep so sanh dau la an du so sanh cdn gian cua Thtfdng

287
 de vdi mot cay cung vk mui ten: The bow o f Gods wrath is bent, and
the arrow made ready on the string, andjustice bends the arrow at your
heart and strains the bow... Phep so sinh thuf hai la so sinh con ngtfdi
vdi loai nhen: The God that holds you over the pit o f hell much as one
holds a spider or some loathsome insect...
The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the
present; they increase more and more and rise higher and higher,
till an outlet is given; and the longer the stream is stopped, the
more rapid and mighty is its course when once it is let loose. Tis
true that judgm ent against your evil work has not been executed
hitherto; the floods of Gods vengeance have been withheld; but
your guilt in the meantime is constantly increasing, and you are
every day treasuring up more wrath; the waters are continually
rising and waxing more and more mighty; and there is nothing but
the m ere pleasure of God that holds the waters back, that are un
willing to be stopped, and press hard to go forward. If God should
only withdraw his hand from the floodgate, it would immediately
fly open, and the fiery floods of the fierceness and wrath of God
would rush forth with inconceivable fury, and would come upon
you with omnipotent power; and if your strength were ten thou
sand times greater than it is, yea, ten thousand times greater than
the strength of the stoutest, sturdiest devil in hell, it would be noth
ing to withstand or endure it.
The bow of Gods wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on
the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart and strains the
bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an
angry God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the
arrow one moment from being made drunk with your blood.
The God that holds you over the pit of hell much as one holds a
spider or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is
dreadfully provoked; his wrath toward you bums like f ir e .. . .
2. Tieng Anh dung chuan My
Ngon nguduOc dung trong hau het cdc bai viet hoc thuat v& chuyen
mon dtfdc goi la Edited American English ho3c Standard Writ
ten English. Dd la kieu viet ban b it gap trong c ic tap chi nhtf
Newsweek, US News and World Report, va The Atlantic. Cach dien
 dat d6 tuan theo cic quy tic ngff phdp, cau true cau, cach dilng,
dafu cau va chinh ta thong dung nhat ma ban da di/dc hoc qua trong
quyen sdeh n&y.
Dtfdi day lk vf du ve tieng Anh dung chuan My trong mot bai bdo
toi da doc:
When I was young, time seemed to stand still. But as I plunge
kicking and screaming into my middle years, time compresses and
I find myself thinking about eternity. No, not mortality, spiritual
ity, or perfume; rather, Im talking about the unique meaning eter
nity has for Long Islanders.
To empty-nesters left contemplating the remains of an Easter
feast once the guests have rolled out the door, eternity is two people
and a ham. To my single female friends, eternity is waiting for Mr.
Right to appear on their doorstep and in their arms. To a long-
married man, eternity is shopping for shoes with his wife.
To Long Islanders, however, eternity takes on a whole new mean
ing. My traingoing friends claim that eternity is the Long Island
Railroad loudspeaker squawking during rush hour, LIRR delays
through Jam aica, delays through H icksville, delay s on the
Ronkonkoma branch. Why not just drive? You know the answer
to that question if youve ever been westbound on the Southern
State in the fall, as the sun sets on the highway and youre blinded
for six straight miles. Traffic grinds to a standstill as everyone
fumbles with their sun visors and squints into their windshield. You
know what eternity is when you travel from New York City to the
Hamptons on a Friday night in August. They dont call it Long
Island for nothing.
3. Ngon ngff thong tuc
Sau do la ngon ngff thong tuc, la cap do chon tff dac trtfng trong doi
thoai binh thuftng va bai viet khong trang trong. Mau chuyen ctfdi
sau day se cho thay sff khac biet giffa cach chon tff chuan mffc va
loi dien dat thong tuc. Hay ltfu y cac tff viet rut gon va cach dung tff
buddies.
Three buddies die in a car crash and go to heaven for orientation.
T heyre all asked, When youre in your casket and friends and

289
 family are mourning you, what would you like lo hear them say
about you?
The first guy says, I d like to hear them say that I was a great
doctor and a great family m an.
The second guy says, Id like to hear that I was a wonderful
husband and teacher who made a huge difference in our children
of tomorrow.
The last guy replies, I d like to hear them say . . . Look, hes
moving!
4. Tieng long
Tieng long (slang) it trang trong hdn ngon ngff thong tuc; tieng
long la nhffng tff va cum tff difdc tao ra vdi nghla mdi cho nhffng sir
vat sff viec da co. Nhffng tieng ldng mdi xuat hien gan day bao
gom dweeb, nerd va doofus. Tieng ldng nghe vui, than mat v& rat
phh hdp khi tro chuyen vdi ban be thudng ng&y. Tieng 16ng khong
bao gid dtfdc sff dung trong loi viet trang trong.
5. Tieng me de
Tieng me de (vernacular) la ngon ngff binh thtfdng trong mpt vung
nhat dinh, vi du nhtf p o p hoac soda" thay vi ndi la carbonated
beverage (ntfdc uong cd ga). Phtfdng ngon (dialect) la ngon ngff
dac trtfng cua mot khu vtfc nao do, la mot dang cua tieng me de.
Nd khac tieng ldng vi phtfdng ngon phan anh sff khac biet giffa d c
vung mien va dia vi kinh te xa hoi. Giong nhtf ngon ngff thong tuc
va tieng ldng, tieng me de va phtfdng ngon khong phu hdp vdi loi
viet trang trong.
Doan trich dtfdi day cho ta thay cach nha viet tieu thuyet v& nhil
van khoi hai Mark Twain dung tieng me de va phtfdng ngon de
mieu ta con ngtfdi va stf kien d mien tay ntfdc My trong thap nien
1880. Doan trich nay la tff truyen Life on the Mississippi cua ong.
Say, Jim, I m a-goin home for a few days.
W hat for?
W ell, I haint ben there for a right smart while and Id like to
see who things are cornin on.
 How long are you going to be gone?
Bout two w eeks.

Chon cclp do dung til phu hop

Nhtf da noi d phan dau chtfdng, stf Itfa chon ttf ngff cua ban phu thuoc
v&o van cinh: doi ttfdng ngtfdi dpc, muc dfch va giong dieu cua ban.
Hay theo cdc nguyen tic sau khi chon cap do ttf ngff:
1. Dung tff chinh xic, phu hdp va quen thuoc.
Tff chinh x ic (accurate words) noi ro y cua ban
Tff phii hdp (suitable words) truyen tai giong dieu va khdp vdi cic
ttf khdc trong bai viet.
Tff quen thuoc (familiar words) la tff de dpc de hieu.
2. Chon chinh xac tff ban muon
Tieng Anh la mot trong nhffng ngon ngff phong phu nhat tren the
gidi, cho ta nhieu cach mieu ta hoac ndi ve cung mot viec. Hay
chon tff can than de co the truyen tai suy nghi cua minh mot cach
ro rang va chinh xac. Chon tff vdi nghia chinh xac ma ban muon.
Vi du nhtf blissful, blithe, cheerful, contented, gay, joyful va glad
dened deu cd nghla la hanh phuc, vui ve (happy) - nhtfng moi tff
lai cd n6t nghla khac nhau.
3. Dung tff cu the thay vi dung tff chung chung
Tff cu the se khien ngtfdi dpc hinh dung mot btfc tranh ro rang hdn
so vdi tff chung chung. Doi khi dong tff chi hanh dong ddn gian
nhff run va go se chinh x ic hdn doi vdi chu de, doc gia va giong
dipu bai viet cua ban. Tuy nhien, co luc ban se can dung tff cu the
hdn de lam ro nghla.
4. Dilng tff c6 ham y phu hdp
De co the thanh cong trong viec chon tff chinh xac cho tffng van
canh, ban phai hieu nghia den (denotation) va ham y (connota
tion) cua tff. Tff nao cung co nghia den, tffc la nghia thffc cua tff.
Ban co the tim nghla den cua tff bing cach tra tff dien. Vi du nhtf,
neu ban tra ttf fat trong tff dien thi ta se c6 dinh nghla la having too
much adipose tissue" (co qud nhieu mo md).

291
 MQt so tif cd them h im ^ hoic ngu ^ tinh cam (emotional over
tones). Cac ham <j n4y c6 the 14 tich ctfc (positive), tieu ctfc (nega
tive) ho&c trung lap (neutral). Vi du nhir fat c6 h im y tieu ctfc trong
mot xa h$i dang bi Am in h ve stfc khoe cua chung ta. Neu lUU tSm
tdi nghla den va h4m <j cua tir, b4i viet cua ban se trd nen r5 r&ng
va an ttfdng hdn. Dieu nay cdn giup ban dilng dung tir v4 trinh rc
roi vi 13 xuc pham den ngirdi khic. Cuoi cilng, ban cd the dilng cAc
ham y de tao ra - ho4c 14m giam bdt - nhffng phan ffng tinh dim
cua doc gia.
Tuf Ham y tich ctfc Ham y tieu ctfc
average traditional mediocre, passable
thrifty economical parsimonious, cheap, tightfisted
agreeable amiable, easy-going servile
caring concerned prying, m eddlesome
daring bold defiant, reckless
deliberate careful slow
talkative loquacious verbose

Cang it cang tot: hcty sue tich

Quyen The Elements o f Style (Cac yeu tohanh van) cua William Strunk,
Jr. v i E.B. White cd le la quyen s4ch day viet hay nhat trong thdi cua
chiing ta. Quyen sach nhd va mong ay chffa dffng Idi khuyen sau day:
Hay loai bd nhffng tff khong can thiet
Loi van day khi ltfc se rat sue tich. Trong cau khong nen cd nhffng tff
khong can thiet, doan van khong nen cd nhffng cau khong can thiet;
dieu nay cung cilng ly do nhff viec mot btfc tranh khong nen cd nhffng
net ve thffa thai va mot co may khong the cd nhffng bo phan thffa.
(MacMillan, NY, 1959, p. 17).
Ban khong the bd qua Idi khuyen nay vi loi hanh van hieu qua dilng
ngon ngff cd dong. Khi ban bd nhffng tff khong can thiet la ban da bd dtfdc
sff rtfdm ra (redundancy) - nghla la sff lAp tff va lAp y khong can thiet.
Mot bai viet dai dong van ttf khien ngtfdi doc phai cd stfc dep bd nhffng tff
va cum tff khong can thiet trtfdc khi hieu dtfdc noi dung thong diep cua ban.
'la i
 Dtfdi day 1&mtfdi cum ttf rtfdm rk vii ttf da sura lai:
Rtfdm ra C0 dpng
at this point in time now
fatally killed killed
foreign imports imports
kills bugs dead kills bugs
live and breathe live
most unique unique
proceed ahead proceed
revert back revert
successfully escaped escaped
true facts facts (or truth)
Khong the khong nhan manh diem nay, nen dtfdi day la mot so"cum ttf
rtfdm rk khien bai viet cua ban bi loang va dai dong. Nhtf vay, hay nhd
c^t bo tat ca nhtfng cum ttf thtfa nay nh6! Bai viet cua ban se manh me va
day khi ltfc, khien thong diep cua ban se ro rang hOn nhieu.
Rtfdm ra C6 dQng
at the present time now
because of the fact that because
completely surrounded on all sides surrounded
due to the fact that because
experience some discomfort hurt
for the purpose of for
free up some space make room
in the event that if
in order to utilize to use
in order to to
in view of the fact that because
is an example of is
it is believed by many that many believe
making an effort to trying to

293
 my personal physician my doctor
reiterated over and over again repeated
thunderstorm activity thunderstorm
until such time as until
w eather event snow (rain, etc.)
Tinh sue tich (conciseness) dtfdc dilng de chi mot bai viet rach r6i vii
dung trong tam. Nhtf vay khong phai de noi la ban phai cdt bdt tat ca
nhffng phan mieu ta, tu tff va hinh ttfdng. Khong dau. Thay vi vay, <j n^y
muon noi rin g bai viet dai dong van tff se khien ngtfdi doc thay btfc boi vl
no khien ho phai bang qua ca rtfng cau trtfdc khi hieu dtfdc y ban muon
ndi gi. B e viet dtfdc cau sue tich va an ttfdng doi hoi ban phai no ltfc hdn
nhieu so vdi viec viet cau dai dong va roi rdm. May mdn la dpc gid se
danh gia cao no lffc dd cua ban.

Ba cdch vifa cdu sue tich

Hay lam theo cac quy tac sau de viet dtfdc cau ngdn gon \$l an ttfdng.
1. Loai bo nhtfng ttf va cum ttf khong can thiet.
2. Ket hdp nhffng cau lap y.
3. Dffng ndi hai lan ve cung mot sff viec.
Ta hay xem xet tffng quy tdc mot cach ky cang hdn.
1. Loai bo nhffng tff va cum tff khong can thiet.
Tff lap cho (filler words) la tff hoiic cum tff rong chdng them dffdc gi
cho cau cua ban. Ttf lap cho dtfdc dilng de trim nhffng cho trong va
khien bai viet nghe co ve trinh trong. Khong may la nhieu ttf lap cho
da trd nen binh thtfdng tdi mtfc ta chap nhan coi no la mot phan cua loi
viet hieu qua. Vi ttf lap cho khong dtfdc hay nen viec loai bo c ic ttf n&y
khoi van ban la rat quan trong. Bdi cac tff do gay khd chiu nen hay nghi
rdng no lffc bo di loai tff nay cung giong nhff lam viec cong ich de dat
dffdc mot bai viet tot!

294
 Tif lap cho bao gom nhieu tuf loai nhif trong bang difdi day.
Loai tuf Vi du v tuf ISp ch
Adjectives main excellent good
major nice
Adverbs basically central major
quite really very
in fact due to the in the process of
fact that
Nouns area aspect case
character element factor
field kind nature
quality scope situation
sort thing type
Difdi day, ban se difOc xem tif lap cho trong nhif the" nao trong van
canh:
Dai dong: Harris took a relaxing type of vacation.
Harris di mot ky nghi dang nghi dudng.
Hay hdn: Harris took a relaxing vacation.
Harris di nghi dudng.
Dai dong: His comment was of an offensive nature.
Ldi nhan xet cua anh ta co ban chat xuc pham.
Hay hdn: His comment was offensive.
Ldi nhan xet cua anh ta rat xuc pham.
Dai dong: Work crew arrived for the purpose of digging new
power lines.
Doi lam vi$c den vi muc dich dao dudng day dien mdi.
Hay hdn: Work crew arrived to dig new power lines.
Doi lam viec den de dao dudng day dien mdi.
Dai dong: Regardless of the fact that a thunderstorm activity is
not predicted for tomorrow, in view of the fact that it
is cloudy, you should take your umbrella anyway.

295
 Bat ke thuc te la rtiQt hoat dong bdo to khong duoc du
bdo vdo ngay mai, vi thuc te la trdi dang co nhieu may,
ban cung nen mang du theo.
Hay hdn: Although a thunderstorm is not predicted for tomor
row, because it is cloudy, you should take your um
brella.
Du ngudi ta khong du bdo la ngay mai cd bdo ttf, vl
trdi dang nhieu may, ban nen mang theo du.
Dai dong: In the event that we do have a w eather event, you
will be prepared in a very real sense.
Trong tinh huong chung ta co m Q t tinh huong thdi tiet,
ban se phai sun sang theo dung nghla.
Hay hdn: If it does rain, you will be prepared.
Neu trdi mua, ban phai sun sang.
\
y y \c &

H ay bo luon nhffng cum tff sau:

the point I am trying to make as a m atter of fact
(p\@J ) in a very real sense in the case of
th at is to say to get to the point
w hat I m ean to say in fact
V y
2. Ket hdp nhffng cau lap y
Ban cung co the ket hdp cau de viet ro rang hdn. Trtfdc tien, hay
tim nhffng cau cung y hoac lien quan den cung mot y va c6 mdi
quan he logic vdi nhau. Sau do hay ghep cac cau co hen quan lai.
Cuoi cung la bd di nhffng tff thffa thai ma khong them dtfdc <j gi.
Sau day la mot sd vi du:
Dai dong: Mr. Drucker gave his students the assignment of a
math problem. The problem called for adding a se
ries of numbers. The numbers contained real and
imaginary integers.

296
 Ong Drucker giao bai tap cho sinh vien ve mot van de
todn hoc. Van de nay yeu cdu phai cQng mot chuoi so.
Chuoi so bao gom so thuc va do.
Hay hdn: Mr. Drucker assigned his students a math problem
that called for adding real and imaginary integers.
Ong Drucker giao bai tap todn cho sinh vien ve mot
van de todn hoc yeu cdu phai CQng so thuc va so do.
Dai dong: There is strong evidence to suggest that there is only
one difference between highly successful people and
the rest of us. It is highly successful people who ap
ply themselves with determination to a task.
Co b a n g chtfng vtfng c h a c d e c o th e n d i ra n g ch i cd
m o t d ie m k h a c b ie t g itfa nhtfng n g u d i th dn h co n g rUc
r d v d i nhtfng n g u d i k h a c tro n g ch u n g ta. Chinh nhtfng
n g tfd i th d n h c o n g a y ch a m chu v d o c o n g v ie c vd i ta t cd
q u y e t tam .
Hay hdn: Evidence suggests that the only difference between
highly successful people and the rest of us is their
ability to apply themselves with determination to a
task.
Bang chtfng cho thay khac bit duy nhat gitfa nhtfng
ngudi thdnh cong rUc r d vd nhtfng ngudi khac la khd
nang cham chu vdo cong viec vdi tat cd quyet tam cua
ho.

H ay cfin tli&n, dufng lam bin doi nghla cua cau

khi ghep cSu. Nu b^n c& t xen qua nhieu till nghia co
th bi khac di.

3. Dffng ndi hai lan ve cung mot viec

Cac cum tijf nhtf cover over, circle around, va square in shape
rat thffa thai - vi chung noi ve mot sff viec tdi hai lan. Day la van
de viet v&n rtfdm ra ma ban da sffa trong phan dau cua chffdng.
297
 Dai dong: We hope and trust that you show insight and vision
because it is fitting and proper that you do so.
Chung tdi hy vong va tin rcing ban cd hieu biet sau srfc
vd tam nhin vi dieu ban lam la phu htfp vd thich dang.
Hay hdn: We hope that you show insight because it is fitting
that you do so.
Chung tdi hy vong ban co hieu biet sau sdc vi dieu
ban lam Id phu hop.
Dai dong: I am completely upset by the extremely dangerous
situation, and, in light of the fact that I think this is
basically a terrible tragedy, I am not sure what the
eventual outcome will be.
Tdi hoan todn lo ngai tritdc tinh huong cUc ky nguy
hiem dd, vd ditdi thuc te la tdi nghi rang ve cdn ban
day la mot bi kich khung khiep, tdi khong chdc ket qua
cuoi cung se the ndo.
Hay hdn: I am upset by the dangerous situation; since this is a
tragedy, I am not sure what the outcome will be.
Tdi rat boi roi trudc tinh huong nguy hiem dd; vi day
Id m()t bi kich, tdi khong rd hau qua se ra sao.
Dai dong: W e watched the big, massive, dark black cloud rising
up from the level prairie and covering over the sun.
Chung tdi nhin dam may to, to dung, den kit bay len tit
dong cd bdng phdng vd che het mat trdi.
Hay hdn: W e watched the massive black cloud rising from the
prairie and covering the sun.
Chung tdi nhin dam may den to dung bay len tit dong
cd vd che mat mat trdi.
Dai dong: The package, rectangular in shape, was on the counter.
Kien hang, cd hinh chi? nhat, d tren quay tinh tien.
Hay hdn: The rectangular package was on the counter.
Kien hang hinh chi2 nhat d tren quay tinh tien.

298
 Tom tart

Cich chon tur (diction) li su lua chon tur ngir cho hop
iy-
Chon tur cho phu hop vdi chu ti, muc dich v i doi
tuong doc gii cua ban.
ViSt ruom r i (redundancy) li su lap lai tu ngu v i y
mt cich khong can thiSt Hay loai bd nhung tu v i
cum tur thura thai t i b ii viSt cua ban ro rin g v i di y
khi luc hern.

Ttf kiem Ira

CdakiiSdKg m
1. C ich chon tir trang trong hoic khong trang trong (hoic
bat cff mffc do nao d giffa) deu khong phai la hoan toan
tot hay xau; moi cich c6 the phu hdp vdi tffng tinh
huong viet van.
2. Ngon ngff thong tuc la mffc do chon tff mang d ie diem
Cdu hdi cua cuoc noi chuyen thong thirdng va bai viet khong
trang trong.
3. Tieng long trang trong hdn ngon ngff thong tuc; do la
nhffng tff hoic cum tff mang nghia mdi cho nhffng cum
tff quen thuoc.
4. Giong nhff ngon ngff thong tuc va tieng long, tieng me
de va tieng dia phiTdng rat phtl hdp cho loi viet trang
trong.
5. Nhffng tff quen thuoc de dpc va de hieu, vi vay khi
viet hang ngay, ban nen chon nhffng tff nay.
6. DCing tff chung chung hdn la tff cu the de truyen tai y
tffdng cua ban mot cich chinh xic.

299
 7. MQt tiif c6 h&m ^ h o ic ngu <j tinh cam.
8. H im ^ cua mQt tir c6 the tich ctfc nhtfng it khi mang </
tieu ctfc h o ic trung tinh.
9. Quy luat chung lk v5n phong hieu qua the hi?n thuf
ngon ngtf kiem ldi.
10. Cum ttf at this point o f tim e la thtfa thai.

Cau khi daaq Ikduk can

Chon ttf dung nhat trong ngoac de hoan thanh cau.
1. (Stf co dong, Cdch chon ttf) la cdch chon ttf khi viet.
2. Cach dimg ttf trai ttf bac dilng ttf trang trong den bac
(khong trang trong, han lam.)
3. Tai lieu phap luat la mot vi du ve cdch dilng ttf (trang
trong, khong trang trong).
4. (Ddn xin viec, Tin nhn cho ban be) thtfdng dilng tir
khong trang trong.
5. Ngon ngff tieu chuan dtfdc dilng trong hau het cic b&i
viet hoc thuat \h chuyen mon dtfdc goi la Tieng Anh
kieu My c6 bien tap hay (Van viet tieng Anh tieu
chuan, tieng me de).
6. (Cach dilng ttf trang trong, tieng long) nghe vui tai,
khong trang trong \h rat phii hdp trong cuoc trd chuyen
vdi ban be, nhtfng khong bao gid dtfdc dimg trong van
viet trang trong.
7. (Tieng me de, Ham ^) la ngon ngff thong thtfdng trong
mot khu vffc nhat dinh, nhff grinder, sub hay hero de
goi mon banh sandwich ngoai cd.
8. (Tieng dia phffdng, Nghla den), thff ngon ngff dac trtfng
cho mot viing dat, la mot dang tieng me de.
9. Nen dimg ttf chinh xdc, phu hdp va (mau me, quen
thuoc.)
10. Moi tff deu co (ham y, nghla den); do la nghla hien
hien co the tra bang tff dien.

300
 11. (Ham y, Sir thtfa thai) la viec lap lai tir hoac cum tif mot
cdch khong can thiet, khi ngtfdi viet ctf noi di n6i lai
mpt viec bang ttf ngff khdc nhau.
12. (Nghla den, Tff lap cho) la nhffng tff va cum tff rong
dicing them dtfpc gl vao bai viet cua ban.

Cdu Idi tide w jlu m

Chon cau dung

1. The diction you want in a specific writing situation de
pends on all the following except
(a) Your audience
(b) Your mood
(c) Your purpose
(d) The context of your message
2. In general, formal diction is characterized by all the
following except
(a) Short, crisp sentences
(b) Multisyllable words
(c) Long sentences
(d) A formal tone
3. In general, informal diction is characterized by all the
following except
(a) Shorter, more familiar words
(b) A less formal tone
(c) A greater awareness of audience
(d) Shorter sentences
4. Which of the following documents is usually written
with formal diction?
(a) Job application letters
(b) Everyday e-mail
(c) Scientific articles
(d) Popular magazine articles
301
 5. Which word has a negative connotation?
(a) Persistent
(b) Resolute
(c) Steadfast
(d) Stubborn
6. Which word has a positive connotation?
(a) Arrogant
(b) Proud
(c) Egotistical
(d) Overbearing
7. Which word has a denotation but no connotation?
(a) House
(b) Apathetic
(c) Peculiar
(d) Shrewd
8. Which word has the same connotation as tim id?
(a) Fainthearted
(b) Cowardly
(c) Shy
(d) Fearful
9. Which is the best revision of the following wordy sen
tence?
Basically, the English language is so very difficult to
learn.
(a) English is very difficult to learn basically.
(b) English is very difficult to learn.
(c) English is basically very difficult to learn.
(d) The English language is very difficult to learn.

302
10. Which is the best revision of the following wordy sen
tence?
It seems that the library board will meet tomorrow, as a
matter of fact.
(a) As a matter of fact, the library board will m eet to
morrow.
(b) In fact, the library board will m eet tomorrow.
(c) It is apparent that the library board will m eet tomor
row.
(d) The library board will meet tomorrow.
11. Which is the best revision of the following wordy sen
tence?
Intelligent consumers dont let fashion gurus dictate
their purchases. These fashion gurus want women to
spend money on trendy garments. Trendy garments are
poor investments in the long run.
(a) Intelligent consumers dont let fashion gurus dic
tate their purchases because these fashion gurus want
women to spend money on trendy garments, but trendy
garments are poor investments in the long run.
(b) Since fashion gurus want women to spend money
on trendy garments, intelligent consumers dont let fash
ion gurus dictate their purchases; trendy garments are
poor investments in the long run.
(c) Intelligent women dont let fashion gurus persuade
them to spend money on trendy garments since, in the
long run, trendy garments that are poor investments.
(d) Intelligent women dont let fashion gurus persuade
them to spend money on trendy garments that are poor
investments.
12. Which is the best revision of the following wordy sen
tence?
Todays women have a mind of their own when it comes
to clothing. They dont rely on advice from talk shows.

303
 They dont rely on advice from books, either. Finally,
they dont depend on the dictates of fashion magazines.
(a) Women today have a mind of their own when it
comes to clothing, so they dont rely on advice from
talk shows and they dont rely on advice from books
and they dont depend on the dictates of fashion maga
zines.
(b) W omen today know a lot about clothing.
(c) Todays women, who have a mind of their own when
it comes to clothing, dont rely on advice from talk shows
or books. They dont even take advice from fashion
magazines.
(d) Todays women, who have a mind of their own when
it comes to clothing, dont rely on advice from talk
shows, books, or fashion magazines.
13. W hats the best simplification of the following redun
dant phrase: at this point in tim e?
(a) Now
(b) N ever never land
(c) Never ever
(d) Later
14. W hat is the problem with the phrase "true facts?
(a) Only some facts are true.
(b) All facts are true; otherwise, they w ouldn't be facts.
(c) It has a negative connotation.
(d) It does not have a denotation.
15. Follow all the rules below to create succinct, effective
sentences except
(a) Eliminate unneeded words and phrases.
(b) Combine sentences that repeat information.
(c) Write as you speak.
(d) D on't say the same thing twice.

304
 f)dp du

Cau h o i d u n g sai

l.T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u

1. cdch chon tir 2. khong trang trong

3. cdch dilng tir trang trong 4. tin nh^n cho ban be
5. van viet tieng Anh tieu chuan 6. tieng 16ng
7. tieng me d 8. tieng dia phuWng
9. quen thupc 10. nghia den
11. sir thira thai 12. tir lap cho

Cau h o i tra c n g h ie m

l.b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. d
6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. d
11. d 12. d 13. a 14. b 15. c

305
 QuC tu/ft on thdnh ngA
can tranh

Toi co c a n d9C chuong n a y kh o n g ?

Ban ucu doc cluiont; nay ucu ban cau on lai

boac
boc
vc

Tranh dung ngon ngu gly thinh ki2n

Sua cau sao
Thay tu sao rong bing thinh ngu ro rang
 fe iU c t& u ,

Moi khi viet, ban lu6n mu6n truyen tai thong tin
m6t cach ro rang. Tiif ngff ban chpn se cho phep ban
dat dtftfc muc dich cua minh. Trong chtfdng nay, ban
se dtfdc hpc ve viec tranh dung ngon ngff gay thanh
kien, thay thanh ngff rtfdm ra hoa la bang cach d iln dat mcfi me
hcfn, va doi loi viet buon te sang loi ro rang dS hieu hdn. Dieu
nay se giup ban tao ra m6t vSn phong chan thtfc, rach roi va
hi6u qua nhat.

Dung ngdn ngU khong gdy thdnh kiin

Ngon ngff la mot cong cu dac ltfc: Chung ta chu tam dung ngon ngff de
djnh hinh suy nghi va trai nghiem cua chung ta, nhtfng ngon ngff cung co
the cho biet ban la ngtfdi nhtf the" nao. Ban khong phan biet doi xff vdi
ngtfdi khac dffa tren chung toe, khuyet tat hay tuoi tac cua ho - nen tff
ngff cua ban cung phai tffdng xtfng. Vi vay, hay luon dung ngon ngff
khong gay thanh kien (bias-free language). Loai ngon ngff nay dung nhffng
tff va cum tff khong gay phan biet doi xff ve gidi tinh, tinh trang the chat,
tuoi tac, chung toe hay bat ky pham chat nao khac. Nhtf vay, ngtfdi doc se
cd the tap trung vao dieu ban noi hdn la cach ban ndi.
1. Goi ten mot nhdm ngtfdi vdi thuat ngff phu hdp hdn
Ngon ngff luon thay doi, vi vay ban phai luon cap nhat de sff dung
ngon ngff cho chinh xac. Vi du nhtf, mot tram nam trtfdc, ngtfdi da
den bj goi la colored. Nam mtfdi nam sau, ngtfdi ta dimg ttf Negro.
Ngay nay, ngtfdi ta thich goi la African American va black hdn.
Dtfdi day la mot so" thay doi ban can biet:
Goi la Asian thay vi goi la Oriental.
Goi la Inuit thay vi Eskimo.
Latino dtfdc tfa dung de chi ngtfdi dan ong co xuat than tff Trung
My va My Latin.

307
 Latina dtfdc tfa dung de chi ngtfcJi phu ntf co xuat than ttf Trung My
va My Latin.
Chi goi chung toe cua mot ngtfdi n io d6 neu can thiet phdi dtfa ra
trong chuyen ke cua ban. Hdn nffa, neu ban de cap den chung t$c
cua ai do thi phai dam bao li c6 nhc tdi chung tpc cua nhffng
ngtfdi khac.

yy\e^o -

Nhffng ngtfdi trong cung mot nhom tliieu sd hay tfin

giao thinh thoang gpi nhau bdng nhffng tff chi chung
t6c mang tinh chSt boi nhp. Dffng di sau tdi mtfc do.

2. Tap trung vao con ngtfdi chtf khong phai dieu kien cua ho
Dien vien Lou Ferrigno (trong phim The Incredible H ulk") bi khiem
thinh 60%. Tong thong Franklin Delano Roosevelt bi liet nffa than
dtfdi do viem tuy xam. Ca sy Neil Young va dien vien Danny Glover
m ic chtfng dong kinh. Ca sy Ray Charles bi mil. Dien vien Tom
Cruise va dien vien - ca sy Cher m&c chtfng kho doc, mot bpnh roi
loan trong xff ly thong tin gay trd ngai khi dpc.
Nhffng ngtfdi bi khuyet tat, theo nghia rong, la nhffng ngtfdi g4p
han che trong hoat dong hoac hanh dong nhtf ngtfdi binh thtfdng
do suy yeu ve mat the chat, tinh cam hoic tinh than. Theo Cue
dieu tra dan so" My, khoang 49 trieu ngtfdi My bi khuyet tat; sd
ngtfdi bi khuyet tat tram trong chiem 24.1 trieu. Ngtfdi ta cho ring
nhffng con sd nay se con tang khi dan sd gia di. Vi vay, ta can
phai biet cach goi ngtfdi mac benh mot cach dung din.
GSy th a n h kien: The deaf
K hong gay th a n h kien: people with hearing impairments
G ay th a n h kien: AIDS patients
K hong gay th a n h kien: people being treated for AIDS.
G ay th a n h kien: The mentally retarded
K hong gay th a n h kien: people with mental retardation

308
Gfiy thanh kidn: abnormal, afflicted, struck down
Khong gfiy thanh kien: atypical
3. Trdnh dilng ngon ngff phan biet doi xff doi vdi ngudi gia
Gfiy thanh kien: old people, geezers, aged
Khong gfiy thanh kin: senior citizen, mature person
4. Trdnh dilng ngon ngff thanh kien gidi tinh
Hey, babe, you are one foxy chick.
He has such a male ego!
Chung ta deu biet thff ngon ngff va thai do thanh kien gidi tinh
tr^ng trdn nhir the khong the chap nhan dude trong the" gidi ngay
nay. NhiTng ngon ngff thanh kien gidi tinh co the it ro rang hcfn -
ma cung gay xuc pham khong kem.
Ngon ngff thanh kien gidi tinh (sexist language) quy chup mot so
pham chat len ngirdi khac dffa tren gidi tinh cua ho. Nd phan anh
thdi do thanh kien va loi nghi rap khuon ve vai tro va dac diem
gidi tinh cua ca dan ong lan phu nff, tff do dan tdi phan biet doi xff
vdi ngudi khac khi nghi rang nang lffc cua ho bi han che".
Hdn nffa, luat phap My ngay nay khong con bo qua cho nhffng
van ban gay thanh kien va mdi triTdng lam viec khong than thien.
Vi luat lien bang cam phan biet doi xff ve gidi tinh, ngirdi ta khi
viet bat cff thff gi - nhiTng dac biet la tuyen bd" chinh sach, de nghi
cap von, hodc bat ky tai lieu chinh thffc nao - deu phai dac biet
can than, khong dufdc dung bat cff cach dien dat nao co the gay
phan biet do"i xff. Neu khong, ho se kien ra toa day.
Ngon ngff khong thanh kien gidi tinh doi xff mot cach trung lap vdi
ca hai gidi, khong thanh kien ve thff gidi tinh phu hdp de lam mot
nghe nao dd, cung khong cho rang dan ong co vi the cao hdn phu
nff. Dirdi day la mot sd" nguyen tdc giup ban dung ngon ngff khong
thanh kien khi viet cung nhir khi ndi.
Trdnh dung tff man, he hay him de chi ca dan ong va phu nff.
Thanh kien gidi tinh: A person could lose his way in this
huge store.
Mot ngUc'fi co the lac dudng cua anh
ta trong cua hang rong l&n nay.
309
 Khong thanh kien: A person could get lost in this huge
store.
MQt ngudi cd the lac dtfdng trong
ciia hang rong Idn nay.
Hoac
You could lose your way in this
huge store.
Ban co the di lac dtfdng trong ciia
hang rong Idn nay.
Tranh nhffng thanh ngff chi gom mot gidi tinh. Difdi day \h
nhffng vi du gay xuc pham r at va phan bien doi cua n6 cho phii
hdp:
Thanh kien gitfi tmh Khong thanh kien
chairman chair, moderator
common man average person
congressman senator, representative
female intuition intuition
fem ale lawyer lawyer
fireman firefighter
foreman supervisor
male ego ego
male nurse nurse
mankind humanity, people
old w ives tale superstition
policeman police officer
postman postal carrier, letter carrier
stewardess flight attendant
waitress server
workman worker, employee, or the specific
job title

310
 y y \c ^ *%/%&

Hay coi chffng nhffng cum tff trong do cho rltng

phu nff va dan 6ng cff xff theo nhffng khuon m lu n hat
dinh, vi du nhff cries like a woman, thinks like a
m an, m ans w ork, rowdy boys. Hay loai ngay
nhffng cum tff do ra khoi bai viet cua ban.

Dilng cach xtfng ho lich sir cho dung

Dilng Mr. cho dan ong va Ms. cho phu nff, trff hai triTdng hop sau:
trong mot boi canh thffdng mai, ngffdi ta thffdng dung chffc vu hdn
la dilng Mr. va Ms. Vi du, trong cong viec, tien si Rozakis dffdc
ngffdi ta goi la Dr. Rozakis thay vi Ms. Rozakis.
Hay luon luon dung chffc danh ma ngffdi kia thicch hdn
Mot so phu nff thich goi la Miss thay vi Ms. Neu ban khong chac la
nen goi nhff the" nao, hay tra trong danh ba cong ty hoac trong cac
thff tff trffdc do de xem ngffdi nay thich goi theo kieu nao. Ban
cung phai lffu y den cach ho ttf gidi thieu.
Dung dai ttf so nhieu va danh ttf bat ctf luc nao co the.
Thanh kien gidi tinh: A good reporter needs to verify
her sources.
Mot phdng vien tai gidi cdn phai
xac minh nguon tin ciia cd.
Khong thanh kien: A good reporter needs to verify
their sources.
Mot phong vien tdi gidi cdn phai
xac minh nguon tin ciia minh.

Thay cdu sao rong being thdnh ngit mot mk hem

As you read this section, be sure to roll out the red carpet, keep your
eyes peeled, your fingers crossed, and your head above water and you
may be able to keep up with the Joneses.

311
 But thats only if youre on the ball, beam, go, level, and up-and-up,
rather than on the fly, fence, ropes, rocks or lam. Or you can just go fry
an egg.
(Khi ban doc phan nay, hay chdc la ban trdi tam tham dd, md to mdt
quan sat, ngoeo ngon tay cdu nguyen, va sdn sang cho tinh hud'ng khd
khan va ban se co the theo kip nhd Joneses.)
(Nhung dd chi la neu ban ndm duoc tinh hinh, cutfi that tuoi, budc ra,
nham vd t d i luon, thay vi nhe nhdng, danh trong ldng, chiu thua c u q c ,
dumg ben bd vuc tham hay chay tron. Hodc ban chi vic di ran triing thdi.)
Doan van neu tren toan la nhffng cau sio rong v i cum tff mieu ti mat
het an tffdng vdi ngtfdi doc do bi lam dung qua nhieu. Neu ban nghe di
nghe lai ciing mot ttf va cum ttf thi ngtfdi dpc cung thay nhtf vay. Hay
thay cau sao rong b ing cau mieu ta mdi me hdn. Neu ban khong nghi ra
cich viet lai de cau mdi hdn thi hay bo h in cau dd di.
Sao rong Nghla
clean as a hounds tooth very clean
cry uncle give up
get cold feet afraid to proceed
make your hair stand on end terrified
on the carpet reprimanded
on the fritz broken
on the lam fleeing
on the make eager for financial or sexual gain
rain or shine regardless
soft as silk soft
Hay nhd l i neu ban co mot luong dat khd c iy , hay manh me hdn vi
c iy cho that sau. Stf that se chien thing v i ban co the thay doi theo
chieu htfdng tich cffc hdn. Bi hieu lam ff? Khong tot nhtf mong muon tf?
Hay dung cai dau cua ban; dau ban nhtf dong ntfdc bi con dap ngin lai.
Dii gi di nffa thi ban cung cd vo so cd hoi md ra trtfdc m it; ch ic chin li
nhtf the"!

312
Tranh dung tit ngil vd nghla
C6 bao gid c6 ngirdi muon b in cho ban mQt underground condo
minium chtfa? Bd li thuat ngtf mdi nhat dinh cho mo phan (grave). Ba
bao gid thay personal manual data bases trtfng b iy d k h ip cac mang
ltfdi mua sim tai n h i chtfa? D6 li cdch ngtfdi ta goi lich ngiy thang
(calendar.)
C ic cum ttf n iy rat gia tao v i md ho. C ic cum n iy muon truyen tai $
ttfdng nhtfng thtfc ra li khong the. Dd li thtf ngon ngff cho c ii xau cd ve
dep, c ii tieu cffc cd v tich cffc, v i cai kh6 chiu trd nen de chiu hdn. Nd
lap Id trich nhiem v i chu tam xuyen tac v i lffa bip.
Cum tiif Nghla
greenmail economic blackmail
involuntarily leisured fired
mechanically separated meat salvaged meat
nonpositively terminated fired
outplaced fired
revenue enhancement tax increase
sea legs pressed seafood
takeover artists corporate raiders
unauthorized withdrawal robbery
vertically challenged a short person
Dtfdi day li mot so' vi du ve ttf ngff gia tao:
Khi ngtfdi viet dung loai ngon ngff n iy nghia l i ho dang che giau sff
that. Hay luon luon sff dung ngon ngff mot cich chan thffc.
1. Tranh ngon ngff khoa trudng (inflated language)
Ngon ngff khoa trffdng khien cai binh thffdng trd nen khac thtfdng.
automotive internists thay cho thd sffa xe (car mechanics)
Vertical transportation corps thay cho ngffdi dieu khien thang
m iy (elevator operators. )
Khen ngdi ngtfdi khac khong co gi sai (v i tham chi la mot cai ten
thu vi) nhtfng ngon ngff khoa trtfdng ve can ban li khong thanh

313
 thtfc vi no xuyen tac stf that. VI vay, hay n6i va viet ro rslng vi
minh bach.
2. Dung uyen ngff (euphemism) can than
Nhffng thanh ngff sau co diem gi chung?
Shes betw een jobs.
Co ay dang ludng lu chon viec.
He has to see a man about a horse.
Anh ay phai gap mot ngudi ve viec con ngUa.
He cashed in his chips.
Ong ta kiem tien vdi mon khoai tay chien.
Shes pushing up daisies.
Ba ta dang ngu vdi giun.
Shes a woman of a certain age.
Ba ay la mot ngudi phu nit cd tuoi.
Nhffng cau nay dtfdc goi la uyen ngff, la nhffng tff hoiic cum tif
khong xuc pham hoac tich cffc, dtfdc dung de tranh de cap stf that
khac nghiet. Uyen ngff la mot loai ngon ngff md ho vi n6 khong
noi ro sff that. Ban co the bdt gap uyen ngff trong tat ca nhffng tinh
huong gay lung tung nhtf mat viec, cac hoat dong trong phong tm,
cai chet, bo phan cd the, gidi tinh va tuoi tac.
Tranh dung uyen ngtf neu no lam toi nghla. Trong hau het cdc
trtfdng hdp, uyen ngff lam mat het y nghla cua bai viet chan chinh.
Ket qua la ngtfdi dpc hoac ngtfdi nghe gap kho khan khi muon
hieu y cua ban.
Dung uyen ngff de tranh dong cham tinh cam cua ai do, d&c biet
la trong nhffng tinh huong te" nhi. Ban nen dung uyen ngff trong
nhffng tinh huong dac trtfng thtfdng thay trong xa hoi, vi du nhtf khi
ban noi I am sorry your sister passed aw ay (Toi rat tiec vi chi
ban da qua ddi) thay vi / am sorry your sister died. (Toi rat tiec
vi chi ban da chet).

314
3. Tranh dung ngon ngff hanh chinh
Ngon ngff hanh chinh (bureaucratic language) rat dai dong va phffc
tap mot cach khong can thiet. Ket qua la cau trd nen vo nghla vi
qua md ho va dai dong.
C Sugoc: The internal memorandum previously circulated
should be ignored and disregarded and instead re
placed by the internal memorandum sent before the
previous one was sent. The memorandum presently
at the current time being held by the appropriate per
sonnel should be combined with the previous one to
call attention to the fact that the previous one should
be ignored by the reader.
Thu bdo noi bo lUu hanh trudc day phai duoc gat bd
va khong dem xia tdi vd thay vi the nen duoc thay the
bang thu bdo noi bo duoc gtfi di trudc khi thu bdo
trudc no dUilc gild. Thubdo hien nay vdo hien tai dang
duoc ngudi nhan vien thich hop nam gitfnen duoc ket
hop vdi thu bdo trudc do de tap trung chu y vao thuc
te Id thu trudc nen du<1c bd qua bdi ngudi doc.
Stfa lai: Replace the first memorandum you received with the
one that followed it. Please attach this notice to the
canceled version.
Thay btfc thu bdo dau tien md ban dd nhan bang btfc
thu bdo den sau. Xin vui long kem thong bdo nay vao
btfc dd bd di.
Hay dung cac cau hoi sau de xac dinh ngon ngff sao rong trong tat
ca cac dang neu tren. Khi ban doc lai bai viet cua chinh minh de
loai bo nhffng tff sao rong, hay tff hoi minh nhffng cau sau day:
Tff cua minh co nghla gi?
Nhan x6t nay la noi ve ai?
Nhan xet dtfdc dffa ra trong dieu kien nao?
Y dinh cua minh la gi?
Ket qua cua nhan xet do la gi?
Tff nao se giup toi the hien y ttfdng ro rang va ranh re nhat?

315
George Orwell not v$ vdn phong
"George Orwell lk but danh cua Eric Blair, mot trong nhiTng ngtfdi
chu trong v in phong nhat trong tieng Anh. Trong bdi vit btfdc ngoSt
Politics and the English Language cua minh, Orwell da viet VSn xu6i
tieng Anh hien dal.. xuat hien ngdy cdng it nhffng tff dtfdc chon dilng vl
nghla cua no, va ngay cang nhieu cum ttf bi gh6p lai vdi nhau giong nhtf
cdc mang tren mot cai chuong ga lam s in . Ong ket luan: Ke thd Idn
nhat cua ngon ngff dich xac la tinh gia d o i Khi c6 mot khodng trong
giffa muc dich thtfc stf va muc dich md ho tuyen bo, theo ban ndng, hp
chuyen sang dilng ttf dai dong va thdnh ngff can kiet nhtf the con mtfc
v it cho het mtfc trong ngtfdi.
Nhtfng Orwell khong chi phe phdn. May mn la ong da dtfa ra mQt
vdi giai phdp. Cdc nguyen tic cua ong da trd thanh tieu chuan co dien
danh cho cdch hanh vdn manh me vd hieu qua.
1. Khong bao gid dung ph6p an du, so sdnh hay phep tu ttf khdc mi
ban thtfdng thay trong sdch.
2. Khong bao gid dung ttf dai khi c6 the dilng ttf n gln.
3. Neu co the d i bo ttf thi hay b6 h in di.
4. Khong bao gid dung dang bi dong khi ban co the dung dang chu
dong.
5. Khong bao gid dimg mot cum ttf tieng ntfdc ngoai, ttf khoa hoc
hay dac ngff neu ban cd the dung tff tieng Anh thtfdng ngdy ttfdng
dtfdng.
6. Hay pha bo nhffng nguyen tic nay trffdc khi noi toac ra dieu gi do
thieu le do.
\

H ay htfdng ro rang vdi ngon ngff th a n h kig'n - bao

gom nhffng tff va cum tff gSy kich dong ngtfdi dQC.
MiSu ta m ot thi nghiem khoa hpc la viciously maim
ing helpless ra ts (mo xe nhffng con chuot >6 toi m6t
cach tan ac) la mot vi du ve ngon ngff th a n h kig n. 0
V--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
316
---------------------------------------------------------------------- >
m ffc d x u c p h a m c a o n h & 't, n g o n n g f f t h a n h k i 6 n b i n t h a n h
tu y S n tr u y e n t h e o h tfcfn g t i6 u c ff c ; n h p n h f it t h i n g o n n g ff n a y

c u n g k h i fn n g tfd i d p c b t fc m i n h .

Tom ta t

Hay dung ngon ngu khong thinh ki2n.

Thay clu sio rong king thinh ngu moi m2.
Trinh ngon ngu sio rong.
Hay vi?t don giln vi rach roi.

Tif kiem tra

C an k&i ttung m

Cau hdi 1. Luon dung ngon ngff khong gay thanh kien, thff ngon
ngff dilng nhffng tff v i cum tff khong phan biet doi xff
dffa tren gidi tinh, tinh trang the chat, tuoi tac, chung
tQC hay bat cff pham chat nao khac.
2. N giy nay, tff Oriental dffdc ffa dilng hdn Asian.
3. Ttfdng ttf, Litana ttf cach dung dtfdc tfa chuong hdn dilng
de chi ngtfdi dan ong c<5 xuat than ttf Trung My va My
Latin.
4. Chi de cap den chung toe cua ai do neu no lien quan
den bai viet cua ban. Hdn the nffa, neu ban de cap den
chung toe cua mot ngtfdi thi cung phai noi ra chung toe
cua nhffng ngtfdi khac.
5. Tff the deaf" la khong gay thanh kien; cum tff gay
thanh kien la people with hearing impairments.
6. Ngon ngff phan biet gidi tinh gdn ghep nhffng pham
chat cho ngtfdi khac dtfa tren gidi tinh cua ho.

317
7. Ngon ngff phan bi^t gidi tinh chi phan biet doi vdi phu
nff chff khong phai dan ong.
8. Ngon ngff khong phan biet gidi tinh doi xff vdi ca hai
gidi mot cach trung lap.
9. Tranh dung man, he hay him de chi ca dan ong lan phu
nff.
10. Trong boi canh thffdng mai, chffc vu nghe nghiep khong
dffng trtfdc Mr. va Ms.
11. Be lam cho ngon ngff cua ban khong gay thanh kien,
hay dung dai ttf va danh ttf so nhieu bat ctf khi nao c6
the.
12. Neu ban muon tai lieu cua minh nghe co ve quan trong,
hay dung mot it ngon ngtf, ttf va thanh ngtf ctfdng dieu
khien cho dieu binh thtfdng trd nen khac thtfdng.
13. Tranh dung uyen ngtf neu no lam toi nghla y cua ban.
14. Dung uyen ngtf de chia se vdi cam xuc cua ngtfdi
khac, dac biet la trong nhffng tinh huong te nhi.
15. Cau sao rat dai dong va phtfc tap mot cach khong can
thiet. Ket qua la cau sao trd nen vo nghia vi n6 gay
loang va dai dong.

C a u luU (Uuuj luuUt tk& dt cau

Viet lai moi cau sau day de loai bo thanh kien trong cau.
1. We need more manpower.
2. Mrs. Yu looks remarkably good for her age.
3. These stockings are available in black, suntan, and flesh
color.
4. I see that Marci forgot to bring her lunch. Shes acting
a little blonde today.
5. Mrs. Clinton and George W. Bush met to discuss strat
egy.
6. Pat really went on the warpath when her son stayed out
past his curfew.
 7. The club now admits women and other minorities.
8. Women can leave their children at the daycare center.
9. Win a fabulous vacation: a day at the spa for her and
18 holes of golf for him.
10. We welcomed all guests, their wives, and their chil
dren.
11.1 completely forgot where I put the package; I must be
having a senior moment.
12. Studying the techniques by which an actor achieved
his success can help other actors succeed.
13. Each doctor should send one of his nurses to the semi
nar.
14. If you use a technical word that he wont understand,
explain it to him.
15. Each department head should report her progress by
May 1.

Cfttt luii hie lujluetti

Chon cau tra ldi dung nhat cho moi cau hoi.
1. Which of the following terms is considered sexist to
day?
(a) Senator
(b ) Representative
(c) Average person
(d) Mankind
2. Today, all the following terms are considered biased
except
(a) Fireman
(b ) Policeman
(c) Humanity
(d) Female lawyer

31<
 3. A cliches is
(a) An overused expression, often a m etaphor or simile
(b ) A fresh, vivid description
(c) Rarely found in everyday speech and writing
(d) Inflated language that contains many unnecessary
words
4. All the following expressions are considered clicks ex
cept
(a) As fresh as a daisy
(b ) A torrid thunderstorm
(c) Right as rain
(d) Sick as a dog
5. All the following expressions are exam ples of evasive,
dishonest language except
(a) Made redundant
(b ) Fresh bread
(c) Laid off
(d) Involuntarily leisured
6. The phrase automotive internists for car mechanics
is an example of
(a) A simile
(b ) Inflated language
(c) A metaphor
(d) A cliches
7. Euphemisms are best defined as
(a) Words and phrases that dont discriminate on the
basis of gender, physical condition, age, race, gender,
or any other quality
(b ) Overused words and phrases
(c) Inflated language that contains many unnecessary
words

320
 (d) Inoffensive or positive words or phrases used to
avoid a harsh reality
8. Language that is wordy and unnecessarily complex is
often called
(a) Euphemisms
(b) Cliches
(c) Bureaucratic language
(d) Sexist
9. George Orwell gave writers all the following advice
except
(a) If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
(b) Never use a long word where a short one will do.
(c) Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of
speech which you are used to seeing in print.
(d) Never use the active voice when you can use the
passive voice.
10. All the following advice about writing style is valid
except
(a) Write as you speak.
(b) Write simply, clearly, and directly.
(c) Suit your words to your purpose, audience, and topic.
(d) Use fresh and descriptive words and expressions.

tuuu] cm
Hay mieu ta ngan gon van phong cua moi doan van sau, xac dinh
muc tieu va doi tifdng doc gia. Sau do, quyet dinh xem van phong
nao gan vdi ban nhat va tai sao. Neu ban muon thay doi cach hanh
van cua minh thi bai viet nao co cach hanh van gan vdi kieu ban
muon theo nhat?
1. When a writer calls his work a Romance, it need hardly
be observed that he wishes to claim a certain latitude,
both to its fashion and material, which he would not
have felt himself entitled to assume, had he professed
321
 to be writing a Novel. The latter form of composition is
presumed to aim at a very minute fidelity, not merely
to the possible, but to the probable and ordinary course
of mans experience. The former while, as a work of
art, it must rigidly subject itself to laws, and while it
sins unpardonably, so far as it may swerve aside from
the truth of the human heart has fairly a right to
present that truth under the circumstances, to a great
extent, of the writers own choosing or creation. If he
think fit, also, he may so manage his atmospherical
medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen
and enrich the shadows of the picture. He will be wise,
no doubt, to make a very moderate use of the privi
leges here stated, and, especially, to mingle the Mar
velous rather as a slight, delicate, and evanescent fla
vor, than as any portion of the actual substance of the
dish offered to the public. (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
2. And so the reliance on property, including the reliance
on governments which protect it, is the want of self-
reliance. Men have looked away from themselves and
at things so long that they have come to esteem the
religious, learned and civil institutions as guards of prop
erty, and they deprecate assaults on these, because they
feel them to be assaults on property. They measure their
esteem of each other by what each has. and not by whal
each is. But a cultivated man becomes ashamed of his
property, out of new respect for his nature. Especially
he hates what he has if he sees that it is accidental
came to him by inheritance, or gift, or crime: then hi
feels that it is not having; it does not belong to him, has
no root in him and merely lies there because no revolu
tion or no robber takes it away. But that w hich a man is
does always by necessity acquire: and u h a t the man
acquires, is living property, which does not wait the
beck of rulers, or mobs, or revolutions, or fire, or storm
or bankruptcies, but perpetually renew s itself wherevei

322
 the man breathes. Thy lot or portion of life, said the
Caliph Ali, is seeking after thee; therefore be at rest
from seeking after it. Our dependence on these for
eign goods leads us to our slavish respect for numbers.
The political parties meet in numerous conventions; the
greater the concourse and with each new uproar of an
nouncement, The delegation from Essex! The Demo
crats from New Hampshire! The Whigs of Maine! The
young patriot feels himself stronger than before by a
new thousand of eyes and arms. In like manner the re
formers summon conventions and vote and resolve in
multitude. Not so, O friends! Will the God deign to en
ter and inhabit you, but by a method precisely the re
verse. It is only as a man puts off all foreign support
and stands alone that I see him to be strong and to pre
vail. He is weaker by every recruit to his banner. Is not
a man better than a town? He who knows that power is
inborn, that he is weak because he has looked for good
out of him and elsewhere, and, so perceiving, throws
himself unhesitatingly on his thought, instantly fights
himself, stands in the erect position, commands his
limbs, works miracles; just as a man who stands on his
feet is stronger than a man who stands on his head.
(Ralph Waldo Emerson)
3. The film industry changed from silent films to the talk
ie s in the late 1920s, after the success in 1927 of The
Jazz Singer. Mickey Mouse was one of the few stars
who made a smooth transition from silent films to talk
ies. Mickey made his first cartoon with sound in No
vember 1928. The cartoon was called Steamboat Willie.
Walt Disney (1901-1966) drew Mickey as well as used
his own voice for Mickeys highpitched tones. Within
a year, hundreds of Mickey Mouse clubs had sprung
up all across the United States. By 1931, more than a
million people belong to a Mickey Mouse club. The
phenomenon was not confined to America. In London,

323
Madame Tussauds famous wax museum placcd a wax
figure of Mickey alongside its statues of other famous
film stars. In 1933, according to Disney Studios, Mickcy
received 800,000 fan letters an average of more than
2,000 letters a day. This was the same number of let
ters sent to the top human stars of the day such as Dou
glas Fairbanks, Senior. To date, no star has ever re
ceived as much fan mail as Mickey Mouse. (Laurie
Rozakis)
While there are currently no societies where we can
observe creolization occurring with a spoken language,
we can observe the creolization of sign languages for
the deaf. Since 1979, in Nicaragua, children at schools
for the deaf have essentially formed a pidgin. None of
them had a real signing system, so they pooled their
collections of makeshift gestures into w hat is now called
the Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragense (LSN). Like any
spoken pidgin, LSN is a collection of jargon that has no
consistent grammar, and everyone who uses it uses it
differently. When younger children joined the school,
after LSN existed, they creolized it into what is called
Idioma de Signos Nicaragense (ISN). W hile LSN in
volves a lot of pantomime, ISN is much more stylized,
fluid and compact. And children who use ISN all use it
the same way the children had created a standard
ized language without need for textbooks or grammar
classes. Many grammatical devices, such as tenses and
complex sentence structures, that didn't exist in LSN,
were introduced by the children into ISN. (Charles
Rozakis)
 f )dp du

Cau h o i d u n g sai

l.T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F
11.T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. F

Cau lio i d an g h o a n th an h cau

C6 the c6 nhieu cau tra ldi; dudi day la mot so gdi y.

1. We need more assistance.
2. Mrs. Yu looks remarkably good.
3. These stockings are available in black, suntan, and beige color.
4. I see that Marci forgot to bring her lunch. Shes acting a little dis
tracted today.
5. Hilary Clinton and George W. Bush (or Ms. Clinton and Mr. Bush)
met to discuss strategy.
6. Pat became very angry when her son stayed out past his curfew.
7. The club no longer has restrictions on membership.
8. Parents can leave their children at the daycare center.
9. Win a fabulous vacation, including a day at the spa and 18 holes of
golf.
10. We welcomed all guests and their children.
11. I completely forgot where I put the package; I must be getting
forgetful.
12. Studying the techniques by which actors achieved success can
help other actors succeed.
13. All doctors should send one of their nurses to the seminar.
14. If you use a technical word that a person wont understand, ex
plain it to the person.
15. Each department head should report their departm ents progress
by May 1.

325
 Cau h o i tr a c n g h iem

1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b
6. b 7. d 8. c 9. d 10. a

B a i ta p n a n g c a o

1. Bai luan nay nham vao doi ttfdng doc gia co trinh do hoc van cao,
vdi loi van cao nha va co muc dich htfdng dan. Van phong n^y c6
dac diem la dung cau dai, ttf khd va ngon ngtf mdi me.
2. Bai luan nay nham vao doi ttfdng doc gia cd trinh do hoc van cao,
cung cd loi van cao nha va cd muc dich htfdng dan. Van phong
nay cd dac diem la dung cau dai, ttf khd va ngon ngff mdi m8.
3. Doan van nay nham vao doi ttfdng doc gia thtfdng ngay (vi du
nhtf ngtfdi doc tap chi) vdi loi van kem cao nha hdn, cd diSc diem
la dung cau ngan, van mieu ta va giong dieu nhe nhang.
4. Doan van nay la mot phan trong bai viet nop d trtfdng va nh^m
vao doc gia la giao stf; doan van co d&c diem la dung thuat ngff
chuyen mon va mieu ta chi tiet rat nhieu.

126
M u c lu c

PhAN 1: ChAo mltnq dEN vuNq dAi Nqfr phAp

Chift/ng 1: Tuf loai

Tinh ttf.................................................................................................. 7
Trang t i r ............................................................................................... 9
Lien tCr................................................................................................ 10
Than tif............................................................................................... 11
Danh tijf.............................................................................................. 12
Gidi tu1................................................................................................ 13
Dai t i f ................................................................................................. 14
Dong tir.............................................................................................. 17
ChiMng 2: Dung dai tCf dung ngff p h a p ....................26
Tong quan ve cach cua dai tir....................................................... 27
Suf dung chu ngff c ac h .....................................................................28
Dung tan ngff c a c h .......................................................................... 29
Suf dung sd hffu c a c h .......................................................................31
Ba nguyen tac khac khi dung dai tff............................................ 31
Dung dai tff lien he dung ngff p h a p ..............................................33
Thay doi cach dung dai tff giong dffc.......................................... 36
Dung Who, Which, T h a t................................................................ 37
Chuftfng 3: Dung dong tijf dung ngu* p h ap ................ 45
Tong quan ve chffc nang cua dong tff......................................... 46
Sau thi cua dong tff.......................................................................... 46
Dong tff cd quy ta'c va bat quy t a c ................................................48
Cdch dung t h i ................................................................................... 52
Dang chu dong va dang bi dong .................................................. 55

327
 PhAN 2: DuNq dtiwq - duNq SAi
Chiitfng 4: Dung tinh tijf va trying tif dung ngff p h a p 65
La tinh tir hay trang tir? ...................................................................66
Cac cap do so san h .......................................................................... 68
Dung tinh tir va trang tir de so san h ............................................. 71
Dung tinh tir vi ngff sau dong tff lien k e t.................................... 74
Phu dinh k e p .................................................................................... 76
Chtfdng 5: Si/ hoa hqfp giffa cac thanh phan trong
cau 87
Nhff dau trong vo (like peas in a pod)......................................... 88
Chu ngff so" it phai di vdi dong tff so" i t ......................................... 90
Chu ngff so" nhieu phai di vdi dong tff so" n h ie u ........................ 93
Danh tff tap hdp va dai tff bat dinh................................................96
Nhffng van de dac biet khi chia dong tff cho hoa hdp vdi chu
n g ff.......................................................................................................99
Lam cho dai tff va tien ngff hoa hdp vdi n h a u .......................... 100
Chtftfng 6: 25 I6i ve cach diing thtfcfng gap nhat. 112
Nhffng cho rac roi nhat khi v ie t.................................................. 113
Nhffng loi ve ngff phap va cach dimg thudng gap n h a t......... 114
Nhffng loi cu phap thtfdng g a p ................................................... 121
Loi chinh ta thtfdng gap n h a t.......................................................122
Loi cham cau thtfdng g a p ............................................................. 135
Loi viet hoa thtfdng g a p ................................................................ 136
Loi thtfdng gap khi sffa b a i........................................................... 137
Cai thien bai viet cua ban tffng btfdc m ot..................................137

328
 Ph'AN 5: N q h lA cua cau

C h tftfn g 7 : C u m tuf v a m n h d e ....................................... 146

Tong quan ve cum tCr................................................................... 147
Cum gidi tiif..................................................................................... 148
Dong vi ngff v& cum dong v i ...................................................... 149
Cum dong tff................................................................................... 150
Cum dong tff nguyen m a u ........................................................... 152
Tong quan ve menh d e ................................................................ 152
Menh de phu thuoc....................................................................... 153
C h tfc fn g 8 : V i e t c a u d u n g v a h o a n c h i n h ...................167
The nao la mot c a u ? ...................................................................... 168
Bon chffc nang khac nhau cua c a u ............................................ 169
Bon loai cau khac n h a u ................................................................ 171
Chon loai c a u .................................................................................. 176
Loi trong cau: hai cau dinh lien (run-on sentence) va hai cau
dinh lien cach nhau bang dau phay (comma splice) ............. 177
Loi ve cau: cau chffa hoan chinh................................................ 180
C h iftf n g 9 : C a u d a n g l a p v a c a u c h m h p h u ............. 1 94
Sap xep cac phan cua cau theo kieu dang l a p ........................ 195
Ghep cac thanh phan trong cau theo kieu chinh p h u ............ 199
Ghep cau kieu dilng lap so vdi ghep cau kieu chinh p h u .... 203
Cau true song so n g ........................................................................ 204

P ^ ' an 4 : C a c c o N q c u cua N qi/di viET

C h iM n g 1 0 : D a u c a u ..................................................................2 1 7
Dau ltfdc (apostrophe)...................................................................218
Dau ngoac vuong (b rack et).........................................................220
Dau hai cham (colon)....................................................................221

329
 Dau phay (com m a).........................................................................222
Dau gach ngang (d a sh ).................................................................226
Dau ba cham (ellipsis)................................................................... 227
Dau cham than (exclamation mark) ...........................................227
Dau gach noi (h y p h en ).................................................................228
Dau ngoac ddn (parentheses)......................................................228
Dau cham (p e rio d )........................................................................ 229
Dau cham hoi (question m a rk )................................................... 229
Dau ngoac kep (quotation m ark )................................................ 230
Dau cham phay (semi colon).......................................................230
Dau gach cheo (slash)...................................................................231
Chtftfng 11: V iet hoa va viet t a t ............................... 241
Tranh mac loi viet hoa: cac quy tac viet hoa ...........................242
Viet hoa ten va chut d a n h ........................................................... 243
Viet hoa dia danh va si/ k ie n .......................................................246
Viet hoa ngon ngff va ton g ia o ................................................... 247
Viet hoa tinh tff rieng va ten san p h a m ..................................... 248
Viet hoa ten cua td chffc, cd quan, khoa hoc va cac toa nha ndi
tie n g ...................................................................................................248
Viet hoa ngay, thang va cac ngay l e ..........................................249
Viet hoa thdi gian va cac danh tff rieng k h a c ...........................249
Viet hoa tff dau tien cua................................................................. 250
Quy luat viet t a t .............................................................................. 252

PhAN 5: XAy di/Nq bAi viET

Chiftfng 12: Phat trien van phong v ie t ...................265

Van phong khi viet la g'l?..............................................................266
Cac yeu to" van p h o n g ....................................................................268
Ngirdi doc va van phong............................................................... 271

330
 Muc dich van p h o n g ...............................................................272
Phat trien van phong viet cua b a n ............................................. 273
Chtfdng 13: Cach chpn tif va viet ngan gpn sue tich. 285
Cach chon tiif la g i? ........................................................................286
C ic cap do chon tir........................................................................287
Chon cap do dung tif phu h d p .................................................... 291
Cang It cang tot: hay sue tic h ...................................................... 292
Ba cach viet cau sue tich..............................................................294
Chtfdng 14: Tiif ngff va thanh ngff can tr a n h ......306
Dung ngon ngff khong gay thanh k ien ......................................307
Thay cau sao rong bang thanh nguf mdi me h d n ..................... 311
Tranh dung tir ngu" vo nghla ....................................................... 313
George Orwell ndi ve van phong.............................................. 316

331
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